Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Metabolites in Atlantic Cod Exposed via Water or Diet to a Synthetic Produced Water

REFERENCES

• Aas , E. , Baussant , T. , Balk , L. , Liewenborg , B. and Andersen , O. K. 2000a . PAH metabolites in bile, cytochrome P4501A and DNA adducts as environmental risk parameters for chronic oil exposure: A laboratory experiment with Atlantic cod . Aquat. Toxicol. , 51 : 241 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aas , E. , Beyer , J. and Goksoyr , A. 2000b . Fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) of bile as a monitoring tool for polyaromatic hydrocarbon exposure in fish: an evaluation of compound specificity, inner filter effect and signal interpretation . Biomarkers , 5 : 9 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aas , E. , Beyer , J. and Goks⊘yr , A. 2001 . Evidence of uptake, biotransformation and DNA binding of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in Atlantic cod and corkwing wrasse caught in the vicinity of an aluminium works . Mar. Environ. Res. , 52 : 213 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aas , E. , Jonsson , G. , Sundt , R. C. , Westerlund , S. and Sanni , S. 2006 . “ Monitoring of PAH metabolites and metals in bile from caged Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and wild pelagic fish along expected contaminant gradients in the North Sea ” . In Biological effects of contaminants in marine pelagic ecosystems , Edited by: Hylland , K. , Lang , T. and Vethaak , A. 263 – 276 . Brussels, , Belgium : SETAC . Europe
   Google Scholar
• Amlund , H. , Ingebrigtsen , K. , Hylland , K. , Ruus , A. , Eriksen , D. O. and Berntssen , M. H. G. 2006 . Disposition of arsenobetaine in two marine fish species following administration of a single oral dose of [C-14]arsenobetaine . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 143 : 171 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariese , F. , Beyer , J. , Jonsson , G. , Porte Visa , C. and Krahn , M. M. 2005 . Review of analytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in fish bile , Copenhagen, , Denmark : ICES Techniques in Marine Environmental Sciences. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea .
   Google Scholar
• Ariese , F. , Beyer , J. and Wells , D. 2005 . Two fish bile reference materials certified for PAH metabolites . J. Environ. Monit. , 7 : 869 – 876 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouchard , M. and Viau , C. 1998 . Urinary and biliary excretion kinetics of 1-hydroxypyrene following intravenous and oral administration of pyrene in rats . Toxicology , 127 : 69 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier , T. K. and Varanasi , U. 1991 . Hepatic activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and biliary levels of xenobiotics in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) exposed to environmental contaminants . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 20 : 462 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day , R. W. and Quinn , G. P. 1989 . Comparisons of treatments after an analysis of variance in ecology . Ecol. Monogr. , 59 : 433 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goks⊘yr , A. , Klungs⊘yr , J. and Solbakken , J. E. 1985 . Cytochromes P-450 in cod (Gadus morhua): Effects of induces on regiospecificity of phenanthrene metabolism and immunochemical properties . Mar. Environ. Res. , 17 : 87
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goks⊘yr , A. , Solbakken , J. E. and Klungs⊘yr , J. 1986 . Regioselective metabolism of phenanthrene in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Studies on the effects of monooxygenase inducers and role of cytochromes P-450 . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 60 : 247 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsel , D. R. 2006 . Fabricating data: How substituting values for nondetects can ruin results, and what can be done about it . Chemosphere , 65 : 2434 – 2439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckins , J. D. , Petty , J. D. and Booij , K. 2006 . Monitors of organic chemicals in the environment—Semipermeable membrane devices , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Hylland , K. , Beyer , J. , Berntssen , M. , Klungs⊘yr , J. , Lang , T. and Balk , L. 2006 . May persistent organic pollutants affect fish populations in the North Sea? . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 69 : 125 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hylland , K. , Lang , T. and Vethaak , D. 2006 . Biological effects of contaminants in marine pelagic ecosystems , Brussels, , Belgium : Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry SETAC . Europe
   Google Scholar
• Hylland , K. , Tollefsen , K.-E. , Ruus , A. , Jonsson , G. , Sundt , R. C. , Sanni , S. , Utvik , T. I. R. , Johnsen , S. , Nilssen , I. , Pinturier , L. , Balk , L. , Barsiene , J. , Marigomez , I. , Feist , S. W. and B⊘rseth , J. F. 2008 . Water column monitoring near oil installations in the North Sea 2001–2004 . Mar. Pollut. Bull. , 56 : 414 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JAMP . 1998 . JAMP guidelines for contaminant-specific biological effects monitoring , London, , UK : OSPAR Commission (www.ospar.org), OSPAR Secretariat .
