References
- Ahyoud, N., Aikins, J. K., Bartsch, S., Bechert, N., Gyamerah, D., & Wagner, L. (2018). Wer nicht gezählt wird, zählt nicht. Antidiskriminierungs- und Gleichstellungsdaten in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft – eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung. Vielfalt entscheidet – Diversity in Leadership, Citizens for Europe (Ed.). www.vielfaltentscheidet.de/publikationen
- Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes. (2019). Gleiche Rechte, gleiche Chancen - Jahresbericht der Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes. Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes. https://www.antidiskriminierungsstelle.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/publikationen/BT_Bericht/gemeinsamer_bericht_zweiter_2013.html;jsessionid=8258E13141A578247D34CD0426033887.1_cid369.
- Armenta, B. E., Lee, R. M., Pituc, S. T., Jung, K. R., Park, I., Soto, J. A., Kim, S. Y., & Schwartz, S. J. (2013). Where are you from? A validation of the Foreigner Objectification Scale and the psychological correlates of foreigner objectification among Asian Americans and Latinos. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031547
- Asbrock, F., Lemmer, G., Becker, J. C., Koller, J., & Wagner, U. (2014). “Who are these foreigners anyway?” The content of the term foreigner and its impact on prejudice. SAGE Open, 4(2), 215824401453281. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014532819
- Attia, I., & Keskinkılıç, O. Z. (2016). Antimuslimischer Rassismus. In P. Mecheril (Ed.), Handbuch Migrationspädagogik (pp. 168–182). Weinheim.
- Bachem-Rehm, M. (2013). A forgotten chapter of regional social history: The Polish immigrants to the Ruhr 1870–1939. In D. Reuschke, M. Salzbrunn, & K. Schönhärl (Eds.), The economies of urban diversity. (pp. 93-133). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137338815_5
- Barrera, M., & Castro, F. G. (2006). A heuristic framework for the cultural adaptation of interventions. Clinical Psychology, 13(4), 311–316. https://doi.org/org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006.00043.x
- Bauer, C. A., & Hannover, B. (2020). Changing “us” and hostility towards “them”—Implicit theories of national identity determine prejudice and participation rates in an antiimmigrant petition. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 810–826. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2666
- Baysu, G., & Phalet, K. (2019). The up‐ and downside of dual identity: Stereotype threat and minority performance. Journal of Social Issues, 75(2), 568–591. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12330
- Black Central Europe. (n.d.). Black Central Europe. Retrieved February 14, 2021, from https://blackcentraleurope.com/
- Blank, T., & Schmidt, P. (2003). National identity in a united Germany: Nationalism or patriotism? An empirical test with representative data. Political Psychology, 24(2), 289–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00329
- Boulila, S. C. (2019). Race in post-racial Europe: An intersectional analysis. Rowman & Littlefield International.
- Calmbach, M., Borgstedt, S., Borchard, I., Thomas, P. M., & Flaig, B. B. (2016). Wie ticken Jugendliche 2016? Lebenswelten von Jugendlichen im Alter von 14 bis 17 Jahren in Deutschland. Springer.
- Center for Intersectional Justice. (2020). Intersectional discrimination in Europe: Relevance, challenges and ways forward. European Network Against Racism. https://www.intersectionaljustice.org/publication/2020-09-14-intersectional-discrimination-in-europe-relevance-challenges-and-ways-forward
- Cokley, K. (2007). Critical issues in the measurement of ethnic and racial identity: A referendum on the state of the field. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.224
- Conrad, S. (2011). German Colonialism: A short history. Cambridge University Press.
- Ditlmann, R., & Kopf-Beck, J. (2019). The meaning of being German: An inductive approach to national identity. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 7(1), 423–447. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i1.557
- Eckart, W. (2002). The colony as laboratory: German sleeping sickness campaigns in German East Africa and in Togo, 1900-1914. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 24(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/03919710210001714323
- El, M., & Fereidooni, K. (2016). Racism experienced by teachers of color in Germany: Racialization and hierarchical positioning. In C. Schmidt & J. Schneider (Eds.), Diversifying the teaching force in transnational contexts (pp. 127–136). Sense Publishers.
- El-Tayeb, F. (2014). European others. In T. Roueché (Ed.), Remixing Europe: Unveiling the imagery of migrants in European media (pp. 76–81). Doc Next Network.
