REFERENCES
- Ahuja , N. , Li , Q. , Mohan , A. L. , Baylin , S. B. and Issa , J. P. 1998 . Aging and DNA methylation in colorectal mucosa and cancer . Cancer Res. , 58 : 5489 – 5494 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Aranda , A. and Pascual , A. 2001 . Nuclear hormone receptors and gene expression . Physiol. Rev. , 81 : 1269 – 1304 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Autian , J. 1973 . Toxicity and health threats of phthalate esters: Review of the literature . Environ. Health Perspect. , 4 : 3 – 26 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Baylin , S. B. and Herman , J. G. 2000 . DNA hypermethylation in tumorigenesis . Trends Gen. , 16 : 168 – 174 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Berger , J. and Daxenbichler , G. 2002 . DNA methylation of nuclear receptor genes—Possible role in malignancy . J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 80 : 1 – 11 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Choi , S. M. , Yoo , S. D. and Lee , B. M. 2004 . Toxicological characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. , 7 : 1 – 24 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Colborn , T. , vom Saal , F. S. and Soto , A. M. 1993 . Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans . Environ. Health Perspect. , 101 : 378 – 384 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Coldham , N. G. , Dave , M. , Sivapathasundaram , S. , McDonnell , D. P. , Connor , C. and Sauer , M. J. 1997 . Evaluation of a recombinant yeast cell estrogen screening assay . Environ. Health Perspect. , 105 : 734 – 742 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- DeRosa , C. , Richter , P. , Pohl , H. and Jones , D. E. 1998 . Environmental exposures that affect the endocrine system: Public health implications . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev. , 1 : 3 – 26 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Ema , M. and Miyawaki , E. 2002 . Effects on development of the reproductive system in male offspring of rats given butyl benzyl phthalate during late pregnancy . Reprod. Toxicol. , 16 : 71 – 76 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Ferguson , A. T. , Lapidus , R. G. , Baylin , S. B. and Davidson , N. E. 1995 . Demethylation of the estrogen receptor gene in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells can reactivate estrogen receptor gene expression . Cancer Res. , 55 : 2279 – 2283 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Fu , M. , Wang , C. , Zhang , X. and Pestell , R. 2003 . Nuclear receptor modifications and endocrine cell proliferation . J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 85 : 133 – 138 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Gaido , K. W. , Leonard , L. S. , Lovell , S. , Gould , J. C. , Babai , D. , Portier , C. J. and McDonnell , D. P. 1997 . Evaluation of chemicals with endocrine modulating activity in a yeast-based steroid hormone receptor gene transcription assay. Antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosan . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 143 : 205 – 212 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Gao , X. , Loggie , B. W. and Nawaz , Z. 2002 . The roles of sex steroid receptor coregulators in cancer . Mol. Cancer , 1 : 1 – 7 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Gray , L. E. , Ostby , J. , Furr , J. , Price , M. , Rao Veeramachaneni , D. N. and Parks , L. 2001 . Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat . Toxicol. Sci. , 15 : 189 – 194 . [CSA]
- Harris , C. A. , Henttu , P. , Parker , M. G. and Sumpter , J. P. 1997 . The estrogenic activity of phthalate esters in vitro . Environ. Health Perspect. , 105 : 802 – 811 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Horvath , L. G.. , Henshall , S. M. and Lee , C. S. 2001 . Frequent loss of estrogen receptor-beta expression in prostate cancer . Cancer Res. , 61 : 5331 – 5335 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Issa , J. P. , Baylin , S. B. and Belinsky , S. A. 1996 . Methylation of the estrogen receptor CpG island in lung tumors is related to the specific type of carcinogen exposure . Cancer Res. , 56 : 3655 – 3658 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Iwase , H. , Omoto , Y. and Iwata , H. 1999 . DNA methylation analysis at distal and proximal promoter regions of the oestrogen receptor gene in breast cancers . Br. J. Cancer , 80 : 1982 – 1986 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Jobling , S. , Reynolds , T. , White , R. , Parker , M. G. and Sumpter , J. P. 1995 . A variety of environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are weakly estrogenic . Environ. Health Perspect. , 103 : 582 – 587 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Kang , K. S. , Lee , Y. S. , Kim , H. S. and Kim , S. H. 2002 . DI-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced cell proliferation is involved in the inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication and blockage of apoptosis in mouse Sertoli cells . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 65 : 447 – 459 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Kastner , P. , Krust , A. , Turcotte , B. , Stropp , U. , Tora , L. , Gronemeyer , H. and Chambon , P. 1990 . Two distinct estrogen-regulated promoters generate transcripts encoding the two functionally different human progesterone receptors forms A and B . EMBO J. , 9 : 1603 – 1614 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Kazeto , Y. , Place , A. R. and Trant , J. M. 2004 . Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on the expression of CYP19 genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) juveniles . Aquat. Toxicol. , 69 : 25 – 34 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Kim , H. S. , Kim , T. S. , Shin , J. H. , Moon , H. J. , Kang , I. H. , Kim , I. Y. , Oh , J. Y. and Han , S. Y. 2004 . Neonatal exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP) alters male reproductive-tract development . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 67 : 2045 – 2060 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Lau , K. M. , LaSpina , M. , Long , J. and Ho , S. M. 2000 . Expression of estrogen receptor ER alpha and ER beta in normal and malignant prostatic epithelial cells: Regulation by methylation and involvement in growth regulation . Cancer Res. , 60 : 3175 – 3182 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Liu , Z.-J. , Maekawa , M. , Horii , T. and Morita , M. 2003 . The multiple promoter methylation profile of PR gene and ERα gene in tumor cell lines . Life Sci. , 73 : 1963 – 1972 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Nojima , D. , Li , L. C. and Dharia , A. 2001 . CpG hypermethylation of the promoter region inactivates the estrogen receptor-beta gene in patients with prostate carcinoma . Cancer , 92 : 2076 – 2083 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Ottaviano , Y. L. , Issa , J. P. and Parl , F. F. 1994 . Methylation of the estrogen receptor gene CpG island marks loss of estrogen receptor expression in human breast cancer cells . Cancer Res. , 54 : 2552 – 2555 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Park , J. D. , Habeebu , S. S. M. and Klaassen , C. D. 2002 . Testicular toxicity of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in young Sprague-Dawley rats . Toxicology , 171 : 105 – 115 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Picard , K. , Lhuguenot , J. C. , Lavier-Canivenc , M. C. and Chagnon , M. C. 2001 . Estrogenic activity and metabolism of n-butyl benzyl phthalate in vitro: Identification of the active molecule(s) . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 172 : 108 – 118 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Robinson-Rechavi , M. , Garcia , E. G. and Laudet , V. 2003 . The nuclear receptor superfamily . J. Cell Sci. , 116 : 585 – 586 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Sasaki , M. , Kaneuchi , M. , Fujimoto , S. , Tanaka , Y. and Dahiya , R. 2003 . Hypermethylation can selectively silence multiple promoters of steroid receptors in cancers . Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. , 202 : 201 – 207 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Singh , A. R. , Lawrence , W. H. and Autian , J. 1972 . Teratogenicity of phthalate esters in rats . J. Pharmacol. Sci. , 61 : 51 – 55 . [CSA]
- Skliris , G. P. , Munot , K. , Bell , S. M. , Garder , P. J. , Lane , S. , Horgan , K. , Lansdown , M. R. J. , Parkes , A. T. , Handy , A. M. , Markham , A. F. and Speirs , V. 2003 . Reduced expression of oestrogen receptor β in invasive breast cancer and its re-expression using DNA methyl transferase inhibitors in a cell line model . J. Pathol. , 201 : 213 – 220 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Sonnenschein , C. , Soto , A. M. , Fernandez , M. F. , Olea , N. , Olea-Serrano , M. F. and Ruiz-Lopez , M. D. 1995 . Development of a marker of estrogenic exposure in human serum . Clin. Chem. , 41 : 1888 – 1895 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Soto , A. M. , Sonnenschein , C. , Chung , K. L. , Fernandez , M. F. , Olea , N. and Olea Serrano , F. 1995 . The E-screen assay as a tool to identify estrogens: An update on estrogenic environmental pollutants . Environ. Health Perspect. , 7 : 113 – 122 . [CSA]
- Sumpter , J. P. 1998 . Xenoendocrine disrupters—Environmental impacts . Toxicol. Lett. , 102–103 : 337 – 342 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Villar-Garea , A. , Fraga , M. F. , Espada , J. and Esteller , M. 2003 . Procaine is a DNA-demethylating agent with growth-inhibitory effects in human cancer cells . Cancer Res. , 63 : 4984 – 4989 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Yan , L. , Yang , X. and Davidson , N. E. 2001 . Role of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in steroid receptor expression in breast cancer . J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia , 6 : 183 – 192 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Yang , H. , Chen , C-M. , Yan , P. , Huang , TH-M. , Shi , H. , Burger , M. , Nimmrich , I. , Maier , S. , Berlin , K. and Caldwell , C. W. 2003 . The androgen receptor gene is preferentially hypermethylated in follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphomas . Clin. Cancer Res. , 9 : 4034 – 4042 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]