540
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

A multi-site community randomized trial of community health workers to provide counseling and support for patients newly entering HIV care in rural Ethiopia: study design and baseline implementation

, , , , , , , & show all

References

  • Lehmann U, Sanders D. Community health workers: what do we know about them? The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes of using community health workers. WHO; 2007. www.who.int/hrh/documents/community_health_workers.pdf. Accessed July 24, 2017.
  • Global Health Workforce Alliance, World Health Organization. Global experience of community health workers for delivery of health related Millennium Development Goals: a systematic review, country case studies, and recommendations for integration into national health systems. WHO; 2010. www.who.int/workforcealliance/knowledge/resources/chwreport/en. Accessed July 24, 2017.
  • Singh P, Sachs JD. 1 million community health workers in sub-Saharan Africa by 2015. Lancet. 2013;382(9889):363–365.10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62002-9
  • Dahn B, Woldemariam AT, Perry H, et al. Strengthening primary health care through community health workers: investment case and financing recommendations. WHO; 2015. www.who.int/hrh/news/2015/CHW-Financing-FINAL-July-15-2015.pdf. Accessed July 24, 2017.
  • McCord GC, Liu A, Singh P. Deployment of community health workers across rural sub-Saharan Africa: financial considerations and operational assumptions. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;91:244–253B.10.2471/BLT.12.109660
  • Ong’ang’o JR, Mwachari C, Kipruto H, Karanja S. The effects on tuberculosis treatment adherence from utilising community health workers: a comparison of selected rural and urban settings in Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e88937.10.1371/journal.pone.0088937
  • Uwimana J, Zarowsky C, Hausler H, Swanevelder S, Tabana H, Jackson D. Community-based intervention to enhance provision of integrated TB-HIV and PMTCT services in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(10):S48–S55.
  • Siribié M, Ajayi IO, Nsungwa-Sabiiti J, et al. Training community health workers to manage uncomplicated and severe malaria: experience from 3 rural malaria-endemic areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(suppl 5):S264–S269.
  • Wools-Kaloustian KK, Sidle JE, Selke HM, et al. A model for extending antiretroviral care beyond the rural health centre. J Int AIDS Soc. 2009;12:22.10.1186/1758-2652-12-22
  • Selke HM, Kimaiyo S, Sidle JE, et al. Task-shifting of antiretroviral delivery from health care workers to persons living with HIV/AIDS: clinical outcomes of a community-based program in Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55(4):483–490.10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181eb5edb
  • Celletti F, Wright A, Palen J, et al. Can the deployment of community health workers for the delivery of HIV services represent an effective and sustainable response to health workforce shortages?Results of a multicountry study AIDS. 2010;24(Suppl 1):S45–57.
  • Kabore I, Bloem J, Etheredge G, et al. The effect of community-based support services on clinical efficacy and health-related quality of life in HIV/AIDS patients in resource-limited settings in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2010;24(9):581–594.10.1089/apc.2009.0307
  • Chang LW, Kagaayi J, Nakigozi G, et al. Effect of peer health workers on AIDS care in Rakai, Uganda: a cluster-randomized trial. PLoS One. 2010;5(6):e10923.10.1371/journal.pone.0010923
  • Fatti G, Meintjes G, Shea J, Eley B, Grimwood A. Improved survival and antiretroviral treatment outcomes in adults receiving community-based adherence support: 5-year results from a multicentre cohort study in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;61(4):e50–e58.10.1097/QAI.0b013e31826a6aee
  • Wouters E, Van Damme W, van Rensburg D, Masquillier C, Meulemans H. Impact of community-based support services on antiretroviral treatment programme delivery and outcomes in resource-limited countries: a synthetic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:194.
  • Kipp W, Konde-Lule J, Saunders LD, et al. Antiretroviral treatment for HIV in rural Uganda: two-year treatment outcomes of a prospective health centre/community-based and hospital-based cohort. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40902.10.1371/journal.pone.0040902
  • Franke MF, Kaigamba F, Socci AR, et al. Improved retention associated with community-based accompaniment for antiretroviral therapy delivery in rural Rwanda. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(9):1319–1326.10.1093/cid/cis1193
  • Mwai GW, Mburu G, Torpey K, Frost P, Ford N, Seeley J. Role and outcomes of community health workers in HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16:18586.10.7448/IAS.16.1.18586
  • Lubega M, Tumwesigye NM, Kadobera D, et al. Effect of community support agents on retention of people living with HIV in pre-antiretroviral care: a randomized controlled trial in eastern Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;70(2):e36–e43.10.1097/QAI.0000000000000723
  • Nkhata MJ, Muzambi M, Ford D, et al. Shifting human resources for health in the context of ART provision: qualitative and quantitative findings from the Lablite baseline study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16(1):660.
  • Bor J, Herbst AJ, Newell ML, Barnighausen T. Increases in adult life expectancy in rural South Africa: valuing the scale-up of HIV treatment. Science. 2013;339(6122):961–965.10.1126/science.1230413
  • Reidy WJ, Sheriff M, Wang C, et al. Decentralization of HIV care and treatment services in Central Province, Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;67(1):e34–e40.
  • Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Ending AIDS: Progress Towards the 90-90-90 Targets. UNAIDS 2017. www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2017/20170720_Global_AIDS_update_2017. Accessed October 28, 2017.
  • UNAIDS. Fact Sheet–World AIDS Day, 2017. Global HIV Statistics. UNAIDS; 2017. www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2018.
  • Brinkhof MW, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Egger M. Mortality of patients lost to follow-up in antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited settings: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2009;4(6):e5790.10.1371/journal.pone.0005790
  • Ndiaye B, Ould-Kaci K, Salleron J, et al. Characteristics of and outcomes in HIV-infected patients who return to care after loss to follow-up. AIDS. 2009;23(13):1786–1789.10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832e3469
  • Attia S, Egger M, Müller M, Zwahlen M, Low N. Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2009;23(11):1397–1404.10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832b7dca
  • Fox MP, Rosen S. Retention of adult patients on antiretroviral therapy in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis 2008–2013. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;69(1):98–108.10.1097/QAI.0000000000000553
  • Assefa Y, Gilks CF, Lynen L, et al. Performance of the antiretroviral treatment program in Ethiopia, 2005-2015: strengths and weaknesses toward ending AIDS. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;60:70–76.10.1016/j.ijid.2017.05.012
  • Lifson AR, Workneh S, Hailemichael A, Demisse W, Slater L, Shenie T. Implementation of a Peer HIV community support worker program in rural Ethiopia to promote retention in care. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2017;16(1):75–80.10.1177/2325957415614648
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Central Statistical Agency. Population projection of Ethiopia for all regions at Wereda level from 2014–2017. Central Statistical Agency; 2013. www.csa.gov.et/ehioinfo-internal?download=724:population-projection-of-ethiopia-for-all-regions-at-wereda-level-from-2014-2017. Accessed March 21, 2018.
  • Federal HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office. Strategic Plan II for Intensifying Multisectoral HIV and AIDS Response in Ethiopia, 2010/11–2014/15. Federal Ministry of Health; 2010. www.nationalplanningcycles.org/sites/default/files/country_docs/Ethiopia/aids_hiv_strategic_plan_2010-2015.pdf. Accessed March 21, 2018.
  • Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull. 1985;98(2):310–357.10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
  • Langford CP, Bowsher J, Maloney JP, Lillis PP. Social support: a conceptual analysis. J Adv Nurs. 1997;25(1):95–100.10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997025095.x
  • Thoits PA. Social support as coping assistance. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986;54(4):416–423.10.1037/0022-006X.54.4.416
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Health. National Guidelines for Comprehensive HIV Prevention, Care and Treatment. Ministry of Health; 2014 https://aidsfree.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/ethiopia_natl_gl_2014.pdf. Accessed October 31, 2017.
  • Sherbourne CD, Stewart AL. The MOS Social Support Survey. Social Sci Med. 1991;32(6):705–714.
  • Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385–401.10.1177/014662167700100306
  • Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Cloete A, Mthembu PP, Mkhonta RN, Ginindza T. Measuring AIDS stigmas in people living with HIV/AIDS: the Internalized AIDS-related Stigma Scale. AIDS Care. 2009;21(1):87–93.
  • World Health Organization. Operations manual for delivery of HIV prevention, care and treatment at primary health centres in high-prevalence, resource-constrained settings: Edition 1 for field-testing. World Health Organization; 2008. www.who.int/hiv/pub/imai/operations_manual/en. Accessed March 25, 2018.
  • Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change. 3rd ed. New York,NY: Guilford Press; 2013.
  • Murray DM, Varnell SP, Blitstein JL. Design and analysis of group-randomized trials: a review of recent methodological developments. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(3):423–432.10.2105/AJPH.94.3.423
  • Hermann K, Van Damme W, Pariyo GW, et al. Community health workers for ART in sub-Saharan Africa: learning from experience–capitalizing on new opportunities. Human Resour Health. 2009;7:31.
  • Lifson AR, Demissie W, Tadesse A, et al. HIV/AIDS stigma-associated attitudes in a rural Ethiopian community: characteristics, correlation with HIV knowledge and other factors, and implications for community intervention. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2012;12:6.
  • Hargreaves JR, Stangl A, Bond V, et al. HIV-related stigma and universal testing and treatment for HIV prevention and care: design of an implementation science evaluation nested in the HPTN 071 (PopART) cluster-randomized trial in Zambia and South Africa. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(10):1342–1354.10.1093/heapol/czw071
  • Treves-Kagan S, Steward WT, Ntswane L, et al. Why increasing availability of ART is not enough: a rapid, community-based study on how HIV-related stigma impacts engagement to care in rural South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:87.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.