Environmental Mutagens Induced Transversions but not Transitions in Regulatory Region of Mitochondrial DNA

REFERENCES

• Ahsan , H. , Chen , Y. , Parvez , F. , Argos , M. , Hussain , A. I. , Momotaj , H. , Levy , D. , van Geen , A. , Howe , G. and Graziano , J. 2006 . Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS): Description of a multidisciplinary epidemiologic investigation . J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. , 16 : 191 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquadro , C. F. and Greenberg , B. D. 1983 . Human mitochondrial DNA variation and evolution: analysis of nucleotide sequences from seven individuals . Genetics , 103 : 287 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argos , M. , Kibriya , M. G. , Parvez , F. , Jasmine , F. , Rakibuz-Zaman , M. and Ahsan , H. 2006 . Gene expression profiles in peripheral lymphocytes by arsenic exposure and skin lesion status in a Bangladeshi population . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 15 : 1367 – 1375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fliss , M. S. , Usadel , H. , Caballero , O. L. , Wu , L. , Buta , M. R. , Eleff , S. M. , Jen , J. and Sidransky , D. 2000 . Facile detection of mitochondrial DNA mutations in tumors and bodily fluids . Science , 287 : 2017 – 2019 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graziewicz , M. A. , Sayer , J. M. , Jerina , D. M. and Copeland , W. C. 2004 . Nucleotide incorporation by human DNA polymerase gamma opposite benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[c]phenanthrene diol epoxide adducts of deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine . Nucleic Acids Res. , 32 : 397 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbottle , A. and Birch-Machin , M. A. 2006 . Real-time PCR analysis of a 3895 bp mitochondrial DNA deletion in nonmelanoma skin cancer and its use as a quantitative marker for sunlight exposure in human skin . Br. J. Cancer , 94 : 1887 – 1893 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hei , T. K. , Liu , S. X. and Waldren , C. 1998 . Mutagenicity of arsenic in mammalian cells: role of reactive oxygen species . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 95 : 8103 – 8107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hei , T. K. , Wu , L. J. , Liu , S. X. , Vannais , D. , Waldren , C. A. and Randers-Pehrson , G. 1997 . Mutagenic effects of a single and an exact number of alpha particles in mammalian cells . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 94 : 3765 – 3770 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen , G. M. , Neu , A. , t Hart , L. M , van de Sande , C. M. and Antonie Maassen , J. 2006 . Novel mitochondrial DNA length variants and genetic instability in a family with diabetes and deafness . Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes , 114 : 168 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeronimo , C. , Nomoto , S. , Caballero , O. L. , Usadel , H. , Henrique , R. , Varzim , G. , Oliveira , J. , Lopes , C. , Fliss , M. S. and Sidransky , D. 2001 . Mitochondrial mutations in early stage prostate cancer and bodily fluids . Oncogene , 20 : 5195 – 5198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessel , M. , Liu , S. X. , Xu , A. , Santella , R. and Hei , T. K. 2002 . Arsenic induces oxidative DNA damage in mammalian cells . Mol. Cell Biochem. , 234–235 : 301 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , H. C. , Yin , P. H. , Yu , T. N. , Chang , Y. D. , Hsu , W. C. , Kao , S. Y. , Chi , C. W. , Liu , T. Y. and Wei , Y. H. 2001 . Accumulation of mitochondrial DNA deletions in human oral tissues —Effects of betel quid chewing and oral cancer . Mutat. Res. , 493 : 67 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , H. H. , Aubrecht , J. and Fornace , A. J. Jr. 2007 . Toxicogenomics: overview and potential applications for the study of non-covalent DNA interacting chemicals . Mutat. Res. , 623 : 98 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , S. X. , Davidson , M. M. , Tang , X. , Walker , W. F. , Athar , M. , Ivanov , V. and Hei , T. K. 2005 . Mitochondrial damage mediates genotoxicity of arsenic in mammalian cells . Cancer Res. , 65 : 3236 – 3242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mambo , E. , Gao , X. , Cohen , Y. , Guo , Z. , Talalay , P. and Sidransky , D. 2003 . Electrophile and oxidant damage of mitochondrial DNA leading to rapid evolution of homoplasmic mutations . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 100 : 1838 – 1843 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MITOMAP. 2006. A human mitochondrial genome database http://www.mitomap.org
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , J. E. , Nugent , S. , Seymour , C. and Mothersill , C. 2005 . Mitochondrial DNA point mutations and a novel deletion induced by direct low-LET radiation and by medium from irradiated cells . Mutat. Res. , 585 : 127 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partridge , M. A. , Huang , S. X. , Hernandez-Rosa , E. , Davidson , M. M. and Hei , T. K. 2007 . Arsenic induced mitochondrial DNA damage and altered mitochondrial oxidative function: implications for genotoxic mechanisms in mammalian cells . Cancer Res. , 67 : 5239 – 5247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piao , C. Q. , Liu , L. , Zhao , Y. L. , Balajee , A. S. , Suzuki , M. and Hei , T. K. 2005 . Immortalization of human small airway epithelial cells by ectopic expression of telomerase . Carcinogenesis , 26 : 725 – 731 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinz , K. G. , Shibutani , S. and Bogenhagen , D. F. 1995 . Action of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma at sites of base loss or oxidative damage . J. Biol. Chem. , 270 : 9202 – 9206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polyak , K. , Li , Y. , Zhu , H. , Lengauer , C. , Willson , J. K. , Markowitz , S. D. , Trush , M. A. , Kinzler , K. W. and Vogelstein , B. 1998 . Somatic mutations of the mitochondrial genome in human colorectal tumours . Nat. Genet. , 20 : 291 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salas , A. , Yao , Y. G. , Macaulay , V. , Vega , A. , Carracedo , A. and Bandelt , H. J. 2005 . A critical reassessment of the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis . PLoS Med , 2 : 296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaisman , A. , Lim , S. E. , Patrick , S. M. , Copeland , W. C. , Hinkle , D. C. , Turchi , J. J. and Chaney , S. G. 1999 . Effect of DNA polymerases and high mobility group protein 1 on the carrier ligand specificity for translesion synthesis past platinum–DNA adducts . Biochemistry , 38 : 11026 – 11039 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Wurmb-Schwark , N. , Higuchi , R. , Fenech , A. P. , Elfstroem , C. , Meissner , C. , Oehmichen , M. and Cortopassi , G. A. 2002 . Quantification of human mitochondrial DNA in a real time PCR . Forens. Sci. Int. , 126 : 34 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , C. Y. , Wang , H. W. , Yao , Y. G. , Kong , Q. P. and Zhang , Y. P. 2007 . Somatic mutations of mitochondrial genome in early stage breast cancer . Int. J. Cancer , 121 : 1253 – 1256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburg , O. 1956 . On the origin of cancer cells . Science , 123 ( 3191 ) : 309 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , A. , Smilenov , L. B. , He , P. , Masumura , K. , Nohmi , T. , Yu , Z. and Hei , T. K. 2007 . New insight into intrachromosomal deletions induced by chrysotile in the gpt delta transgenic mutation assay . Environ. Health Perspect. , 115 : 87 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , A. , Wu , L. J. , Santella , R. M. and Hei , T. K. 1999 . Role of oxyradicals in mutagenicity and DNA damage induced by crocidolite asbestos in mammalian cells . Cancer Res. , 59 : 5922 – 5026 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanssen , S. and Schon , E. A. 2005 . Mitochondrial DNA mutations in cancer . PLoS Med , 2 : e401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar