663
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Medical Tourism and Cognitive Dissonance: Exploring Tourist Choice Behavior, Post-Choice Pre-Outcome Regret, and Visit Intention

, &

References

  • Alcántara-Pilar, J. M., Blanco-Encomienda, F. J., Armenski, T., & Del Barrio-García, S. (2018). The antecedent role of online satisfaction, perceived risk online, and perceived website usability on the affect towards travel destinations. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.09.005
  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
  • Bieger, T., & Laesser, C. (2004). Information source for travel decisions: toward a source process model. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 357–371. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504263030
  • Bolton, R. N., Kannan, P. K., & Bramlett, M. D. (2000). Implications of loyalty program membership and service experiences for customer retention and value. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(1), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070300281009
  • Brunette, G. W. (2014). CDC health information for international travel 2014. CDC-Oxford University Press.
  • Cao, Y., Zhou, Z., & Majeed, S. (2021). Stimulating customer inspiration through online brand community climates: The mediating role of customer interaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 706889. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.706889
  • Chang, L., & Beise-Zee, R. (2013). Consume perception of healthfulness and appraisal of health-promising tourist destinations. Tourism Review, 68(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605371311310066
  • Chaulagain, S., Wiitala, J., & Fu, X. (2019). The impact of country image and destination image on US tourists’ travel intention. Journal Destination Marketing & Management, 12, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.01.005
  • Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295–336). Erlbaum.
  • Chin, W. W. (2010). Handbook of partial least squares. Springer.
  • Connolly, T., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). Regret in decision making. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(6), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00203
  • Cormany, D. (2008). Taking a pulse on potential medical tourism destinations: The hospitality and tourism industries. Medical Tourism, 34–37.
  • Crompton, J. L. (1983). The tourist experience: Satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 54(4), 50–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1983.10629568
  • Davvetas, V., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2018). “Should i have bought the other one?” experiencing regret in global versus local brand purchase decisions. Journal of International Marketing, 26(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1509/jim.17.0040
  • Delacroix, E., & Jourdan, P. (2007). Consumer tendency to regret: Validation of a measurement scale. Recherche Et Applications En Marketing, 22(1), 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/076737010702200102
  • De la Hoz-Correa, A., & Muñoz-Leiva, F. (2018). The role of information sources and image on the intention to visit a medical tourism destination: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(2), 204–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1507865
  • Del Bosque, I. R., & Martı´n, H. S. (2008). Tourist satisfaction A cognitive-affective model. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 551–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.006
  • Diago, D. S. (2013). Medical Tourism- Benefits and risks: A guide of awareness on undergoing cosmetic procedures abroad. Centria University of Applied Sciences.
  • Dixit, S. K., Lee, K.-H., & Loo, P. T. (2019). Consumer behavior in hospitality and tourism. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science, 29(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/21639159.2019.1577159
  • Esiyok, B., Çakar, M., & Kurtulmuşoğlu, F. B. (2017). The effect of cultural distance on medical tourism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.03.001
  • Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. Univ. Akron Press.
  • Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Row, Peterson, and Company.
  • Festinger, L. (1964). Conflict, decision, and dissonance. Stanford University Press.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
  • Gan, L. L., & Frederick, J. R. (2015). Medical tourism: consumers’ concerns over risk and social challenges. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(5), 503–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.918923
  • Gawronski, B. (2012). Back to the future of dissonance theory: Cognitive consistency as a core motive. Social Cognition, 30(6), 652–668. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2012.30.6.652
  • Ghosh, T., & Mandal, S. (2018). Medical tourism experience: Conceptualization, scale development, and validation. Journal of Travel Research, 58(8), 1288–1304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518813469
  • Guan, J., Ma, E., & Bi, J. (2021). Impulsive shopping overseas: Do sunk cost, information confusion, and anticipated regret have a say? Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480211024450
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.). Prentice-Hall International Inc.