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson , G. , Bechmann , R. K. , Bamber , S. D. and Baussant , T. 2004 . Bioconcentration, biotransformation, and elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) exposed to contaminated seawater . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 23 : 1538 – 1548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson , G. , Beyer , J. , Wells , D. and Ariese , F. 2003 . The application of HPLC-F and GC-MS to the analysis of selected hydroxy polycyclic hydrocarbons in two certified fish bile reference materials . J. Environ. Monit. , 5 : 513 – 520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koeber , R. , Niessner , R. and Bayona , J. M. 1997 . Determination of benzo[a]pyrene diones in air particulate matter with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 1552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krahn , M. M. , Burrows , D. G. , Ylitalo , G. M. , Brown , D. W. , Wigren , C. A. , Collier , T. K. , Chan , S. L. and Varanasi , U. 1992 . Mass-spectrometric analysis for aromatic-compounds in bile of fish sampled after the Exxon-Valdez oil-spill . Environ. Sci.Technol. , 26 : 116 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krahn , M. M. , Myers , M. S. , Burrows , D. G. and Malins , D. C. 1984 . Determination of metabolites of xenobiotics in the bile of fish from polluted waterways . Xenobiotica , 14 : 633 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krahn , M. M. , Rhodes , L. D. , Myers , M. S. , Moore , L. K. , Macleod , W. D. and Malins , D. C. 1986 . Associations between metabolites of aromatic compounds in bile and the occurrence of hepatic lesions in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from Puget Sound . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 15 : 61 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law , F. C. P. , Meng , J. X. , He , Y. T. and Chui , Y. C. 1994 . Urinary and biliary metabolites of pyrene in rainbow-trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Xenobiotica , 24 : 221 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lech , J. J. , Pepple , S. K. and Statham , C. N. 1973 . Fish bile analysis: a possible aid in monitoring water quality . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 25 : 430 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levene , H. 1960 . “ Robust tests for equality of variances ” . In In Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling , Edited by: Olkin , I , Ghurye , S.G , Hoeffding , W. , Madow , W.G. and Mann , H.B. 279 – 292 . Manlo Park, CA, USA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , S. J. , Kennicutt , M. C. , Lui , H. and Safe , S. H. 1995 . Assessing aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in Antarctic fish captured near Palmer and McMurdo stations, Antarctica . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 29 : 232 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSPAR . OSPAR Guidelines for monitoring the environmental impact of offshore oil and gas activities . Reference number 2004-11 . 2004 . OSPAR Commission (www.ospar.org), OSPAR Secretariat, London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , D. 2002 . The biological effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Scottish marine environment PhD thesis , Aberdeen, , Scotland : Robert Gordon University .
   Google Scholar
• Ruus , A. , Hylland , K. and Green , N. Biological effects methods, Norwegian monitoring 1997–2001 . Norwegian Insitute for Water Research project 80106, report number 4649–2003, 139 pp. ISBN number 82-577-4313-5 . 2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Sokal , R. R. and Rohlf , F. J. 1981 . Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research , 2nd , New York : W.H. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Sokal , R.R. and Rohlf , F. J. 1994 . Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research , 3rd , New York : W. H. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Varanasi , U. , Stein , J. E. , Nishimoto , M. , Reichert , W. L. and Collier , T. K. 1987 . Chemical carcinogenesis in feral fish —Uptake, activation, and detoxication of organic xenobiotics . Environ. Health Perspect. , 71 : 155 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willett , K. L. , Gardinali , P. R. , Lienesch , L. A. and Di Giulio , R. T. 2000 . Comparative metabolism and excretion of benzo[a]pyrene in 2 species of Ictalurid catfish . Toxicol. Sci. , 58 : 68 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , R. N. , Waidyanatha , S. , Henderson , A. P. , Serdar , B. , Zheng , Y. X. and Rappaport , S. M. 2005 . Determination of dihydroxynaphthalenes in human urine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. B , 826 : 206 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , M. , Koga , M. , Katoh , T. and Kawamoto , T. 1999 . A study for the proper application of urinary naphthols, new biomarkers for airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 36 : 99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar