A Review on the Practical Application of Human Biomonitoring in Integrated Environmental Health Impact Assessment

REFERENCES

• Aulakh , J. S. , Malik , A. K. , Kaur , V. and Schmitt-Kopplin , P. 2005 . A review on solid phase micro extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography (SPME-HPLC) analysis of pesticides . Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 35 : 71 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aylward , L. L. , Brunet , R. C. , Carrier , G. , Hays , S. , Cushing , C. A. , Needham , L. L. , Patterson , D. G. Jr. , Gerthoux , P. M. , Brambilla , P. and Mocarelli , P. 2005 . Concentration-dependent TCDD elimination kinetics in humans: Toxicokinetic modeling for moderately to highly exposed adults from Seveso, Italy, and Vienna, Austria, and impact on dose estimates for the NIOSH cohort . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 15 : 51 – 65 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barr , D. B. , Wilder , L. C. , Caudill , S. P. , Gonzalez , A. J. , Needham , L. L. and Pirkle , J. L. 2005 . Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: Implications for urinary biological monitoring measurements . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 192 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates , M. N. , Hamilton , J. W. , LaKind , J. S. , Langenberg , P. , O'Malley , M. and Snodgrass , W. 2005 . Workgroup report: Biomonitoring study design, interpretation, and communication—Lessons learned and path forward . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 1615 – 1621 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , K. , Kaus , S. , Krause , C. , Lepom , P. , Schulz , C. , Seiwert , M. and Seifert , B. 2002 . German Environmental Survey 1998 (GerES III). Environmental pollutants in blood of the German population . Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health , 205 : 297 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , K. , Schulz , C. , Kaus , S. , Seiwert , M. and Seifert , B. 2003 . German Environmental Survey 1998 (GerES III). Environmental pollutants in urine of the German population . Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health , 206 : 15 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begerow , J. , Turfeld , M. and Dunemann , L. 2000 . New horizons in human biomonitoring of environmentally and occupationally relevant metals—Sector-field ICP-MS versus electrothermal AAS . J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. , 15 : 347 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnisch , P. A. , Hosoe , K. and Sakai , S.-I. 2001 . Bioanalytical screening methods for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds—A review of bioassay/biomarker technology . Environ. Int. , 27 : 413 – 439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard , A. 2004 . Renal dysfunction induced by cadmium: Biomarkers of critical effects . BioMetals , 17 : 519 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnbaum , L. S. and Hubal , E. A. C. 2006 . Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: A case study for using biomonitoring data to address risk assessment questions . Environ. Health Perspect. , 114 : 17701 – 1775 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerregaard , P. , Dewailly , E. , Ayotte , P. , Pars , T. , Ferron , L. and Mulvad , G. 2001 . Exposure of inuit in Greenland to organochlorines through the marine diet . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 62 : 69 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonassi , S. 1999 . Combining environmental exposure and genetic effect measures in health outcome assessment . Mutat. Res. , 428 : 177 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradman , A. and Whyatt , R. M. 2005 . Characterizing exposures to nonpersistent pesticides during pregnancy and early childhood in the National Children's Study: A review of monitoring and measurement methodologies . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 1092 – 1099 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock , J. W. , Yoshimura , Y. , Barr , J. R. , Maggio , V. L. , Graiser , S. R. , Nakazawa , H. and Needham , L. L. 2001 . Measurement of bisphenol A levels in human urine . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 11 : 323 – 328 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carere , A. , Andreoli , C. , Galati , R. , Leopardi , P. , Marcon , F. , Rosati , M. V. , Rossi , S. , Tomei , F. , Verdina , A. , Zijno , A. and Crebelli , R. 2002 . Biomonitoring of exposure to urban air pollutants: Analysis of sister chromatid exchanges and DNA lesions in peripheral lymphocytes of traffic policemen . Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. , 518 : 215 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cariou , R. , Antignac , J.-P. , Marchand , P. , Berrebi , A. , Zalko , D. , Andre , F. and Le Bizec , B. 2005 . New multiresidue analytical method dedicated to trace level measurement of brominated flame retardants in human biological matrices . J. Chromatogr. A , 1100 : 144 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2005 . Third national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals , Atlanta, GA : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , S. C. and Liao , C. M. 2006 . Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Sci. Total Environ. , 366 : 112 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu , W. A. , Barton , H. A. , DeWoskin , R. S. , Schlosser , P. , Thompson , C. M. , Sonawane , B. , Lipscomb , J. C. and Krishnan , K. 2007 . Evaluation of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for use in risk assessment . J. Appl. Toxicol. , 27 : 218 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell , D. W. , Chaisuksant , Y. and Yu , J. 1999 . Importance of internal biotic concentrations in risk evaluations with aquatic systems . Mar. Pollut. Bull. , 39 : 54 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counter , S. A. , Buchanan , L. H. , Rosas , H. D. and Ortega , F. 1998 . Neurocognitive effects of chronic lead intoxication in Andean children . J. Neurol. Sci. , 160 : 47 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covaci , A. and Voorspoels , S. 2005 . Optimization of the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. , 827 : 216 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boer , J. and Wells , D. E. 2006 . Pitfalls in the analysis of brominated flame retardants in environmental, human and food samples—Including results of three international interlaboratory studies . TRAC—Trends Anal. Chem. , 25 : 364 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Winter-Sorkina , R. , Bakker , M. I. , Wolterink , G. and Zeilmaker , M. J. 2006 . “ Brominated flame retardants: Occurrence, dietary intake and risk assessment ” . RIVM-report 320100002/2006 . http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/320100002.pdf
   Google Scholar
• DeCaprio , A. P. , Johnson , G. W. , Tarbell , A. M. , Carpenter , D. O. , Chiarenzelli , H. R. , Morse , G. S. , Santiago-Rivera , A. L. and Schymura , M. J. 2005 . Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure assessment by multivariate statistical analysis of serum congener profiles in an adult native American population . Environ. Res. , 98 : 284 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Despres , C. , Beuter , A. , Richer , F. , Poitras , K. , Veilleux , A. , Ayotte , P. , Dewailly , T. , Saint-Amour , D. and Muckle , G. 2005 . Neuromotor functions in Inuit preschool children exposed to Pb, PCB, and Hg . Neurotoxicol. Teratol. , 27 : 245 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl-Jones , W. L. and Bols , N. C. 2000 . Use of response biomarkers in milk for assessing exposure to environmental contaminants: The case for dioxin-like compounds . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B , 3 : 79 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA . 2005 . Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the Commission related to the presence of non dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in feed and food . EFSA J. , 284 : 1 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Escher , B. and Hermens , J. L. M. 2004 . Internal exposure: Linking bioavailability to effects . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 455A – 462A .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission . 2003 . “ Assessment of additional testing needs under REACH: Effects of (Q)SARS, risk based testing and voluntary industry initiatives ” . Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection . http://ecb.jrc.it/documents/REACH/PUBLICATIONS/REACH_testing_needs_final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Commission . 2004 . “ Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee ” . In The European Environment & Health Action Plan 2004–2010 , Brussels, Belgium : SEC(2004) 729 .
   Google Scholar
• European Commission . 2006 . “ Environment and health information review and implementation plan in the context of the European Action Plan on Environment and Health 2004–2010 ” . In Commission Staff Working Document , Brussels, , Belgium : SEC(2006) 1461 .
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament . 2003 . Directive 2003/11/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003 amending for the 24th time Council Directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (pentabromodiphenyl ether, octabromodiphenyl ether) . Off. J. Eur. Union , 15.2.2003 L42 : 45 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Fahnrich , K. A. , Pravda , M. and Guilbault , G. G. 2002 . Immunochemical detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) . Anal. Lett. , 35 : 1269 – 1300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , W. G. and Agzarian , J. 2007 . Reporting results of biomonitoring studies . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 387 : 137 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goda , Y. , Kobayashi , A. , Fukuda , K. , Fujimoto , S. , Ike , M. and Fujita , M. 2000 . Development of the ELISAs for detection of hormone-disrupting chemicals . Water Sci. Technol. , 42 : 81 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godschalk , R. W. L. , Van Schooten , F. J. and Bartsch , H. 2003 . A critical evaluation of DNA adducts as biological markers for human exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds . J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 36 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golden , R. , Gandy , J. and Vollmer , G. 2005 . A review of the endocrine activity of parabens and implications for potential risks to human health . Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 35 : 435 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , S. M. , Brinkman , M. C. , Ashley , D. L. , Blount , B. C. , Lyu , C. , Masters , J. and Singer , P. C. 2006 . Changes in breath trihalomethane levels resulting from household water-use activities . Environ. Health Perspect. , 114 : 514 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays , S. M. , Aylward , L. L. , Laking , J. S. , Bartels , M. J. , Barton , H. A. , Boogaard , P. J. , Brunk , C. , Dizio , S. , Dourson , M. , Goldstein , D. A. , Lipscomb , J. , Kilpatrick , M. E. , Krewski , D. , Krishnan , K. , Nordberg , M. , Okino , M. , Tan , Y. M. , Viau , C. and Yager , J. W. 2008 . Guidelines for the derivation of biomonitoring equivalents: Report from the biomonitoring equivalents expert workshop . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 51 : S4 – S15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays , S. M. , Becker , R. A. , Leung , H. W. , Aylward , L. L. and Pyatt , D. W. 2007 . Biomonitoring equivalents: A screening approach for interpreting biomonitoring results from a public health risk perspective . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 47 : 96 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kommission , HBM- . 1996 . Konzept der Referenz- und Human-Biomonitoring-Werte (HBM) in der umweltmedizin . Bundergesundheitsblatt , 39 : 221 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Heinrich-Ramm , R. , Jakubowski , M. , Heinzow , B. , Christensen , J. M. , Olsen , E. and Hertel , O. 2000 . Biological monitoring for exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) . Pure Appl. Chem. , 72 : 385 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitland , P. and Koster , H. D. 2006 . Biomonitoring of 37 trace elements in blood samples from inhabitants of northern Germany by ICP-MS . J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. , 20 : 253 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hites , R. A. 2004 . Polubrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: A meta-analysis of concentrations . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 945 – 956 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppin , J. A. , William , P. L. and Ryan , P. B. 2000 . A conceptual framework for the interpretation of biological markers for environmental exposure assessment . Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. , 6 : 711 – 725 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huttner , E. , Gotze , A. and Nikolova , T. 1999 . Chromosomal aberrations in humans as genetic endpoints to assess the impact of pollution . Mutat. Res. , 445 : 251 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda , M. , Moriguchi , J. , Ezaki , T. , Fukui , Y. , Ukai , H. , Okamoto , S. , Shimbo , S and Sakurai , H. 2005 . Smoking-induced increase in urinary cadmium levels among Japanese women . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 78 : 533 – 540 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue , K. , Okada , F. , Ito , R. , Kato , S. , Sasaki , S. , Nakajima , S. , Uno , A. , Saijo , Y. , Sata , F. , Yoshimura , Y. , Kishi , R. and Nakazawa , H. 2004 . Perfluorooctane surfonate (PFOS) and related perfluorinated compounds in human maternal and cord blood samples: Assessment of PFOS exposure in a susceptible population during pregnancy . Environ. Health Perspect. , 112 : 1204 – 1207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INTARESE . 2007 . Deliverable 20: Biomarker review and development strategy (WP 2.2) on requesthttp://www.intarese.org/
   Google Scholar
