625
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

How does the cross-cultural view shape the destination brand personality and brand image? Evidence from the travelers

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3), 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379703400304
  • Aaker, J. L. (1999). The malleable self: The role of self-expression in persuasion. Journal of Marketing Research, 36(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379903600104
  • Aaker, J., Fournier, S., & Brasel, S. A. (2004). When good brands do bad. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1086/383419
  • Albayrak, T., Gülmez, M., Erdinç, S. B., Toker, B., & Aksu, A. (2011). The research of tourist profile in Antalya. Working Paper.Akdeniz University Tourism and Hotel Management High School, Mediterranean Touristic Hoteliers & Investors Association and ICF Airports. www.academia.edu/2700985/Antalya_yoresi_turist_profili_arastirmasi_2011
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1984). The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49(2), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294170
  • Assaker, G., & Hallak, R. (2013). Moderating effects of tourists’ novelty-seeking tendencies on destination image, visitor satisfaction, and short-and long-term revisit intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 52(5), 600–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513478497
  • Baloglu, S., & Brinberg, D. (1997). Affective images of tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 35(4), 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759703500402
  • Baloglu, S., Henthorne, T. L., & Sahin, S. (2014). Destination image and brand personality of Jamaica: A model of tourist behavior. Journal of Travel &tourism Marketing, 31(8), 1057–1070. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.892468
  • Baloglu, S., & Mangaloglu, M. (2001). Tourism destination images of Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and Italy as perceived by US-based tour operators and travel agents. Tourism Management, 22(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00030-3
  • Barrett, P. (2007). Structural equation modeling: Judging model fit. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 815–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.018
  • Becken, S., & Gnoth, J. (2004). Tourist consumption systems among overseas visitors: Reporting on American, German, and Australian visitors to New Zealand. Tourism Management, 25(3), 375–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00133-X
  • Beerli, A., & Martı́n, J. D. (2004). Tourists’ characteristics and the perceived image of tourist destinations: A quantitative analysis—a case study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 25(5), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.06.004
  • Biel, A. L. (1993). Converting image into equity. In D. A. Aaker & A. L. Biel (Eds.), Brand equity and advertising. Erlbaum. 67–81.
  • Bigne, J. E., Sanchez, M. I., & Sanchez, J. (2001). Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: Inter-relationship. Tourism Management, 22(6), 607–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00035-8
  • Boo, S., Busser, J., & Baloglu, S. (2009). A model of customer-based brand equity and its application to multiple destinations. Tourism Management, 30(2), 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.06.003
  • Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS, EQS, and LISREL: Comparative approaches to testing for the factorial validity of a measuring instrument. International Journal of Testing, 1(1), 55–86. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327574IJT0101_4
  • Carneiro, M. J., Eusébio, C., & Caldeira, A. (2018). The influence of social contact in residents’ perceptions of the tourism impact on their quality of life: A structural equation model. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 19(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2017.1314798
  • Chen, C. F., & Phou, S. (2013). A closer look at destination: Image, personality, relationship and loyalty. Tourism Management, 36(2013), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.11.015
  • Chen, C. F., & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions? Tourism Management, 28(4), 1115–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.007
  • Chi, C. G. Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.007
  • Choi, T. Y., & Chu, R. (2000). Levels of satisfaction among Asian and Western travellers. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 17(2), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656710010304537
  • Cole, D. A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 584. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.55.4.584
  • Cramer, D. (2003). Advanced quantitative data analysis. McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Crockett, S. R., & Wood, L. J. (2004). Western Australia: Building a state brand. In N. Morgan, A. Pritchard, & R. Pride (Eds.), Destination branding: Creating the unique destination proposition. Routledge. (pp. 185–206).