- Erikson, E. (1963). Childhood and society. W. W. Norton & Company.
- Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. W. W. Norton & Company.
- Essed, P. (1991). Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781483345239
- Faas, D. (2009). Reconsidering identity: The ethnic and political dimensions of hybridity among majority and Turkish youth in Germany and England: Reconsidering identity. The British Journal of Sociology, 60(2), 299–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01232.x
- Feagin, J. (2020). The White racial frame: Centuries of racial framing and counter-framing (3rd ed.). Routledge.
- Federal Government Expert Commission. (2021). Shaping our immigration society together: Federal Government Expert Commission on the framework for sustainable integration. Federal Government Commissioner for Migration, Refugees and Integration. https://www.xn–fachkommission-integrationsfhigkeit-x7c.de/fk-int/dokumente
- Federal Ministry of Interior (2020). Right-wing extremism constitutes the greatest threat. Retrieved on May 28, 2021 from https://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/kurzmeldungen/EN/2020/05/vorstellung-pkspmk-2019-en.html
- Fleischmann, F., Leszczensky, L., & Pink, S. (2019). Identity threat and identity multiplicity among minority youth: Longitudinal relations of perceived discrimination with ethnic, religious, and national identification in Germany. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(4), 971–990. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12324
- Florvil, T. (2020). Mobilizing Black Germany: Afro-German women and the making of a transnational movement. University of Illinois Press.
- Foner, N. (2015). Is Islam in Western Europe like race in the United States? Sociological Forum, 30(4), 885–899. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12199
- Galliher, R. V., McLean, K. C., & Syed, M. (2017). An integrated developmental model for studying identity content in context. Developmental psychology, 53(11), 2011–2022. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000299
- Goldberg, D. T. (2006). Racial Europeanization. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 29(2), 331–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870500465611
- Gyberg, F., Frisén, A., Syed, M., Wängqvist, M., & Svensson, Y. (2018). “Another kind of Swede”: Swedish youth’s ethnic identity narratives. Emerging Adulthood, 6(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696817690087
- Hagerman, M. A. (2014). White families and race: Colour-blind and colour-conscious approaches to white racial socialization. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(14), 2598–2614. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.848289
- Heitmeyer, W., Freiheit, M., & Sitzer, P. (2020). Rechte Bedrohungsallianzen. Suhrkamp Verlag.
- Helms, J. E. (1990). Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice. Greenwood Press.
- Helms, J. E. (2020). A race is a nice thing to have (3rd ed.). Cognella.
- Holmes, S. M., & Castañeda, H. (2016). Representing the ‘European refugee crisis’ in Germany and beyond: Deservingness and difference, life and death. American Ethnologist, 43(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12259
- Hubbard, R. R., & Utsey, S. O. (2015). A qualitative study of biracial identity among Afro-Germans living in Germany. Identity, 15(2), 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2015.1023438
- International Office of Migration. (2020). World migration report. Geneva, Switzerland, International Office of Migration, United Nations.
- Iser, J.C. (2021, March 5). Koalition streicht Begriff “Rasse” aus dem Grundgesetz. Die Zeit. Retrieved from https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2021-03/grundgesetz-rasse-aenderung-begriff-diskriminierung-rassistische-gruende
- Jones, C. (2021, April 7–9). Multiracial children making sense of racial identity. Presentation at the Society for Research on Child Development. Online, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Juang, L. P., Schachner, M. K., Pevec, S., & Moffitt, U. (2020). The Identity Project intervention in Germany: Creating a climate for reflection, connection, and adolescent identity development. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development, 173(2), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20379
- Juang, L., Schwarzenthal, M., Moffitt, U., & Vietze, J. (under review). “No, where are you really from?” Testing the Foreigner Objectification Scale with German adolescents of migration background.
- Jugert, P., Leszczensky, L., & Pink, S. (2018). The effects of ethnic minority adolescents’ ethnic self-identification on friendship selection. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28(2), 379–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12337
- Kotowski, J. M. (2013). Narratives of immigration and national identity: Findings from a discourse analysis of German and U.S. social studies textbooks. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 13(3), 295–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12048
- McGowan, L. (2014). Right-wing violence in Germany: Assessing the objectives, personalities and terror trail of the National Socialist Underground and the state’s response to it. German Politics, 23(3), 196–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2014.967224
- Moffitt, U., & Juang, L. (2019). Who is “German” and who is a “migrant?” Constructing belonging in education and psychology research. European Educational Research Journal, 18(6), 656–674. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904119827459
- Moffitt, U., Juang, L., & Syed, M. (2018). Being both German and Other: Narratives of contested national identity among white and Turkish German young adults. British Journal of Social Psychology, 57(4), 878–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12268
- Moffitt, U., Juang, L., & Syed, M. (2020). Intersectionality and identity development among youth in Europe. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. Research Topic: Intersectionality and identity development: How do we conceptualize and research identity intersectionalities in youth meaningfully? (Topic Editors M. Azmitia, K. Mansfeld) article 78, pp. 1 - 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00078
- Moffitt, U., Rogers, L.O., & Dastrup, K.R.H. (in press). Beyond ethnicity: Applying Helms's White Racial Identity Development model among white youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence.
- Morning, A. (2014). Multiraciality and census classification in global perspective. In R. C. King-O-Riain, S. Small, M. Mahtani, M. Song, & P. Spickard (Eds.), Global mixed race (pp. vii–xxii). New York University Press.
- Möschel, M. (2011). Race in mainland European legal analysis: Towards a European critical race theory. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(10), 1648–1664. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.566623
- Müller, U. A. (2011). Far away so close: Race, whiteness, and German identity. Identities, 18(6), 620–645. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2011.672863
- Neblett, E. W., Rivas-Drake, D., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2012). The promise of racial and ethnic protective factors in promoting ethnic minority youth development. Child Development Perspectives, 6(3), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00239.x
- Neiman, S. (2019). Learning from the Germans: Race and the memory of evil. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- Nesterko, Y., & Glaesmer, H. (2019). Warum fragen wir nicht direkt nach?: Eine Analyse zur subjektiven Zuschreibung des Migrationshintergrundes. Psychologische Rundschau, 70(2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042/a000399
- Niehaus, I., Hoppe, R., Otto, M., & Georgi, V. (2015). Schulbücherstudie Migration und Integration. Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge, und Integration.
- Nzinga, K., Rapp, D. N., Leatherwood, C., Easterday, M., Rogers, L. O., Gallagher, N., & Medin, D. L. (2018). Should social scientists be distanced from or engaged with the people they study? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 115(45), 11435–11441. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721167115
- Oltmer, J. (2017). Migration. Geschichte und Zukunft der Gegenwart. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft/Konrad Theiss-Verlag.
- Portera, A. (2008). Intercultural education in Europe: Epistemological and semantic aspects. Intercultural Education, 19(6), 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675980802568277
- Reijerse, A., Vanbeselaere, N., Duriez, B., & Fichera, G. (2015). Accepting immigrants as fellow citizens: Citizenship representations in relation to migration policy preferences. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(5), 700–717. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2014.916812
- Rivas-Drake, D., Syed, M., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Markstrom, C., French, S., Schwartz, S. J., Lee, R. M., & Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group. (2014). Feeling good, happy, and proud: A meta-analysis of positive ethnic-racial affect and adjustment. Child Development, 85(1), 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12175
- Roberts, S. O., Bareket-Shavit, C., Dollins, F. A., Goldie, P. D., & Mortenson, E. (2020). Racial inequality in psychological research: Trends of the past and recommendations for the future. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(6), 1295–1309. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620927709
- Rogers, L. O. (2018). Who am I, who are we? Erikson and a transactional approach to identity research. Identity, 18(4), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2018.1523728
- Rogers, L. O., Kiang, L., White, L., Calzada, E. J., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Byrd, C., Derlan Williams, C., Marks, A., & Whitesell, N. (2020). Persistent concerns: Questions for research on ethnic-racial identity development. Research in Human Development, 17(2–3), 130–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2020.1831881
- Roig, E. (2017). Uttering “race” in colorblind France and post-racial Germany. In K. Fereidooni & M. El (Eds.), Rassismuskritik und Widerstandsformen (pp. 613–627). Springer.