  • Hair, Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
  • Han, H., & Hyun, S. S. (2015). Customer retention in the medical tourism industry: Impact of quality, satisfaction, trust, and price reasonableness. Tourism Management, 46, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.06.003
  • Hem, L. E., Iversen, N. M., & Nysveen, H. (2003). Effects of Ad Photos Portraying Risky Vacation Situations on Intention to Visit a Tourist Destination. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 13(4), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v13n04_01
  • Hollebeek, L., & Rather, R. A. (2019). Service innovativeness and tourism customer outcomes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(11), 4227–4246. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2018-0256
  • International Medical Travel Journal (IMTJ). (2019). Wellness tourism is not medical tourism. https://www.laingbuissonnews.com/imtj/news-imtj/wellness-tourism-is-not-medical-tourism/ (Accessed July 11, 2022)
  • Jo, H., Chung, N., Hlee, S., & Koo, C. (2021). Perceived Affordances and Regret in Online Travel Agencies. Journal of Travel Research, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211014962
  • Jones, C. A., & Keith, L. G. (2006). Medical tourism and reproductive outsourcing: The dawning of a new paradigm for healthcare. International Journal of Fertility Women’s Medicine, 51(6), 251–255.
  • Kah, J. A., & Lee, S.-H. (2015). A new approach to travel information sources and travel behaviour based on cognitive dissonance theory. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(4), 373–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1043246
  • Karatepe, O., Hsieh, H., & Aboramadan, M. (2022). The effects of green human resource management and perceived organizational support for the environment on green and non-green hotel employee outcomes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 103, 103202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103202
  • Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., & Haron, M. S. (2016). Medical Tourism Destination Image Formation Process: A Conceptual Model. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 9(2), 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2016.1142046
  • Kim, E. J., Choi, C., & Tanford, S. (2020). Influence of scarcity on travel decisions and cognitive dissonance. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(7), 721–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1720258
  • Kim, J. J., & Han, H. (2020). Hotel of the future: Exploring the attributes of a smart hotel adopting a mixed-methods approach. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37(7), 804–822. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2020.1835788
  • Kirkebøen, G., & Teigen, K. H. (2011). Pre-outcome regret: Widespread and overlooked. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 24(3), 267–292. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.694
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, third ed. The Guilford Press.
  • Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of E-Collaboration (IJeC), 11(4), 1–10.
  • Kock, F., Berbekova, A., & Assaf, A. G. (2021). Understanding and managing the threat of common method bias: Detection, prevention and control. Tourism Management, 86, 104330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104330
  • Lee, M., Han, H., & Lockyer, T. (2012). Medical tourism—attracting Japanese tourists for medical tourism experience. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2012.638564
  • Liang, L. J., Choi, H. C., Joppe, M., & Lee, W. (2019). Examining medical tourists’ intentions to visit tourist destination: Application of an extended MEDTOUR scale in a cosmetic tourism context. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(6), 772–784. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2303
  • Liao, C., Lin, H.-N., Luo, M. M., & Chea, S. (2017). Factors influencing online shoppers’ repurchase intentions: The roles of satisfaction and regret. Information & Management, 54(5), 651–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2016.12.005
  • Lien, C. H., Cao, Y., & Zhou, X. (2017). Service quality, satisfaction, stickiness, and usage intentions: An exploratory evaluation in the context of WeChat services. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.061
  • Lovelock, B., & Lovelock, K. (2018). “We had a ball … as long as you kept taking your painkillers’ just how much tourism is there in medical tourism? Experiences of the patient tourist. Tourism Management, 69, 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.015
  • Maholtra, N. K. (1999). Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation. PHIPE Prentice Hall.
  • Majeed, S., & Kim, W. G. (2022). Emerging trends in wellness tourism: A scoping review. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-02-2022-0046
  • Majeed, S., & Lu, C. (2017). Changing preferences, moving places and third party administrators: A scoping review of medical tourism trends (1990-2016). Almatourism-Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 15, 56–83. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2036-5195/6675.
  • Majeed, S., Lu, C., & Javed, T. (2017a). The journey from an allopathic to natural treatment approach: A scoping review of medical tourism and health systems. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 16, 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2017.10.001
  • Majeed, S., Lu, C., Majeed, M., & Shahid, M. N. (2018). Health Resorts and Multi-textured Perceptions of International Health Tourists. Sustainability, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041063
  • Majeed, S., Lu, C., & Usman, M. (2017b). Want to make me emotional? the influence of emotional advertisement on women’s consumption behavior. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 11(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11782-017-0016-4
  • Majeed, S., Majeed, M., & Ajike, M. A. (2019a). Dry cupping therapy and the wellness management of health travelers. Traditional Medicine Research, 4(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.53388/TMR201915095
  • Majeed, S., & Ramkissoon, H. (2020). Health, wellness and place attachment during and post health pandemics. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 573220. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.573220
  • Majeed, S., & Ramkissoon, H. (2022). Social media and tourists’ behaviors: Post-COVID-19. In D. Gursoy & R. P. S. Kaurav (Eds.), Handbook on Tourism and Social Media (pp. 125–138). Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
  • Majeed, S., Zhou, Z., Lu, C., & Ramkissoon, H. (2020b). Online tourism information and tourist behavior: A structural equation modeling analysis based on a self-administered survey. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 599. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00599
  • Majeed, S., Zhou, Z., & Ramkissoon, H. (2020a). Beauty and elegance: Value co-creation in cosmetic surgery tourism. SAGE Open, 10(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020932538
  • Marshall, B., Cardon, P., Poddar, A., & Fontenot, R. (2013). Does sample size matter in qualitative research? A review of qualitative interviews in IS research. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 54(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2013.11645667
  • Maxwell, J. A. (2005). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach, 2nd ed. Sage Publications.
