In-situ assessment of background gamma radiation dose levels in outdoor environment of Enugu urban areas, Enugu state, Nigeria

References

• Abba, H. T., Saleh, M. A., Hassan, W. M. S. W., Aliyu, A. S., and Ramli, A. T. 2017. Mapping of natural gamma radiation (NGR) dose rate distribution in tin mining areas of Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Environmental Earth Science 76:208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ademola, J. A., and Olatunji, M. A. 2013. Evaluation of NORM and dose assessment in an aluminum industry in Nigeria. World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 3:150–154. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjnst.2013.34025
   Google Scholar
• Agbalagba, E. O. 2017. Assessment of excess lifetime cancer risk from gamma radiation levels in Effurun and Warri City of Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Taibah University of Science 11(3):367–380. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2016.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agbalagba, E. O., Avwiri, G. O., and Ononugbo, C. P. 2016a. GIS mapping of impact of industrial activities on the terrestrial background ionizing radiation levels of Ughelli metropolis and its Environs. Nigeria. Environmental Earth Science 75(21):1425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agbalagba, E. O., Osimobi, J. C., and Avwiri, G. O. 2016b. Excess lifetime cancer risk from measured background ionizing radiation levels in active coal mines sites and environs. Environmental Processes 3(4):895–908.
   Google Scholar
• Akpabio, L. E., Etuk, E. S., and Essian, K. 2005. Environmental radioactive levels in Ikot Ekpene Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Space Research 1:80–87.
   Google Scholar
• Aniebone, V. O. 2015. Hydrogeochemistry and quality assessment of some ground water samples from Enugu and environs, South-eastern Nigeria. Global Journal of Geological Sciences 13:15–21. DOI: https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjgs.v13i1.3
   Google Scholar
• Arvela, H., Hyvönen, H., Lemmelä, H., and Castrén, O. 1995. Indoor and outdoor gamma radiation in Finland. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 59(1):25–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avdic, S., Demirovic, D., Kunosic, S., Pehlivanovic, B., Kadic, I., and Ilic, Z. 2020. A study of daily variations of the outdoor background radiation measured in continuous mode in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 217:106212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balogun, F. A., Mokobia, C. E., Fasasi, M. K., and Ogundare, F. O. 2003. Natural radioactivity associated with bituminous coal mining in Nigeria. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A 505:444–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benkrid, M., Mebhah, D., Djeffal, S., and Allalou, A. 1992. Environmental gamma radiation monitoring by means of TLD and ionisation chamber. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 45(1–4):77–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, I. D., and Ugbede, F. O. 2018. Measurement of background ionizing radiation and evaluation of lifetime cancer risk in highly populated motor parks in Enugu City. Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics 10(3):77–82.
   Google Scholar
• Chikasawa, K., Ishii, T., and Sugiyama, H. 2001. Terrestrial gamma radiation in Kochi prefecture, Japan. Journal of Health Science 47(4):362–372.
   Google Scholar
• Darwish, D. A. E., Abul-Nasr, K. T. M., and El-Khayatt, A. M. 2015. The assessment of natural radioactivity and its associated radiological hazards and dose parameters in granite samples from South Sinai, Egypt. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 8:17–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhawal, S. J., Phadatare, M. R., Kulkarni, G. S., and Pawar, S. H. 2013. Gamma radiation levels in the villages of South Konkan, Maharashtra, India. Environmental Earth Sciences 72(2):511–523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emelue, H. U., Jibiri, N. N., and Eke, B. C. 2014. Excess lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radiation in and around Warri refining and petrochemical company in Niger Delta, Nigeria. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 4(13):2590–2598.
   Google Scholar
• Enete, I. C. and Alabi, M. O. 2012. Observed Urban Heat Island Characteristics in Enugu Urban During the Dry Season. Global Journal of Human Social Science Geography and Environmental Geosciences 12(10):74–80.
   Google Scholar
• Eslami, A., Shahsavani, A., Saghi, M. H., Akhoondi, L., and Goorani, A. 2016. Outdoor gamma radiation measurement in order to estimate the annual effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk for residents of Tehran. Iran. Journal of Air Pollution and Health 1(4):243–250.
   Google Scholar
• Ezeh, C. C. 2012. Hydrogeophysical studies for the delineation of potential groundwater zones in Enugu State. Nigeria. International Research Journal of Geology and Mining 2(5):103–112.
   Google Scholar
• Ezenwaji, E. E., Anyadike, R. N. C., and Igu, N. I. 2014. Optimal allocation of public water supply to the urban sectors of Enugu, Nigeria: a linear programming approach. Applied Water Science 4:73–78.