  • Crotts, J. C., & Erdmann, R. (2000). Does national culture influence consumers’ evaluation of travel services? A test of Hofstede’s model of cross-cultural differences. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 10(6), 410–419. https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520010351167
  • De la Hoz-Correa, A., & Muñoz-Leiva, F. (2019). The role of information sources and image on the intention to visit a medical tourism destination: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(2), 204–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1507865
  • Do Valle, P. O., Silva, J. A., Mendes, J., & Guerreiro, M. (2006). Tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty intention: A structural and categorical analysis. International Journal of Business Science & Applied Management (IJBSAM), 1(1), 25–44. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/190577
  • Doyle, P. (1990). Building successful brands: The strategic options. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 7(2), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000002572
  • Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303100402
  • Ekinci, Y., & Hosany, S. (2006). Destination personality: An application of brand personality to tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287506291603
  • Ekinci, Y., Sirakaya-Turk, E., & Baloglu, S. (2007). Host image and destination personality. Tourism Analysis, 12(5–6), 433–446. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354207783227885
  • Gartner, W. C. (1993). Image formation process. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2–3), 191–216. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v02n02_12
  • Geuens, M., Weijters, B., & De Wulf, K. (2009). A new measure of brand personality. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(2), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2008.12.002
  • Gilbert, G. R., Veloutsou, C., Goode, M. M., & Moutinho, L. (2004). Measuring customer satisfaction in the fast food industry: A cross-national approach. Journal of Services Marketing, 18(5), 371–383. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040410548294
  • Grace, D., & O’Cass, A. (2005). Service branding: Consumer verdicts on service brands. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 12(2), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2004.05.002
  • Hair, J. F., Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. 1998. Multivariate data analysis. River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
  • Hendon, D. W., & Williams, E. L. (1985). Winning the battle for your customer. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2(4), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb008147
  • Hernández-Lobato, L., Solis-Radilla, M. M., Moliner-Tena, M. A., & Sánchez-García, J. (2006). Tourism destination image, satisfaction and loyalty: A study in Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo, Mexico. Tourism Geographies, 8(4), 343–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680600922039
  • Hosany, S., Ekinci, Y., & Uysal, M. (2006). Destination image and destination personality: An application of branding theories to tourism places. Journal of Business Research, 59(5), 638–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.01.001
  • Hosany, S., Ekinci, Y., & Uysal, M. (2007). Destination image and destination personality. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(1), 62–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506180710729619
  • Hosany, S., & Gilbert, D. (2010). Measuring tourists’ emotional experiences toward hedonic holiday destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 49(4), 513–526. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509349267
  • Hosany, S., & Witham, M. (2010). Dimensions of cruisers’ experiences, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Journal of Travel Research, 49(3), 351–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509346859
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hultman, M., Skarmeas, D., Oghazi, P., & Beheshti, H. M. (2015). Achieving tourist loyalty through destination personality, satisfaction, and identification. Journal of Business Research, 68(11), 2227–2231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.06.002
  • Hung, W. L., Lee, Y. J., & Huang, P. H. (2016). Creative experiences, memorability and revisit intention in creative tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(8), 763–770. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.877422
  • Hunt, J. D. (1971). Image-A factor in tourism, unpublished doctoral dissertation. Colorado State University, FortCollins.
  • Incoming Report (2018). Number of incoming visitors to Antalya per country. March Incoming Report.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific Software International.
  • Karande, K., Zinkhan, G. M., & Lum, A. B. (1997). “Brand personality and self-concept: A replication and extension”, Paper presented at American marketing association summer conference. August 5-8. Chicago, pp. 65–171.
  • Kaur, A., Chauhan, A., & Medury, Y. (2016). Destination image of Indian tourism destinations: An evaluation using correspondence analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 28(3), 499–524. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2015-0074
  • Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299305700101
  • Keller, K. L. (2008). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
  • Kelloway, E. K. (1998). Using LISREL for structural equation modeling: A researcher’s guide. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publishers.
  • Khoddami, S., Osanlou, B., & Mohammadi, M. (2021). Designing a model for brand loyalty in tourism destination based on the combined role of destination brand experience, destination brand personality and destination brand equity from the perspective of foreign tourists. Journal of Tourism and Development, 9(4), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.22034/jtd.2020.207717.1881
  • Kim, H. B., & Lee, S. (2015). Impacts of city personality and image on revisit intention. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 1(1), 50–69. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-08-2014-0004
  • Kim, H., Lee, S., Uysal, M., Kim, J., & Ahn, K. (2015). Nature-based tourism: Motivation and subjective well-being. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(1), S76–S96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.997958
  • Kim, S., & Lehto, X. Y. (2013). Projected and perceived destination brand personalities: The case of South Korea. Journal of Travel Research, 52(1), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512457259
  • Kozak, M. (2001). Comparative assessment of tourist satisfaction with destinations across two nationalities. Tourism Management, 22(4), 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00064-9
  • Kozak, M., Bigné, E., González, A., & Andreu, L. (2004). Cross-cultural behaviour research in tourism: A case study on destination image. Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure, 8(2–4), 253–257. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354203774077101
  • Kumar, V., & Nayak, J. K. (2014). Destination personality: Scale development and validation. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 42(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014561027
  • Landon, E. L. (1974). Self-concept, ideal self-concept, and consumer purchase intentions. Journal of Consumer Research, 1(2), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/208590
  • Lassar, W., Mittal, B., & Sharma, A. (1995). Measuring customer-based brand equity. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 12(4), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363769510095270
  • Lee, G., & Lee, C. K. (2009). Cross-cultural comparison of the image of Guam perceived by Korean and Japanese leisure travelers: Importance–performance analysis. Tourism Management, 30(6), 922–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.11.013
  • Li, M. (2014). Cross-cultural tourist research: A meta-analysis. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 38(1), 40–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012442542
  • Li, M., Cai, L. A., Lehto, X. Y., & Huang, J. (2010). A missing link in understanding revisit intention—The role of motivation and image. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(4), 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2010.481559
  • Loureiro, S. M. C., & González, F. J. M. (2008). The importance of quality, satisfaction, trust, and image in relation to rural tourist loyalty. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 25(2), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400802402321
  • MacKay, K. J., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2000). An exploration of cross-cultural destination image assessment. Journal Of Travel Research, 38(4), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003800411
  • Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 391–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391
  • Martinez, E., & De Chernatony, L. (2004). The effect of brand extension strategies upon brand image. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760410513950
  • McCleary, K. W., Weaver, P. A., & Hsu, C. H. (2007). The relationship between international leisure travelers’ origin country and product satisfaction, value, service quality, and intent to return. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 21(2–3), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v21n02_09
  • Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. (2012). Is national culture a meaningful concept? Cultural values delineate homogeneous national clusters of in-country regions. Cross-Cultural Research. 46 (2), 133–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397111427262
  • Moore, R. L., & Graefe, A. R. (1994). Attachments to recreation settings: The case of rail‐trail users. Leisure Sciences, 16(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409409513214
  • Morgan, N., Pritchard, A., & Pride, R. (2011). Destination brands: Managing place reputation. Routledge.
  • Mowen, J. C. (1990). Consumer behaviour (2nd ed.). Macmillan.
  • Muñoz-Leiva, F., Mayo-Muñoz, X., & De la Hoz-Correa, A. (2018). Adoption of homesharing platforms: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 1(3), 220–239. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-01-2018-0007
  • Murphy, L., Benckendorff, P., & Moscardo, G. (2007a). Linking travel motivation, tourist self-image and destination brand personality. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 22(2), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v22n02_04
  • Murphy, L., Moscardo, G., & Benckendorff, P. (2007b). Using brand personality to differentiate regional tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507302371
  • Newsom, J. T. (2005). Some Clarification and Recommendations on fit indices USP, 655. http://www.upa.pdx.edu/IOA/newsom/semclass/ho_fit.doc
  • O’Leary, S., & Deegan, J. (2005). Ireland’s image as a tourism destination in France: Attribute importance and performance. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272025
  • Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? The Journal of Marketing, 63(4_suppl1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222429990634s105
  • Oppermann, M. (1999). Where psychology and geography interface in tourism research and theory. Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure, 19-37. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19991811755
  • Pan, L., Zhang, M., Gursoy, D., & Lu, L. (2017). Development and validation of a destination personality scale for mainland Chinese travelers. Tourism Management, 59(2017), 338–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.08.005
  • Pantouvakis, A. (2013). The moderating role of nationality on the satisfaction loyalty link: Evidence from the tourism industry. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 24(9–10), 1174–1187. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2013.776758
  • Patterson, M. (1999). Re-appraising the concept of brand image. Journal of Brand Management, 6(6), 409–426. https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.1999.32
  • Plummer, J. T. (1984). How personality makes a difference. Journal of Advertising Research, 24(6), 27–31.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  • Sabiote-Ortiz, C. M., Frías-Jamilena, D. M., & Castañeda-García, J. A. (2016). Overall perceived value of a tourism service delivered via different media: A cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 55(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514535844
  • Sakakida, Y., Cole, S. T., & Card, J. A. (2004). A cross-cultural study of college students’ travel preferences: A value-oriented perspective. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 16(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v16n01_04
  • Santos, C. A. (2004). Framing Portugal: Representational dynamics. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 122–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.005
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74. http://www.mpr-online.de
  • Setiawan, C., Meivitawanli, B., Arrieta-Paredes, M. P., Morrison, A. M., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2021). Friendly locals and clean streets?—Evaluating Jakarta’s destination brand image. Sustainability, 13(13), 7434. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137434
  • Sirgy, M. J., Grewal, D., Mangleburg, T. F., Park, J. O., Chon, K. S., Claiborne, C. B., Berkman, H., & Berkman, H. (1997). Assessing the predictive validity of two methods of measuring self-image congruence. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25(3), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070397253004
  • Smothers, N. (1993). Can products and brands have charisma. In. David A. Aaker and Alexander L. Biel. Brand Equity and Advertising: Advertising’s Role in Building Strong Brands, 97–112.
