247
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A Comparative Human Health Risk Assessment of p-Dichlorobenzene-Based Toilet Rimblock Products Versus Fragrance/Surfactant-Based Alternatives

, , , &
Pages 467-526 | Published online: 11 Oct 2007

REFERENCES

  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1998. Toxicological profile for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Prepared by Research Triangle Institute under contract 205-93-0606. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service. PB-99-121972.
  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2004. Toxicological profile for dichlorobenzenes. Prepared by Syracuse Research Corporation under contract 205-1999-00024. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp10.html
  • Aiso , S. , Takeuchi , T. , Arito , H. , Nagano , K. , Yamamoto , S. and Matsushima , T. 2005a . Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity in mice and rats exposed by inhalation to para-dichlorobenzene for two years . J. Vet. Med. Sci. , 67 : 1019 – 1029 .
  • Aiso , S. , Arito , H. , Nishizawa , T. , Nagano , K. , Yamamoto , S. and Matsushima , T. 2005b . Thirteen-week inhalation toxicity of p-dichlorobenzene in mice and rats . J. Occup. Health , 47 : 249 – 260 .
  • Allis , J. W. , Simmons , J. E. , House , D. E. , Robinson , B. L. and Berman , E. 1992 . The differential hepatotoxicity and cytochrome P450 responses of Fischer-344 rats to the three isomers of dichlorobenzene . J. Biochem. Toxicol. , 7 : 257 – 264 .
  • American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists . 2000 . Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices 2000 , Cincinnati, OH : ACGIH .
  • Anderson, D., and Hodge, M. 1976. Para-dichlorobenzene: Dominant Lethal Study in the Mouse: Rept. No. CTL/P/296. Unpublished study prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, LTD. Submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under FIFRA. MRID40521011.
  • Angerer , J. , Heinzow , B. , Schaller , K. H. , Welte , D. and Lehnert , G. 1992 . Determination of environmental caused chlorophenol levels in urine of the general population . Fres. J. Anal. Chem. , 342 : 433 – 438 .
  • Ashley , D. L. , Bonin , M. A. , Hamar , B. and McGeehin , M. A. 1995 . Removing the smoking confounder from blood volatile organic compounds measurements . Environ. Res. , 71 : 39 – 45 .
  • Ashley , D. L. , Bonin , M. A. , Cardinali , F. L. , McCraw , J. M. and Wooten , J. V. 1996 . Measurement of volatile organic compounds in human blood . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 104 : 871 – 877 .
  • Backer , L. C. , Egeland , G. M. , Ashley , D. L. , Lawryk , N. J. , Weisel , C. P. , White , M. C. , Bundy , T. , Shortt , E. and Middaugh , J. P. 1997 . Exposure to regular gasoline and ethanol oxyfuel during refueling in Alaska . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 105 : 850 – 855 .
  • Barter , J. A. and Sherman , J. H. 1999 . An evaluation of the carcinogenic hazard of 1,4-dichlorobenzene based on internationally recognized criteria . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 29 : 64 – 79 .
  • Bersani , C. , Cantoni , C. and Soncini , G. 1981 . Ames test valuation of mutagenic activity in essences and spices . Arch. Vet. Ital. , 32 : 10 – 11 .
  • Bickers , D. R. , Calow , P. , Greim , H. A. , Hanifin , J. M. , Rogers , A. E. , Saurat , J.-H. , Sipes , I. G. , Smith , R. L. and Tagami , H. 2003 . The safety assessment of fragrance materials . Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. , 37 : 218 – 273 .
  • Boethling , R. S. and Mackay , D. 2000 . Handbook of property estimation methods for chemicals: Environmental and health sciences , New York : Lewis .
  • Bomhard , E. , Luckhaus , G. , Voigt , W.-H. and Loeser , E. 1988 . Induction of light hydrocarbon nephropathy by p-dichlorobenzene . Arch. Toxicol. , 61 : 433 – 439 .
  • Bonanno , L. J. , Freeman , N. C. G. , Greenberg , M. and Lioy , P. J. 2001 . Multivariate analysis on levels of selected metals, particulate matter, VOC, and household characteristics and activities from the Midwestern states NHEXAS . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hygi. , 16 : 859 – 874 .
  • Bornatowicz , N. , Antes , A. , Winker , N. and Hofer , H. 1994 . Two-generation reproduction toxicity study with 1,4-dichlorobenzene in rats . Wien. Klin. Wochenschrift. , 106 : 345 – 353 .
  • Bornatowicz , N. , Winker , N. and Maruna , H. 1995 . Skin sensitization by 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the guinea pig maximization test . Dermatosen Beruf. Umwelt. , 43 : 16 – 21 .
  • Breslin , W. J. , Cieszlak , F. S. , Zablotny , C. L. , Corley , R. A. , Verschuuren , H. G. and Yano , B. L. 1996 . Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of inhaled dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (DPGME) in rabbits and rats . Occup. Hyg. , 2 : 161 – 170 .
  • Brown , S. K. , Sim , M. R. , Abramson , M. J. and Gray , C. N. 1994 . Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in indoor air—A review . Indoor Air , 4 : 123 – 134 .
  • Budroe, J. D., Fowles, J. R., Polakoff, J., Faust, J. B., Rabovsky, J., Lam, R., Collins, J. F., Marty, M. A., Mycroft, F. J., and Alexeeff, G. V. 1999. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program risk assessment guidelines. Part II: Technical support document for describing available cancer potency factors. California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Air Toxicology and Epidemiology Section. http://www.oehha.org/pdf/HSCA2.pdf
  • Cadby , P. A. , Troy , W. R. and Vey , M. G. H. 2002 . Consumer exposure to fragrance ingredients: Providing estimates for safety evaluation . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 36 : 246 – 252 .