  • McDonald, S., Oates, C. J., Thyne, M., Timmis, A. J., & Carlile, C. (2015). Flying in the face of environmental concern: Why green consumers continue to fly. Journal of Marketing Management, 31(13–14), 1503–1528. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2015.1059352
  • Mechinda, P., Serirat, S., Anuwichanont, J., & Gulid, N. (2010). An examination of tourists’ loyalty towards medical tourism in Pattaya, Thailand. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 9(1), 55–70. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/examination-tourists-loyalty-towards-medical/docview/195151762/se-2
  • Miles, S., & Leinster, S. J. (2010). Identifying professional characteristics of the idela medical doctor: The laddering technique. Medical Teacher, 32(2), 136–140. https://doi.org/10.3109/01421590903196987
  • Mitchell, V.-W. (1992). Understanding consumers’ behaviour: Can perceived risk theory help? Management Decision, 30(3), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251749210013050
  • Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2009). Applying the means-end chain theory and the laddering technique to the study of host attitudes to tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(3), 337–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802159735
  • Nuttapong, J. (2010). Salient factors influencing medical tourism destination choice. Southern Cross University.
  • Olya, H., & Nia, T. H. (2021). The medical tourism index and behavioral responses of medical travelers: A mixed-method study. Journal of Travel Research, 60(4), 779–798. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520915278
  • Page, C. M., & Colby, P. M. (2003). If only I hadn’t smoked: The impact of counterfactual thinking on a smoking-related behavior. Psychology & Marketing, 20(11), 955–976. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.10104
  • Park, J.-Y., & Jang, S. (2013). Confused by too many choices? Choice overload in tourism. Tourism Management, 35, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.05.004
  • Park, J. Y., & Jang, S. (2018). Did I get the best discount? counterfactual thinking of tourism products. Journal of Travel Research, 57(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516680775
  • Pearce, P. L., & Packer, J. (2013). Minds on the move: New links from psychology to tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 40, 386–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.10.002
  • Pestana, M. H., Parreira, A., & Moutinho, L. (2018). Motivations, emotions and satisfaction: The keys to a tourism destination choice. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16, 100332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.12.006
  • Pratt, L. A., Dey, A. N., & Cohen, A. J. (2007). Characteristics of adults with serious psychological distress as measured by the K6 scale: United States, 2001-04. CDC Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, 382, 1–19. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17432488/
  • Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Rather, R. A., & Hall, C. M. (2021). Investigating the mediating role of visitor satisfaction in the relationship between memorable tourism experiences and behavioral intentions in heritage tourism context. Tourism Review, 77(2), 687–709. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-02-2021-0086
  • Rather, R. A. (2017). Investigating the impact of customer brand identification on hospitality brand loyalty: A social identity perspective. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 27(5), 487–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2018.1404539
  • Rather, R. A. (2018). Consequences of consumer engagement in service marketing: An empirical exploration. Journal of Global Marketing, 32(2), 116–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2018.1454995
  • Rather, R. A. (2021). Demystifying the effects of perceived risk and fear on customer engagement, co-creation and revisit intention during COVID-19: A protection motivation theory approach. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 20, 100564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100564
  • Rather, R. A., & Hollebeek, L. D. (2019). Exploring and validating social identification and social exchange-based drivers of hospitality customer loyalty. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(3), 1432–1451. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2017-0627
  • Rather, R. A., Hollebeek, L. D., & Rasoolimanesh, S. M. (2021). First-time versus repeat tourism customer engagement, experience, and value co-creation. Journal of Travel Research, 61(3), 549–564. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287521997572
  • Rather, R. A., Tehseen, S., Itoo, M. H., & Parrey, S. H. (2019). Customer brand identification, affective commitment, customer satisfaction, and brand trust as antecedents of customer behavioral intention of loyalty: An empirical study in the hospitality sector. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science, 29(2), 196–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/21639159.2019.1577694
  • Rather, R. A., Tehseen, S., & Parrey, S. H. (2018). Promoting customer brand engagement and brand loyalty through customer brand identification and value congruity. Spanish Journal of Marketing, 22(3), 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-06-2018-0030