   Google Scholar
• Gbadamosi, M. R., Afolabi, T. A., Ogunneye, A. L., Ogunbanjo, O. O., Omotola, E. O., Kadiri, T. M., et al. 2018. Distribution of radionuclides and heavy metals in the bituminous sand deposit in Ogun State, Nigeria – A multi-dimensional pollution, health and radiological risk assessment. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 190:187–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gholami, M., Mirzaei, S., and Jomehzadeh, A. 2011. Gamma background radiation measurement in Lorestan province, Iran. International Journal of Radiation Research 9(2):89–93.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, X., Yan, J., and Wang, Q. 2020. Monitoring of gamma radiation in aseismic region and its response to seismic events. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 213:106119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashemi, M., Akhoondi, L., Saghi, M. H., and Eslami, A. 2018. Assessment of indoor gamma radiation and determination of excess lifetime cancer risk in Tehran in winter and spring 2017. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 184(2):148–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibikunle, S. B. 2020. Assessment of background nuclear radiation and its health implications in selected cities of Ondo State, Nigeria. Environmental Forensics 21(2):113–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibikunle, S. B., Arogunjo, A. M., and Lajuwomi, J. T. 2019. Isodose mapping and its radiological implications in Lagos state, Nigeria. International Journal of Radiation Research 17(3):429–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICRP 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection publication 103. Annals of the ICRP 37.
   Google Scholar
• James, I. U., Moses, I. F., and Vandi, J. N. 2013. Assessment of gamma dose rate within Idu industrial area of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering and Science 2(11):52–55.
   Google Scholar
• Jindal, M. K., Sar, S. K., Singh, S., and Arora, A. 2018. Risk assessment from gamma dose rate in Balod District of Chhattisgarh, India. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 317(1):387–395..
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim, Z., Qureshi, B. A. L., and Mumtaz, M. 2015. Geochemical baseline determination and pollution assessment of heavy metals in urban soils of Karachi, Pakistan. Ecological Indicators 48:358–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobya, Y., Taşkın, H., Yeşilkanat, C. M., and Çevik, U. 2015. Evaluation of outdoor gamma dose rate and cancer risk in Artvin Province, Turkey. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 21(8):2077–2085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogbe, C. A. 1974. The cretaceous and palaeogene sediments of Southern Nigeria. In Geology of Nigeria, eds. Kogbe, C.A. Lagos, Nigeria: Elizerbertan Publication, 538.
   Google Scholar
• Licínio, M. V., Freitas, A. C., Evangelista, H., Costa-Gonçalves, A., Miranda, M., and Alencar, A. S. 2013. A high spatial resolution outdoor dose rate map of the Rio de Janeiro city, Brasil, risk assessment and urbanization effects. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 126:32–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luevano-Gurrola, S., Perez-Tapia, A., Pinedo-Alvarez, C., Carrillo-Flores, J., Montero-Cabrera, M. E., and Renteria-Villalobos, M. 2015. Lifetime effective dose assessment based on background outdoor gamma exposure in Chihuahua City, Mexico. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12:12324–12339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokobia, C. E., and Balogun, F. A. 2004. Background gamma terrestrial dose rate in Nigerian functional coal mines. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 108(2):169–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokobia, C. E., Adebiyi, F. M., Akpan, I., Olise, F. S., and Tchokossa, P. 2006. Radioassay of prominent Nigerian fossil fuels using gamma and TXRF spectroscopy. Fuel 85:1811–1814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Council Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) 1993. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements: Limitation of exposure to ionizing radiation, NCRP report No.116.
   Google Scholar
• Okwu-Delunzu, V. U., Iloeje, F. A., and Aniagolu, C. O. 2015. Evaluation of groundwater pollution sources in Enugu North LGA of Enugu State, Nigeria. IJSAR Journal of Environmental, Earth and Physical Sciences 2(3):54–69.
   Google Scholar
• Oladele, B. B., Arogunjo, A. M., and Aladeniyi, K. 2018. Indoor and outdoor gamma radiation exposure levels in selected residential buildings across Ondo state, Nigeria. International Journal of Radiation Research 16(3):363–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ononugbo, C. P., Avwiri, G. O., and Tutumeni, G. 2016. Measurement of natural radioactivity and evaluation of radiation hazards in soil of Abua/Odual districts using multivariable statistical approach. British Journal of Environmental Sciences 4(1):35–48.
   Google Scholar
• Osimobi, J. C., Avwiri, G. O., and Agbalagba, E. O. 2018. Radiometric and radiogenic heat evaluation of natural radioactivity in soil around solid minerals mining environment in South-Eastern Nigeria. Environmental Processes 5(4):859–877.