- Salem, S., & Thompson, V. (2016). Old racisms, new masks: On the continuing discontinuities of racism and the erasure of race in European contexts. Nineteen sixty nine: an ethnic studies journal, 3(1), 1-23. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/98p8q169
- Schachner, M. K., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Noack, P. (2018). Acculturation and school adjustment of early-adolescent immigrant boys and girls in Germany: Conditions in school, family, and ethnic group. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(3), 352–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616670991
- Schotte, K., Stanat, P., & Edele, A. (2018). Is integration always most adaptive? The role of cultural identity in academic achievement and in psychological adaptation of immigrant students in Germany. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(1), 16–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0737-x
- Schwarzenthal, M., Juang, L. P., Schachner, M. K., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Handrick, A. (2017). From tolerance to understanding: Exploring the development of intercultural competence in multiethnic contexts from early to late adolescence. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 27(5), 388–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2317
- Seiffge-Krenke, I., & Haid, M.-L. (2012). Identity development in German emerging adults: Not an easy task. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2012, 35-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20021
- Simon, P. (2017). The failure of the importation of ethno-racial statistics in Europe: Debates and controversies. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(13), 2326–2332. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1344278
- Sixtus, F., Wesche, J. S., & Kerschreiter, R. (2019). Identity multiplicity, national group contact, and acculturation: The role of identity‐related cognitions. Journal of Social Issues, 75(2), 486-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12325
- Sow, N. (2008). Deutschland Schwarz Weiß: Der alltägliche Rassismus. Bertelsmann.
- Statistisches Bundesamt. (2020). Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit. Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund – Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2019. (1.1 Eckzahlen zur Bevölkerung nach Migrationsstatus und ausgewählten Merkmalen).
- Svensson, Y., & Syed, M. (2019). Linking self and society: Identity and the immigrant experience in two macro-contexts. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 64, 101056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101056
- Syed, M., & Fish, J. (2018). Revisiting Erik Erikson’s legacy on culture, race, and ethnicity. Identity, 18(4), 274–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2018.1523729
- Titzmann, P. F., Silbereisen, R. K., Mesch, G. S., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2011). Migration-specific hassles among adolescent immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Germany and Israel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(5), 777–794. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110362756
- Umaña-Taylor, A., & Douglass, S. (2016). Developing an ethnic-racial identity intervention from a developmental perspective: Process, content, and implementation. In N. Cabrera & B. Leyendecker (Eds.), Handbook on positive development among minority youth (pp. 437–453). Springer Press.
- Umaña-Taylor, A., Kornienko, O., Douglass Bayless, S., & Updegraff, K. A. (2018). A universal intervention program increases ethnic-racial identity exploration and resolution to predict adolescent psychosocial functioning one year later. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 47(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0766-5
- Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Quintana, S. M., Lee, R. M., Cross, W. E., Rivas-Drake, D., Schwartz, S. J., Syed, M., Yip, T., & Seaton, E. (2014). Ethnic and racial identity revisited: An integrated conceptualization. Child Development, 85(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12196
- Verkuyten, M., Wiley, S., Deaux, K., & Fleischmann, F. (2019). To be both (and more): Immigration and identity multiplicity. Journal of Social Issues, 75(2), 390–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12324
- Vietze, J., Juang, L. P., & Schachner, M. K. (2019). Peer cultural socialisation: A resource for minority students’ cultural identity, life satisfaction, and school values. Intercultural Education, 30(5), 579–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2019.1586213
- Will, A.-K. (2019). The German statistical category “migration background”: Historical roots, revisions and shortcomings. Ethnicities, 19(3), 535–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819833437
- Williams, C. D., Byrd, C. M., Quintana, S. M., Anicama, C., Kiang, L., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Calzada, E. J., Pabón Gautier, M., Ejesi, K., Tuitt, N. R., Martinez-Fuentes, S., White, L., Marks, A., Rogers, L. O., & Whitesell, N. (2020). A lifespan model of ethnic-racial identity. Research in Human Development, 17(2-3), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2020.1831882
- Zimmerer, J. (2013). Kolonialismus and kollektive Identität: Erinnerungsorte der deutschen Kolonialgeschichte. In J. Zimmerer (Ed.), Kein Platz an der Sonne: Erinnerungsorte der deutschen Kolonialgeschichte (pp. 9–37). Campus Verlag.