  • California. 1991. California Code of Regulations, Title 22, Section 12000.
  • California Air Resources Board. 2005. Initial statement of reasons for proposed amendments to the California Aerosol Coating Products, Antiperspirants and Deodorants, and Consumer Products Regulations, Test Method 310, and Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Para-dichlorobenzene Solid Air Fresheners and Toilet/Urinal Care Products. http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/conprod/ch7.pdf
  • California Department of Health Services. 2003. Historic DHS action levels for chemicals with MCLs. http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ddwem/chemicals/AL/priorALs.pdf
  • Campbell , D. M. and Davidson , R. J. 1970 . Toxic haemolytic anemia in pregnancy due to a pica for paradichlorobenzene . J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. , 77 : 657 – 659 .
  • Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. 2003. RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances). Licensed through MDL Information Services, Inc. 2003-1. http://www.ccohs.ca
  • Canonero , R. , Campart , G. B. , Mattioli , F. , Robbiano , L. and Martelli , A. 1997 . Testing of p-dichlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene for their ability to induce DNA damage and micronucleus formation in primary cultures of rate and human hepatocytes . Mutagenesis , 12 : 35 – 39 .
  • Capen , C. C. , Dybing , E. , Rice , J. M. and Wilbourn , J. D. 1999 . Species differences in thyroid, kidney and urinary bladder carcinogenesis , Lyon : IARC . IARC Scientific Publications 147
  • Carlson , G. P. and Tardiff , R. 1976 . Effect of chlorinated benzenes on the metabolism of foreign organic compounds . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 36 : 383 – 394 .
  • Carlson , G. P. 1977 . Chlorinated benzene induction of hepatic porphyria . Experientia , 33 : 1627 – 1629 .
  • Chan , C. C. , Vainer , L. , Martin , J. W. and Williams , D. T. 1990 . Determination of organic contaminants in residential indoor air using an adsorption-thermal desorption technique . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 40 : 62 – 67 .
  • Charbonneau , M. , Strasser , J. , Lock , E. A. , Turner , M. J. and Swenberg , J. A. 1989 . Involvement of reversible binding to α2μ-globulin in 1,4-dichlorobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 99 : 122 – 132 .
  • Chemical Market Reporter. 1999. Chemical profile. p-dichlorobenzene. Schnell Publishing. June 7, p. 37.
  • Cosmetics Ingredients Review Panel . 1990 . Final report on the safety assessment of phenethyl alcohol . J. Amer. Coll. Toxicol. , 9 : 165 – 183 .
  • Cotter , L. H. 1953 . “ Paradichlorobenzene poisoning from insecticides ” . In NY State J. Med , 1690 – 1692 . July 15 .
  • Cramer , G. M. , Ford , R. A. and Hall , R. L. 1978 . Estimation of toxic hazard—A decision tree approach (and errata sheet) . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 16 : 255 – 276 .
  • Crump , D. R. 1995 . Volatile organic compounds in indoor air . Issues Environ. Sci. Technol. , 4 : 109 – 124 .
  • Damske, D. R., Mecler, F. J., Beliles, R. P., and Weir, R. J. 1980. 90-Day toxicity study in rats: Allyl heptanoate. Unpublished report of Litton Bionetics, Inc., LBI project 21130-01 and -04. Submitted to WHO by FEMA. Cited in JECFA (1991), Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants, presented at the 37th Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Food Additives Series No. 28. http://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
  • De Bortoli , M. , Knoppel , H. , Pecchio , E. , Peil , A. , Rogora , L. , Schauenburg , H. , Schlitt , H. and Vissers , H. 1986 . Concentrations of selected organic pollutants in indoor and outdoor air in northern Italy . Environ. Int. , 12 : 343 – 350 .
  • Dietrich , D. R. and Swenberg , J. A. 1991 . NCI-Black-Reiter (NBR) male rats fail to develop renal disease following exposure to agents that induce α-2μ-globulin (2μ) nephropathy . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , 16 : 749 – 762 .
  • Dourson , M. L. and Stara , J. F. 1983 . Regulatory history and experimental support of uncertainty (safety) factors . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 3 : 224 – 238 .
  • Dourson , M. L. , Felter , S. P. and Robinson , D. 1996 . Evolution of science-based uncertainty factors in noncancer risk assessment . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 24 : 108 – 120 .
  • Dourson , M. L. , Charnley , G. and Scheuplein , R. 2000 . Differential sensitivity of children and adults to chemical toxicity—II. Risk and regulation . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 35 : 448 – 467 .
  • Eldridge , S. R. , Tilbury , L. F. , Goldsworthy , T. L. and Butterworth , B. E. 1990 . Measurement of chemically induced cell proliferation in rodent liver and kidney: A comparison of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and [3H]thymidine administered by injection or osmotic pump . Carcinogenesis. , 11 : 2245 – 2251 .
  • Eldridge , S. R. , Goldsworthy , T. L. , Popp , J. A. and Butterworth , B. E. 1992 . Mitogenic stimulation of hepatocellular proliferation in rodents following 1,4-dichlorobenzene administration . Carcinogenesis , 13 : 409 – 415 .
  • Elovaara, E. 1998. 122. Dichlorobenzenes. The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals. National Institute for Working Life. http://www.arbetslivsinstitutet.se/publikationer/en/detaljerad.asp?ID=624
  • Environment Australia. 2001. State of knowledge report: Air toxics and indoor air quality in Australia. Environment Australia, Air Toxics Section. http://www.deh.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/publications/sok
  • Environment Canada . 1993 . Canadian Environmental Protection Act: Priority Substances List assessment report—1,4–Dichlorobenzene , Ottawa : Environmental Health Centre, Health Canada .