   Google Scholar
• Pérez, M., Chávez, E., Echeverría, M., Córdova, R., and Recalde, C. 2018. Assessment of natural background radiation in one of the highest regions of Ecuador. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 146:73–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quarto, M., Pugliese, M., and Roca, V. 2013. Gamma dose rate measurements in dwellings of Campania region, South Italy. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 115:114–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi, A. A., Tariq, S., Ud Din, K., Manzoor, S., Calligaris, C., and Waheed, A. 2014. Evaluation of excessive lifetime cancer risk due to natural radioactivity in the rivers sediments of Northern Pakistan. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 7(4):438–447.
   Google Scholar
• Rafique, M. 2013. Ambient indoor/outdoor gamma radiation dose rates in the city and at high altitudes of Muzaffarabad (Azad Kashmir). Environmental Earth Sciences 70(4):1783–1790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafique, M., Saeed, U. R., Muhammad, B., Wajid, A., Iftikhar, A., Khursheed, A. L., et al. 2014. Evaluation of excess life time cancer risk from gamma dose rates in Jhelum valley. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Science 7(1):29–35.
   Google Scholar
• Ramli, A. T., Aliyu, A. S., Agba, E. H., and Saleh, M. A. 2014. Effective dose from natural background radiation in Keffi and Akwanga towns, central Nigeria. International Journal of Radiation Research 12(1):47–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramli, A. T., Hussein, A. W. M. A., and Lee, M. H. 2001. Geological influence on terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate in the Malaysian State of Johore. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 54(2):327–333.(00)00103-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, M. S., Reddy, C. G., Reddy, P. Y., and Reddy, K. R. 2010. Study of natural background gamma radiation levels in Hyderabad and its surroundings, Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics 48:778–781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saghatchi, F., Salouti, M., and Eslami, A. 2008. Assessment of annual effective dose due to natural gamma radiation in Zanjan (Iran). Radiation Protection Dosimetry 132(3):346–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh, M. A., Ramli, A. T., Alajerami, Y., Aliyu, A. S., and Bt Basri, N. A. 2013a. Radiological study of Mersing District, Johor, Malaysia. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 85:107–117. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2012.12.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh, M. A., Ramli, A. T., Alajeramie, Y., and Suhairul, H. 2013b. Terrestrial gamma radiation and its statistical relation with geological formation in the Mersing district, Johor, Malaysia. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 156(2):246–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, A. B., and Singh, N. S. 2018. Assessment of natural background gamma radiation levels in and around Loktak Lake of Manipur, India. Radiation Protection and Environment 41(2):94–98.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, P., Meher, P. K., and Mishra, K. P. 2014. Terrestrial gamma radiation dose measurement and health hazard along river Alaknanda and Ganges in India. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 7(4):595–600.
   Google Scholar
• Suresh, G. M., Ravisankar, R., Rajalakshmi, A., Sivakumar, S., Chandrasekaran, A., and Anand, D. P. 2014. Measurements of natural gamma radiation in beach sediments of north east coast of Tamilnadu, India by gamma ray spectrometry with multivariate statistical approach. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 7(1):7–17.
   Google Scholar
• Taskin, H., Karavus, M., Ay, P., Topuzoglu, A., Hindiroglu, S., and Karahan, G. 2009. Radionuclide concentrations in soil and lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radioactivity in Kirklareli, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 100:49–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzortzis, M., Svoukis, E., and Tsertos, H. 2004. A comprehensive study of natural Gamma radioactivity levels and associated dose rates from surface soils in Cyprus. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 109(3):217–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugbede, F. O. 2018. Measurement of background ionizing radiation exposure levels in some selected farms in communities of Ishielu LGA, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 22(9):1427–1432.
   Google Scholar
• Ugbede, F. O., and Benson, I. D. 2018. Assessment of outdoor radiation levels and radiological health hazards in Emene Industrial Layout of Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences 13(20):265–272.
   Google Scholar
• Ugbede, F. O., and Echeweozo, E. O. 2017. Estimation of annual effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk from background ionizing radiation levels within and around quarry site in Okpoto-Ezillo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 7(12):74–79.
   Google Scholar
• Ugbede, F. O., and Mokobia, E. C. 2019. Outdoor background gamma radiation levels in rural environments of Enugu East, Nigeria. Scientia Africana 18(2):145–162.
   Google Scholar
• UNSCEAR 1993. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources, Effects and Risks of ionizing radiation. Report to United Nations General Assembly, New York.
   Google Scholar
• UNSCEAR 2000. United Nations Scientific Committee on the effect of Atomic Radiation: Exposures from natural radiation sources. Report to General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. United Nations, New York.
   Google Scholar
• UNSCEAR 2008. United Nations Scientific Committee on the effect of Atomic Radiation: Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes. United Nations, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Zarghani, H., and Jafari, R. 2017. Assessment of outdoor and indoor background gamma radiation, the annual effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk in Birjand, Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences 9(3):1–4.
   Google Scholar