  • Stylos, N., Bellou, V., Andronikidis, A., & Vassiliadis, C. A. (2017). Linking the dots among destination images, place attachment, and revisit intentions: A study among British and Russian tourists. Tourism Management, 60(2017), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.11.006
  • Sung, Y., & Kim, J. (2010). Effects of brand personality on brand trust and brand affect. Psychology and Marketing, 27(7), 639–661. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20349
  • Tapachai, N., & Waryszak, R. (2000). An examination of the role of beneficial image in tourist destination selection. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003900105
  • Tsaur, S. H., Lin, C. T., & Wu, C. S. (2005). Cultural differences of service quality and behavioral intention in tourist hotels. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 13(1), 41–63. https://doi.org/10.1300/J150v13n01_04
  • Usakli, A., & Baloglu, S. (2011). Brand personality of tourism destinations: An application of self-congruity theory. Tourism Management, 32(1), 114–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.006
  • Uysal, M., Chen, J. S., & Williams, D. R. (2000). Increasing state market share through a regional positioning. Tourism Management, 21(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00082-5
  • Vandenberg, R. J. (2006). Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends. Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105285506
  • Veasna, S., Wu, W. Y., & Huang, C. H. (2013). The impact of destination source credibility on destination satisfaction: The mediating effects of destination attachment and destination image. Tourism Management, 36(2013), 511–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.007
  • Wang, C. Y., & Hsu, M. K. (2010). The relationships of destination image, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: An integrated model. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8), 829–843. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2010.527249
  • Wang, C., Li, G., & Xu, H. (2019). Impact of lifestyle-oriented motivation on small tourism enterprises’ social responsibility and performance. Journal of Travel Research, 58(7), 1146–1160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518800389
  • Westbrook, R. A., & Oliver, R. L. (1981). Developing better measures of consumer satisfaction: Some preliminary results. Advances in Consumer Research, 8(1), 94–99. https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/9791
  • Xie, K. L., & Lee, J. (2013). Toward the perspective of cognitive destination image and destination personality: The case of Beijing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(6), 538–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.810993
  • Yılmaz, Y., Ünal, C., & Dursun, A. (2019). Crisis management practices and predictions of hotel managers concerning the 2016 tourism crisis in Turkey. Journal of Yaşar University, 14(56), 468–488. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/864794
  • Yoo, J. J. E., McKercher, B., & Mena, M. (2004). A cross-cultural comparison of trip characteristics: International visitors to Hong Kong from Mainland China and USA. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 16(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v16n01_07
  • Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: A structural model. Tourism Management, 26(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016
  • You, X., O’leary, J., Morrison, A., & Hong, G. S. (2000). A cross-cultural comparison of travel push and pull factors: United Kingdom vs. Japan. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v01n02_01
  • Yuksel, A. (2004). Shopping experience evaluation: A case of domestic and international visitors. Tourism Management, 25(6), 751–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.012
  • Yuksel, A., Yuksel, F., & Bilim, Y. (2010). Destination attachment: Effects on customer satisfaction and cognitive, affective and conative loyalty. Tourism Management, 31(2), 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.03.007
  • Zeng, S., Chiu, W., Lee, C. W., Park, C., & Park, C. (2015). Korea’s destination image for Chinese tourists: A comparison of film and non-film tourist perceptions. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 43(9), 1453–1462. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.9.1453
  • Zhang, J., Beatty, S. E., & Walsh, G. (2008). Review and future directions of cross-cultural consumer services research. Journal of Business Research, 61(3), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.06.003
  • Zhang, H., Fu, X., Cai, L. A., & Lu, L. (2014). Destination image and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 40(2014), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.006

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.