  • Environment Canada. 2000. ARET (Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics) Program. http://www.ec.gc.ca/nopp/aret/en/list.cfm
  • Erickson, M. D., Harris, S. H. III, Pellizzari, E. D., Tomer, K. B., Waddell, R. D., and Whitaker, D. A. 1980. Acquisition and chemical analysis of mother's milk for selected toxic substances. EPA 560/13–80–029, PB81–231029, prepared for the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, under Contract 68–01–3849.
  • European Union . 1993 . Annex I to Council Regulation 793/93. Evaluation and control of the risks of existing substances: List of existing substances produced or imported within the community in quantities exceeding 1000 tonnes/year . Off. J. EC , 5 April Legislation 084.
  • European Union. 2000. Commission Directive 2000/32/EC. Off. J. Eur. Commun. 26th ATP, L 136/1. Amendment to Council Directive of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances.
  • European Union. 2004. 1,4–Dichlorobenzene. European Union Risk Assessment Report. European Chemicals Bureau: Existing Substances. Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Vol. 48, EUR 21313 EN. European Communities.
  • Evans , J. G. , Gaunt , I. F. and Lake , B. G. 1979 . Two–year toxicity study on coumarin in the baboon . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 17 : 187 – 193 .
  • Fellin , P. and Otson , R. 1994 . Assessment of the influence of climatic factors on concentrations levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Canadian homes . Atmos. Environ. , 28 : 3581 – 3586 .
  • Field , R. A. , Phillips , J. L. , Goldstone , M. E. , Lester , J. N. and Perry , R. 1992 . Indoor/outdoor interactions during an air pollution event in central London . Environ. Technol. , 13 : 391 – 408 .
  • Firmenich, Inc. 1982. Test for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98, and TA 100. Submitted to U.S. EPA. NTIS/OTS0206483, TSCA Sect. 8D.
  • Ford , R. A. . Metabolic and kinetic criteria for the assessment of reproductive hazard . Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of Toxicology . July 16–21 1989 , Brighton, England. Basic science in toxicology , Edited by: Volans , G. N. pp. 59 – 68 . New York : Taylor & Francis .
  • Ford , R. A. , Api , A. M. and Letizia , C. S. 1992 . Tetrahydro-4-methyl-2-(2-methylpropen-1-yl)-pyran . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 30 ( Suppl. ) : 121S – 122S .
  • Ford , R. A. , Domeyer , B. , Easterday , O. , Maier , K. and Middleton , J. 2000 . Criteria for development of a database for safety evaluation of fragrance ingredients . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 31 : 166 – 181 .
  • Frank , S. B. and Cohen , H. J. 1961 . Fixed drug eruption due to paradichlorobenzene . NY State J. Med. , 61 : 4079
  • Gaworski , C. L. , Vollmuth , T. A. , York , R. G. , Heck , J. D. and Aranyi , C. 1992 . Developmental toxicity evaluation of inhaled citral in Sprague-Dawley rats . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 30 : 269 – 275 .
  • Giavini , E. , Broccia , M. L. and Prati , M. 1986 . Teratologic evaluation of p-dichlorobenzene in the rat . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 37 : 164 – 168 .
  • Globol Werke GmbH. 1986. Messungen der p-dichlorbenzol-Konzentration in Raumen bei Verwendung von: p-DCB Mottentabletten, p-DCB Urinal-Beckensteinen; pDCB Luftverbesserertabletten. Untersuchungsbericht Nr 1507.
  • Gomes-Carneiro , M. R. , Felzenszwalb , I. and Paumgartten , F. J. 1998 . Mutagenicity testing (±)-camphor, 1,8-cineole, citral, citronellal, (–)-menthol and terpineol with the Salmonella/microsome assay . Mutat. Res. , 416 : 129 – 136 .
  • Government of Canada . 1988 . Canada Gazette , 122 ( 2 ) January 20. Part II,
  • Government of Canada . 1999a . Canada Gazette , 133 ( 7 ) February 13. : 372 Part I,
  • Government of Canada . 1999b . Canada Gazette , 133 ( 17 ) April 24. : 1089 Part I,
  • Government of Spain . 2005 . Comercializacion de productos plaguididas con Paradiclorobenceno. , February Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Based on Directiva 2004/73/CE of April 29th 2004.
  • Hallowell , M. 1959 . Acute hemolytic anaemia following the ingestion of paradichlorobenzene . Arch. Dis. Child. , 34 : 74 – 75 .
  • Hardy , C. J. , Coombs , D. W. , Lewis , D. J. and Klimisch , H. J. 1997 . Twenty-eight-day repeated-dose inhalation exposure of rats to diethylene glycol monoethyl ether . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , 38 : 143 – 147 .
  • Hartwell , T. D. , Perritt , R. L. , Pellizzari , E. D. and Michael , L. C. 1992 . Results from the 1987 total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study in southern California . Atmos. Environ. , 2 ( 6A: ) : 1519 – 1527 .
  • Hawkins , D. R. , Chasseaud , L. F. and Woodhouse , R. N. 1980 . The distribution, excretion and biotransformation of p-dichloro[14C]benzene in rats after repeated inhalation, oral and subcutaneous doses . Xenobiotica. , 10 : 81 – 95 .
  • Hayes , W. C. , Hanley , T. R. Jr. and Gushow , T. S. 1985 . Teratogenic potential of inhaled dichlorobenzenes in rats and rabbits . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , 5 : 190 – 202 .
  • Heavner , D. L. , Morgan , W. T. and Ogden , M. W. 1996 . Determination of volatile organic compounds and respirable suspended particulate matter in New Jersey and Pennsylvania homes and workplaces . Environ. Int. , 22 : 159 – 183 .
  • Heilborn , A. 1949 . “ p-Dichlorobenzene ” . In Kirk-Othmer's encyclopedia of chemical technology , Vol. 3 , 821 New York, NY : The Interscience Encyclopedia, Inc. .
  • Heitland, H.-J., Marsen, H., and Schlussler, H.-J. 1986. Cleansing agents. In Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry, ed. W. Gerhartz, Vol. A7, p. 145. New York: VCH. Helmig, D., Klinger, L. F., Guenther, A., Vierling, L., Geron, C., and Zimmerman, P. 1999. Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions (BVOCs) 1. Identifications from three continental sites in the U.S. Chemosphere 38:2163–2187.
  • Hill , R. H. Jr. , To , T. , Holler , J. S. , Fast , D. M. , Smith , S. J. , Needham , L. L. and Binder , S. 1989 . Residues of chlorinated phenols and phenoxy acid herbicides in the urine of Arkansas children . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 18 : 469 – 474 .
  • Hill , R. H. Jr. , Head , L. S. , Baker , S. , Gregg , M. , Shealy , D. B. , Bailey , S. L. , Williams , C. C. , Sampson , E. J. and Needham , L. L. 1995a . Pesticide residues in urine of adults living in the United States: Reference range concentrations . Environ. Res. , 71 : 99 – 108 .
  • Hill , R. H. Jr. , Ashley , D. L. , Head , S. L. , Needham , L. L. and Pirkle , J. L. 1995b . p-dichlorobenzene exposure among 1000 adults in the United States . Arch. Public Health , 50 : 277 – 280 .
  • Hill Top Research, Inc. 1991. Letter submitting two enclosed studies on dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde with attachments (sanitized). U.S. EPA/OPTS Public Files, NTIS/EPA OTS0535068, Section 8D. Produced 11/25/91 by Hill Top Research, Inc, original research conducted by Leberco Laboratories in 1965.
  • Hissink , A. M. , Dunnewijk , R. , van Ommen , B. and van Bladeren , P. J. 1997a . Kinetics and metabolism of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in male Wistar rats: No evidence for quinone metabolites . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 103 : 17 – 33 .
  • Hissink , A. M. , Oudshoorn , M. J. , van Ommen , B. and van Bladeren , P. J. 1997b . Species and strain differences in the hepatic cytochrome P450-mediated biotransformation of 1,4-dichlorobenzene . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 145 : 1 – 9 .
  • Hoberman , A. M. , Christian , M. S. , Bennett , M. B. and Vollmuth , T. A. 1989 . Oral general reproduction study of citral in female rats . Toxicologist , 9 : 271
  • Hodge, M., Palmer, S., Bennett, I., et al. 1977. Para-dichlorobenzene: Teratogenicity Study in Rats: Rept. No. CTL/P/340. Unpublished study prepared by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. Submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under FIFRA. MRID40521002.
  • Hoffmann , K. , Krause , C. , Seifert , B. and Ullrich , D. 2000 . The German environmental survey 1990/92 (GerES II): Sources of personal exposure to volatile organic compounds . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 10 : 115 – 125 .
  • Hollingsworth , R. L. , Rowe , V. K. , Oyen , F. , Hoyle , H. R. and Spencer , H. C. 1956 . Toxicity of paradichlorobenzene . AMA Arch. Ind. Health , 14 : 138 – 147 .
  • Imperial Chemical Industries Limited. 1982. Para-dichlorobenzene Long Term Inhalation Study in the Rat. Submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under TSCA Section 4. U.S. EPA/OPTS Public Files, Doc#: 40-8220833, Fiche #OTS0511381. NTIS document number OTS0511381.
  • InfoScientific. 1998. THERdbASE (Total Human Exposure Relational database and Advanced Simulation Environment) Model 401. Version 1.0. InfoScientific.com
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1982 . “ Ortho- and para-dichlorobenzenes ” . In IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risks Hum , Vol. 29 , 213 – 238 . Lyon, , France : World Health Organization . Some industrial chemicals and dyestuffs,
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1999a . “ Benzyl acetate ” . In IARC Monogr. Eval.Carcinogen. Risks Hum , 1255 – 1264 . Lyon, , France : World Health Organization . 71, Re-evaluation of some organic chemicals, hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide (Part 3),
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1999b . “ d-Limonene ” . In IARC Monogr. Eval.Carcinogen. Risks Hum , 307 – 327 . Lyon, , France : World Health Organization . 73: Some chemicals that cause tumours of the kidney or urinary bladder in rodents and some other substances,
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1999c . “ Dichlorobenzenes ” . In IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risks Hum , Vol. 73 , 223 – 276 . Lyon, , France : World Health Organization . Some chemicals that cause tumours of the kidney or urinary bladder in rodents and some other substances,
  • IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) . 2000 . “ Coumarin ” . In IARC Monogr. Eval.Carcinogen. Risks Hum , 193 – 225 . Lyon, , France : World Health Organization . 77, Some industrial chemicals,
  • International Fragrance Association . 2000 . 2000 IFRA volume of use survey , Geneva, , Switzerland : International Fragrance Association .
  • International Fragrance Association. 2005. Code of standards. Geneva, Switzerland: International Fragrance Association. http://www.ifraorg.org/GuideLines.asp
  • International Programme on Chemical Safety. 1998. Concise international chemical assessment document no. 5. Limonene. World Health Organization. http://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad05.htm
  • International Programme on Chemical Safety. 2005. World Health Organization (WHO) food additives series. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). http://www.inchem.org/pages/jecfa.html
  • Ishiguro , S. , Miyamoto , A. , Obi , T. and Nishio , A. 1993 . Teratological studies on benzyl acetate in pregnant rats . Kadnau Bull. Faculty Agric. Kagoshima Univ. , 43 : 25 – 31 .
  • James , N. H. , Soames , A. R. and Roberts , R. A. 1998 . Suppression of hepatocyte apoptosis and induction of DNA synthesis by the rat and mouse hepatocarcinogen diethylhexylphthlate (DEHP) and the mouse hepatocarcinogen 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB) . Arch. Toxicol. , 72 : 784 – 790 .
  • Jan , J. 1983 . Chlorobenzene residues in human fat and milk . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 30 : 595 – 599 .
  • Jansson , T. and Loden , M. 2001 . Strategy to decrease the risk of adverse effects of fragrance ingredients in cosmetic products . Am. J. Contact Dermatitis , 12 : 166 – 169 .
  • Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare . 2001 . Committee on Sick House Syndrome: Indoor air pollution, Progress report no. 3 , Tokyo : Office of Chemical Safety, Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku .
  • Kimura , R. , Hayashi , T. and Sato , M. 1979 . Identification of sulfur-containing metabolites of p-dichlorobenzene and their disposition in rats . J. Pharm. Dyn. , 2 : 237 – 244 .
  • Kostiainen , R. 1995 . Volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of normal and sick houses . Atmos. Environ. , 29 : 693 – 702 .
  • Krotoszynski , B. K. and O'Neill , H. J. 1982 . “ Involuntary bioaccumulation of environmental pollutants in nonsmoking heterogeneous human population ” . In J. Environ. Sci. Health , 855 – 883 . A17 .
  • Krotoszynski , B. K. , Bruneau , G. M. and O'Neill , H. J. 1979 . Measurement of chemical inhalation exposure in urban population in the presence of endogenous effluents . J. Anal. Toxicol. , 3 : 225 – 234 .
  • Lake , B. G. , Cunninghame , M. E. and Price , R. J. 1997 . Comparison of the hepatic and renal effects of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in the rat and mouse . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , 39 : 67 – 75 .
  • Lake , B. G. 1999 . Coumarin metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity: Relevance for human risk assessment . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 37 : 423 – 453 .
  • Lattanzi , G. , Bartoli , S. , Bonora , B. , Colacci , A. , Grilli , S. , Niero , A. and Mazzullo , M. 1989 . The different genotoxicity of p-dichlorobenzene in mouse and rat: Measurement of the in vivo and in vitro covalent interaction with nucleic acids . Tumori , 75 : 305 – 310 .
  • Lebret , E. , van de Weil , H. J. , Bos , H. , Noij , D. and Boleij , J. S. M. 1986 . Volatile organic compounds in Dutch homes . Environ. Int. , 12 : 323 – 332 .
  • Loeser , E. and Litchfield , M. H. 1983 . Review of recent toxicology studies on p-dichlorobenzene . Food. Chem. Toxicol. , 21 : 825 – 832 .
  • Lordo , R. A. , Dinh , K. T. and Schwemberger , J. G. 1996 . Semivolatile organic compounds in adipose tissue: estimated averages for the US population and selected subpopulations . Am. J. Public. Health , 86 : 1253 – 1259 .
  • Mankes , R. F. , LeFevre , R. , Bates , H. and Abraham , R. 1983 . Effects of various exposure levels of 2-phenylethanol on fetal development and survival in Long-Evans rats . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 12 : 235 – 244 .
  • Meek , M. E. , Giddings , M. and Gomes , R. 1994 . “ 1,4-Dichlorobenzene: Evaluation of risks to health from environmental exposure in Canada ” . In Environ. Carcinogen. Ecotoxicol. Rev , 277 – 285 . C12 .
  • Mes , J. , Davies , D. J. , Turton , D. and Sun , W.-H. 1986 . Levels and trends of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in the breast milk of Canadian women . Food Addit. Contam. , 3 : 313 – 322 .
  • Miyai , I. , Hirono , N. , Fujita , M. and Kameyania , M. 1988 . Reversible ataxia following chronic exposure to paradichlorobenzene (letter) . J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. , 51 : 453 – 454 .
  • Mohtashamipur , E. , Triebel , R. , Straeter , H. and Norpoth , K. 1987 . The bone marrow clastogenicity of eight halogenated benzenes in male NMRI mice . Mutagenesis , 2 : 111 – 113 .
  • Mookherjee , B. D. and Wilson , R. A. 1996 . “ Oils, essential ” . In Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology , 4th , Vol. 17 , 615 618 621 652 660 662 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Morita , M. and Ohi , G. 1975 . Para-dichlorobenzene in human tissue and atmosphere in Tokyo metropolitan area . Environ. Pollut. , 8 : 269 – 274 .
  • Morita , T. , Asano , N. , Awogi , T. , Sasaki , Y.F. , Sato , S. , Shimada , H. , Sutou , S. , Suzuki , T. , Wakata , A. , Sofuni , T. and Hayashi , M. 1997 . Evaluation of the rodent micronucleus assay in the screening of IARC carcinogens (Groups 1, 2A and 2B). The summary report of the 6th collaborative study by CSGMT/JEMS-MMS . Mutat. Res. , 389 : 3 – 122 .
  • Munro , I. C. , Ford , R. A. , Kennepohl , E. and Sprenger , J. G. 1996 . Correlation of structural class with no-observed-effect levels: A proposal for establishing a threshold of concern . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 34 : 829 – 867 .
  • Murthy , R. C. , Migally , N. and Doye , A. 1987 . Effect of para-dichlorobenzene on testes of rats . Adv. Contracept. Delivery Syst. , 3 : 35 – 40 .
  • Nalbandian , R. M. and Pearce , J. S. 1965 . Allergic purpura induced by exposure to 1,4-dichlorobenzene . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 194 : 238 – 239 .
  • National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Commonwealth of Australia. 2000.. para-Dichlorobenzene. Priority existing chemical assessment report no. 13. http://www.nicnas.gov.au/publications/pdf/infosheet13.pdf
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . 1997 . National occupational exposure survey , 97 – 140 . Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication .
  • National Toxicology Program. 1979. Bioassay of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) for possible carcinogenicity. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TR 150. NCI-CG-TR-150. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 1983. Carcinogenesis Studies of Eugenol (CAS No. 97-53-0) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TR 223. NIH Publ. 84-1779. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 1984. Reproductive and fertility assessment of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (CAS no. 111-90-0) in CD-1 mice when administered in drinking water. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP Report RACB83088. NTIS PB85137123. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 1987a. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (CAS no. 106-46-7) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TR 319. NIH Publ. 87–2575. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 1987b. Carcinogenesis studies of food grade geranyl acetate (71% geranyl acetate, 29% citronellyl acetate) (CAS no. 105-87-3) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage study). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TR 252. NIH Publ. NIH 88-2508. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 1990. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of d-limonene (CAS no. 5989-27–5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TR 347. NIH Publ. 90–2802. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 1992a. Developmental toxicity of d-camphor (CAS no. 464-49-3) in Sprague Dawley (CD) rats. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TER91018. NTIS PB92-170034. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 1992b. Developmental toxicity of dipropylene glycol (CAS no. 25265-71-8) in New Zealand white rabbits. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TER90014. NTIS PB92-238294/AS. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 1992c. Developmental toxicity of d-camphor (CAS no. 464-49-3) in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TER91019. NTIS PB93-123784. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 1992d. Final report on the developmental toxicity of dipropylene glycol (CAS no. 25265-71-8) in Sprague-Dawley CD rats. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TER91013. NTIS PB92-196179. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 1993a. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of coumarin (CAS no. 91-64-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TR-422. NIH Publ. 93-3153.v http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 1993b. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of benzyl acetate (CAS no. 140-11-4) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TR-431. NIH Publ. 93-3162. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 2000. Ninth report on carcinogens. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 2003. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of citral (microencapsulated) (CAS no. 5392-40-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TR-505. NIH Publ. 03-4439. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • National Toxicology Program. 2004. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of dipropylene glycol (CAS no. 25265-71-8) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (drinking water studies). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP TR-511. NIH Publ. 04-4445. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/
  • Naylor, M. W., and Stout, L. D. 1996. One year study of p-dichlorobenzene administered orally via capsule to beagle dogs. Environmental Health Laboratory, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO. Study ML-94–210, March 25, 1996. MRID 43988802. Unpublished.
  • Neeper-Bradley , T. L. , Tyl , R. W. and Fisher , L. C. 1989 . Reproductive toxicity study of inhaled paradichlorobenzene vapor in CD rats . Teratology , 39 : 470 – 471 .
  • New York State. 2004. Consolidated Laws of New York, Chapter 270, Title 1, Article 9 (School Buildings and Sites), Section 409-g, Purchase and use of paradichlorobenzene deodorizers.
  • Nogueira , A. C. , Carvalho , R. R. , Souza , C. A. , Chahoud , I. and Paumgartten , F. J. 1995 . Study on the embryofeto-toxicity of citral in the rat . Toxicology , 96 : 105 – 113 .
  • Onstot , J. D. , Ayling , R. E. and Stanley , J. S. 1987 . Characterization of HRGC/MS unidentified peaks from the analysis of human adipose tissue, Vol. 1—Technical approach , Washington, DC : U.S. EPA, Office of Toxic Substances . EPA Report EPA-560/5-87-002A
  • Opdyke , D. L. J. 1973 . Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Citronella oil . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 11 : 1067
  • Opdyke , D. L. J. 1975 . Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Cedrenyl acetate . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 13 ( Suppl. ) : 743
  • Opdyke , D. L. J. 1976 . Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Rose oxide levo . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 14 ( Suppl. ) : 855
  • Otson , R. and Fellin , P. 1992 . “ Volatile organics in the indoor environment: Sources and occurrence ” . In Gaseous pollutants: Characterization and cycling , Edited by: Nriagu , J. O. New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Pellizzari , E. D. , Hartwell , T. D. , Harris , B. S. H. III , Waddell , R. D. , Whitaker , D. A. and Erickson , M. D. 1982 . Purgeable organic compounds in mother's milk . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 28 : 322 – 328 .
  • Pellizzari , E. D. , Hartwell , T. D. , Perritt , R. L. , Sparacino , C. M. , Sheldon , L. S. , Zelon , H. S. , Whitmore , R. W. , Breen , J. J. and Wallace , L. 1986 . Comparison of indoor and outdoor residential levels of volatile organic chemicals in five U.S. geographical areas . Environ. Int. , 12 : 619 – 623 .
  • Pellizzari , E. D. , Perritt , K. , Hartwell , T. D. , Michael , L. C. , Whitmore , R. , Handy , R. W. , Smith , D. and Zelon , H. Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) study: Selected communities in northern and southern California, Volume III, Final report . EPA Publication No. 600/6–87/002c . 1987 . Washington, DC:Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA
  • Reygagne , A. , Garnier , R. , Chataigner , D. , Echenne , B. and Efthymiou , M. L. 1992 . Encephalopathie due a 1′ inhalation volontaire repetee de para-dichlorobenzene . J. Toxicol. Clin. Exp. , 12 : 247 – 250 .
  • RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials). 2003a. Cyclacet. Obtained from S.C. Johnson, personal communication.
  • RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials). 2003b. Dihydromyrcenol. Obtained from S.C. Johnson, personal communication.
  • RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials). 2003c. Hexanal. Obtained from S.C. Johnson, personal communication.
  • RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials). 2003d. Eucalyptol. Obtained from S.C. Johnson, personal communication.
  • RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials). 2003e. Benzyl acetate. Obtained from S.C. Johnson, personal communication.