  • Reynolds, T. J., & Gutman, J. (2000). Laddering theory, method, analysis, and interpretation. Understanding consumer decision making: The means-end approach to marketing and advertising strategy (pp. 24–63). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. W. (2012). Editor’s comments: A critical look at the use of PLS-SEM in MIS quarterly. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410402
  • Sánchez-García, I., & Currás-Pérez, R. (2011). Effects of dissatisfaction in tourist services: The role of anger and regret. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1397–1406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.01.016
  • Scheibehenne, B., Greifeneder, R., & Todd, P. M. (2010). Can there ever be too many options? A meta-analytic review of choice overload. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(3), 409–425. https://doi.org/10.1086/651235
  • Smith, M., & Puczko´, L. (2009). Health and Wellness Tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Stone, R. N., & Gronhaug, K. (1993). Perceived risk: Further considerations for the marketing discipline. European Journal of Marketing, 27(3), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569310026637
  • Tanford, S., & Montgomery, R. (2014). The effects of social influence and cognitive dissonance on travel purchase decisions. Journal of Travel Research, 54(5), 596–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514528287
  • Thai, N. T., & Yuksel, U. (2017). What can tourists and travel advisors learn from choice overload research? consumer behavior in tourism and hospitality research (advances in culture. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 13, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1871-317320170000013001
  • Truong, T. L. H., Lenglet, F., & Mothe, C. (2018). Destination distinctiveness: Concept, measurement, and impact on tourist satisfaction. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 214–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.04.004
  • Tseng, A. (2017). Why do online tourists need sellers’ ratings? Exploration of the factors affecting regretful tourist e-satisfaction. Tourism Management, 59, 413–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.08.017
  • Tzeng, S.-Y., & Shiu, J. Y. (2019). Regret type matters-Risk aversion and complaining in a multidimensional post-purchase regret framework. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 31(5), 1466–1485. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-10-2018-0452
  • Wang, S., Kirillova, K., & Lehto, X. (2017). Reconciling unsatisfying tourism experiences: Message type effectiveness and the role of counterfactual thinking. Tourism Management, 60, 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.008
  • Wattanacharoensil, W., & La-ornual, D. (2019). A systematic review of cognitive biases in tourist decisions. Tourism Management, 75, 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.06.006
  • Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS Quarterly, 33(1), 177–195. https://doi.org/10.2307/20650284
  • Whittaker, A. (2008). Pleasure and pain: Medical travel in Asia. Global Public Health, 3(3), 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441690701463936
  • Wilson, B. (2010). Using PLS to investigate interaction effects between higher order branding constructs. In V. E. Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares (pp. 621–652). Springer.
  • Xue, J., Zhou, Z., Majeed, S., Chen, R., & Zhou, N. (2022). Stimulating tourist inspiration by tourist experience: The moderating role of destination familiarity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 895136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895136
  • Ye, S., Wu, J. S., & Zheng, C. J. (2019). Are tourists with higher expectation more sensitive to service performance? Evidence from urban tourism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 12, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.01.002
  • Yu, J., Seo, J., & Hyun, S. S. (2021). Attributes of medical tourism destination brands: Case study of the Korean medical tourism market. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(1), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1875104
  • Zeelenberg, M. (1999). Anticipated regret, expected feedback and behavioral decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12(2), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199906)12:2<93::AID-BDM311>3.0.CO;2-S
  • Zhao, X., Wang, X., & Ji, L. (2020). Evaluating the effect of anticipated emotion on forming environmentally responsible behavior in heritage tourism: Developing an extended model of norm activation theory. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(11), 1185–1198. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1837892
  • Zhou, Q., Bao, Y., Zhao, Y., He, X., Cui, C., & Liu, Y. (2022). Impacts of government credit on government performance of public-private partnership project in china: a wsr system theory perspective. Sustainability, 14(11), 6886. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116886

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.