  • Rimington , G. E. and Ziegler , G. 1963 . Experimental porphyria in rats induced by chlorinated benzenes . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 12 : 1387 – 1397 .
  • Ruddick , J. A. , Black , W. D. , Villeneuve , D. C. and Valli , V. E. 1983 . A teratological evaluation following oral administration of trichloro- and dichlorobenzene isomers to the rat . Teratology , 27 : 73A – 74A .
  • Saito , K. , Uwagawa , S. , Kaneko , H. , Shiba , K. , Tomigahara , Y. and Nakatsuka , I. 1996 . α2u-Globulins in the urine of male rats: A reliable indicator for α2u-globulin accumulation in the kidney . Toxicology , 106 : 149 – 157 .
  • Salvito , D. T. , Senna , R. J. and Federle , T. W. 2002 . A framework for prioritizing fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 21 : 1301 – 1308 .
  • Sasaki , Y. F. , Izumiyama , F. , Nishidate , E. , Matsusaka , N. and Tsuda , S. 1997 . Detection of rodent liver carcinogen genotoxicity by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay in multiple mouse organs (liver, lung, spleen, kidney and bone marrow) . Mutat. Res. , 391 : 201 – 214 .
  • SCCNFP (Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers). 1999. Opinion concerning fragrance allergy in consumers: A review of the problem. SCCNFP/0017/98Final. Adopted by the SCCNFP on December 8, 1999. http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_risk/committees/sccp/sccp_en.htm
  • Schaeffer , V. 1991 . Briefing package: Hazard evaluation of consumer products containing 1,4-dichlorobenzene , Washington, DC : U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission, Division of Health Effects, Directorate for Health Sciences .
  • Scuderi , R. 1986 . Determination of para-dichlorobenzene releases from selected consumer products , Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency : Office of Toxic Substances, Washington, DC, by Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO .
  • Shah , J. J. and Heyerdahl , E. K. National ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs): Data base update . EPA/600/3-88/010a . 1988 . Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, by Nero and Associates, Inc., Portland, OR.
  • Shah , J. J. and Singh , H. B. 1988 . Distribution of volatile organic chemicals in outdoor and indoor air . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 22 : 1381 – 1388 .
  • Sherman , J. H. , Nair , R. S. , Steinmetz , K. L. , Mirsalisk , J. C. , Nestmann , E. R. and Barter , J. A. 1998 . Evaluation of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and replicative DNA synthesis (RDS) following treatment of rats and mice with p-dichlorobenzene . Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen. , 18 : 309 – 318 .
  • Slooff , W. , Bremmer , H. J. , Hesse , J. M. and Matthijsen , A. J. C. M. Integrated criteria document, Chlorobenzenes . Report 710401015, PB 93106227 . 1991 . National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
  • Solomon , J. J. 1999 . “ Cyclic adducts and intermediates induced by simple epoxides ” . In Exocyclic DNA adducts in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis , IARC Scientific Publications No. 150 Edited by: Singer , B. and Bartach , H. 123 – 135 . Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer .
  • Somogyi , L. P. , Rhomberg , B. and Takei , N. 1995 . Flavors and fragrances , Menlo Park, CA : Chemicals and Energy Practice, SRI Consulting .
  • Suzuki , A. , Nagai , H. , Hiratsuka , H. , Inoue , S. , Wako , K. , Akiba , M. and Yoshida , T. 1991 . Effects of 1,4-dichlorobenzene on antibody production in guinea pigs . Pharmacometrics , 42 : 197 – 208 .
  • Tyl , R. W. and Neeper-Bradley , T. L. 1989 . Paradichlorobenzene: Two generation reproductive study of inhaled paradichlorobenzene in Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats , Washington, DC : Chemical Manufacturers Association, Chlorobenzene Producers Association . Laboratory project 86–81–90605.
  • Umemura , T. , Tokumo , K. and Williams , G. M. 1992 . Cell proliferation induced in the kidneys and livers of rats and mice by short term exposure to the carcinogen p-dichlorobenzene . Arch. Toxicol. , 66 : 503 – 507 .
  • Umemura , T. , Saito , M. , Takagi , A. and Kurokawa , Y. 1996 . Isomer-specific acute toxicity and cell proliferation in livers of B6C3F1 mice exposed to dichlorobenzene . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 137 : 268 – 274 .
  • Umemura , T. , Takada , K. , Shulz , C. , Gebhardt , R. , Kurokawa , Y. and Williams , G. M. 1998 . Cell proliferation in the livers of male mice and rats exposed to the carcinogen p-dichlorobenzene: Evidence for thresholds . Drug Chem. Toxicol. , 21 : 57 – 66 .
  • U.S. Department of Transportation . 1990 . Hazardous materials table, special provisions, hazardous materials, communications, emergency response information, and training requirements . Code of Federal Regulations. , 49 CFR 172.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1978 . Designation of hazardous substances . Code of Federal Regulations , 40 CFR 116.4.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1980 . Identification and listing of hazardous waste . Code of Federal Regulations , 40 CFR 261.33.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1983 . EPA administered permit programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System . Code of Federal Regulations , 40 CFR 122, App. D.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1985 . Determination of reportable quantities for hazardous substances . Code of Federal Regulations , 40 CFR 117.3.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1987a . National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Synthetic organic chemicals; Monitoring for unregulated contaminants . Fed. Reg. , 52 ( 130 ) : 25690 – 25717 .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1987b . Handbook of RCRA ground-water monitoring constituents: Chemical and physical properties . Code of Federal Regulations , 40 CFR 264, Appendix IX.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1988 . EPA toxic chemical release reporting regulations . Code of Federal Regulations , 40 CFR 372.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1990a . “ Hazardous waste management system; Identification and listing of hazardous waste ” . In Code of Federal Regulations , Washington, DC : U.S. EPA . CFR 40 Part 261.24,
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1990b . “ National oil and hazardous substances pollution contingency plan ” . In Code of Federal Regulations , Washington, DC : U.S. EPA . CFR 40 Part 300,
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . . Alpha2μ-globulin: Association with chemically-induced renal toxicity and neoplasia in the male rat . Prepared for the Risk Assessment Forum . Washington, DC. EPA/625/3-91/019F.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1992 . Guidelines for exposure assessment . Fed. Reg. , 57 : 22888 EPA/600/Z-92/001.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1995 . Hazardous waste management system: Identification and listing of hazardous waste: Hazardous waste identification rule (HWIR). . Fed. Reg. , 60 : 66344 – 66469 .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996a. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH. http://www.epa.gov/iriswebp/iris/index.html
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1996b . Drinking water regulations and health advisories , Washington, DC : Office of Water, February .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999a. CERCLA Section 104(i) as amended by SARA Section 110. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/99list.html
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1999b . Proposed test rule for in vitro dermal absorption rate testing of certain chemicals of interest to Occupational Safety and Health Administration . Fed. Reg. , 64 : 31073 – 31090 .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. EPI Suite v. 3.12. EPIWIN User's Guide. Developed by the U.S. EPA Office of Pollution Prevention Toxics and Syracuse Research Corporation. Copyright 2000 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/docs/episuitedl.htmas
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. Review of the reference dose and reference concentration processes. EPA 630P02002A (December). http://www.epa.gov/iris/RFD_FINAL%5B1%SD.pdf
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc). 2003a. Aromatic monoterpene hydrocarbons. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Robust summaries and test plans. Office of Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003b. Phenyl ethyl alcohol. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Robust summaries and test plans. Office of Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003c. Benzyl derivatives. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Robust summaries and test plans. Office of Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003d. Terpenoid primary alcohols and esters. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Robust summaries and test plans. Office of Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003e. Aromatic terpene hydrocarbons. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Robust summaries and test plans. Office of Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003f. Bicyclic terpene hydrocarbons. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Robust summaries and test plans. Office of Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003g. Ionone derivatives. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Robust summaries and test plans. Office of Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003h. Cinnamyl derivatives. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Robust summaries and test plans. Office of Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003i. Chlorobenzenes. High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Robust summaries and test plans. Office of Prevention, Pesticides & Toxic Substances. http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemrtk/viewsrch.htm
  • Vergnes, J. S., and Morabit, E. R. 1995. Aldeyde AA (crude): Mutagenic potential in the Salmonella/microsome (Ames) assay. Performing laboratory: Bushy Run Research Center, Export, PA, for Union Carbide Corporation. NTIS/OTS0557677, TSCA Section 8D.
  • Verschueren , K. 1996 . Handbook of environmental data on organic chemicals , 3rd , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
  • Wallace , L. 1986a . Total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study: Personal exposures, indoor-outdoor relationships, and breath levels of volatilie organic compounds in New Jersey . Environ. Int. , 12 : 369 – 387 .
  • Wallace , L. 1986b . Personal exposures, indoor and outdoor air concentrations, and exhaled breath concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds measured for 600 residents of New Jersey, North Dakota, North Carolina and California . Toxicol. Environ. Chem. , 12 : 215 – 236 .
  • Wallace , L. A. , Pellizzari , E. D. , Hartwell , T. D. , Sparacino , C. , Whitmore , R. , Sheldon , L. , Zelon , H. and Perritt , R. 1987 . The TEAM study: Personal exposures to toxic substances in air, drinking water, and breath of 400 residents of New Jersey, North Carolina and North Dakota . Environ. Res. , 43 : 290 – 307 .
  • Wallace , L. A. , Pellizzari , E. D. , Hartwell , T. D. , Whitmore , R. , Zelon , H. , Perritt , R. and Sheldon , L. 1988 . The California TEAM study: Breath concentrations and personal exposures to 26 volatile compounds in air and drinking water of 188 residents of Los Angeles, Antioch, and Pittsburg, CA . Atmos. Environ. , 22 : 2141 – 2163 .
  • Wallace , L. A. , Pellizzari , E. D. , Hartwell , T. D. , Davis , V. , Michael , L. C. and Whitmore , R. W. 1989 . The influence of personal activities on exposure to volatile organic compounds . Environ. Res. , 50 : 37 – 55 .
  • Wallace , L. A. 1991a . Volatile organic compounds. In Indoor air pollution—A health perspective , Edited by: Samet , J. M. and Spengler , J. P. 252 – 272 . Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins Press .
  • Wallace , L. A. 1991b . Comparison of risks from outdoor and indoor exposure to toxic chemicals . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 95 : 7 – 13 .
  • Wallace , L. , Buckley , T. , Pellizzari , E. and Gordon , S. 1996 . Breath measurements as volatile organic compound biomarkers . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 104 : 861 – 869 .
  • Weil , C. S. and McCollister , D. D. 1963 . Relationship between short and long-term feeding studies designing an effective toxicity test . Agric. Food Chem. , 11 : 486 – 491 .
  • Weschler , C. J. and Shields , H. C. 1996 . Production of the hydroxyl radical in indoor air . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 30 : 3250 – 3258 .
  • Weschler , C. J. and Shields , H. C. 1997 . Measurements of the hydroxyl radical in a manipulated but realistic indoor environment . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 3719 – 3722 .
  • World Health Organization . 1991 . Chlorobenzenes other than hexachlorobenzene , Geneva : World Health Organization . International Programme on Chemical Safety. Environmental Health Criteria 128.
  • Zhang , J. , He , Q. and Lioy , P. J. 1994 . Characteristics of aldehydes: Concentrations, sources, and exposures for indoor and outdoor residential microenvironments . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 28 : 146 – 152 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.