• Iyengar , G. V. and Rapp , A. 2001a . Human placenta as a ‘dual’ biomarker for monitoring fetal and maternal environment with special reference to potentially toxic trace elements: Part 1: Physiology, function and sampling of placenta for elemental characterization . Sci. Total Environ. , 280 : 195 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar , G. V. and Rapp , A. 2001b . Human placenta as a ‘dual’ biomarker for monitoring fetal and maternal environment with special reference to potentially toxic trace elements: Part 2: Essential minor, trace and other (non-essential) elements in human placenta . Sci. Total Environ. , 280 : 207 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar , G. V. and Rapp , A. 2001c . Human placenta as a ‘dual’ biomarker for monitoring fetal and maternal environment with special reference to potentially toxic trace elements: Part 3: Toxic trace elements in placenta and placenta as a biomarker for these elements . Sci. Total Environ. , 280 : 195 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joung , K. E. , Chung , Y. H. and Sheen , Y. Y. 2007 . DRE-CALUX bioassay in comparison with HRGC/MS for measurement of toxic equivalence in environmental samples . Sci. Total Environ. , 372 : 657 – 667 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kameda , Y. , Shirai , J. , Komai , T. , Nakanishi , J. and Masunaga , S. 2005 . Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: size distribution, estimation of their risk and their depositions to the human respiratory tract . Sci. Total Environ. , 340 : 71 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmaus , W. and Riebow , J. F. 2004 . Storage of serum in plastic and glass containers may alter the serum concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls . Environ. Health Perspect. , 112 : 643 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishikawa , N. , Ohyama , K. and Kuroda , N. 2006 . Human biomonitoring of endocrine disrupting chemicals by HPLC methods . Curr. Anal. Chem. , 2 : 77 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissel , J. C. , Curl , C. L. , Kedan , G. , Lu , C. , Griffith , W. , Barr , D. B. , Needham , L. L. and Fenske , R. A. 2005 . Comparison of organophosphorus pesticide metabolite levels in single and multiple daily urine samples collected from preschool children in Washington State . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 15 : 164 – 171 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koller , K. , Brown , T. , Spurgeon , A. and Levy , L. 2004 . Recent developments in low-level lead exposure and intellectual impairment in children . Environ. Health Perspect. , 112 : 987 – 994 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowska , K. , Polkowska , Z. , Przyhazny , A. and Namniesnik , J. 2003 . Analytical Procedures used in examining human urine samples . Pol. J. Environ. Stud. , 12 : 503 – 521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaKind , J. S. , Brent , R. L. , Dourson , M. L. , Kacew , S. , Koren , G. , Sonawane , B. , Tarzian , A. J. and Uhl , K. 2005 . Human milk biomonitoring data: Interpretation and risk assessment issues . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 68 : 1713 – 1769 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind , Y. , Darnerud , P. O. , Atuma , S. , Aune , M. , Becker , W. , Bjerselius , R. , Cnattignius , S. and Glynn , A. 2003 . Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from Uppsala County, Sweden . Environ. Res. , 93 : 186 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstrom , A. B. and Pleil , J. 2002 . A review of the USEPA's single breath canister (SBC) method for exhaled volatile organic biomarkers . Biomarkers , 7 : 189 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotti , M. 2003 . Pharmacokinetics and blood levels of polychlorinated biphenyls . Toxicol. Rev. , 22 : 203 – 215 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Makri , A. , Goveia , M. , Balbus , J. and Parkin , R. 2004 . Children's sysceptibility to chemicals: A review by developmental stage . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B , 7 : 417 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meironyté , D. , Noren , K. and Bergman , A. 1999 . Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human milk. A rime-related trend study, 1972–1997 . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 58 : 329 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortada , W. I. , Sobh , M. A. , El-Defrawy , M. M. and Farahat , S. E. 2002 . Reference intervals of cadmium, lead, and mercury in blood, urine, hair, and nails among residents in Mansoura city, Nile Delta, Egypt . Environ. Res. , 90 : 104 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortada , W. I. , Sobh , M. A. and El-Defrawy , M. M. 2004 . The exposure to cadmium, lead and mercury from smoking and its impact on renal integrity . Med. Sci. Monitor , 10 : CR112 – CR116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 2006 . Human biomonitoring for environmental chemicals. Committee on Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Toxicants, National Research Council of the National Academies , Washington, DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nauman , C. H. , Santolucito , J. A. and Dary , C. C. 1994 . Biomonitoring for pesticide exposure . Biomarkers Human Expos. Pestic. ACD Symp. Ser. , 542 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Neri , M. , Ceppi , M. , Knudsen , L. E. , Merlo , D. F. , Barale , R. , Puntoni , R. and Bonassi , S. 2005 . Baseline micronuclei frequency in children: Estimates from meta- and pooled analyses . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 1226 – 1229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noren , K. and Meironyté , D. 2000 . Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20–30 years . Chemosphere , 40 : 1111 – 1123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paustenbach , D. and Galbraith , D. 2006a . Biomonitoring and biomarkers: Exposure assessment will never be the same . Environ. Health Perspect. , 114 : 1143 – 1149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paustenbach , D. and Galbraith , D. 2006b . Biomonitoring: Is body burden relevant to public health? . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 44 : 249 – 261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels , A. , Cenijn , P. H. , Schepens , P. J. C. and Brouwer , A. 2000 . Comparison of chemical-activated luciferase expression bioassay and gas chromatography for PCB determination in human srum and follicular fluid . Environ. Health Perspect. , 108 : 553 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Environmental Health Commission . 2000 . America's environmental health gap: Why the country needs a nationwide health tracking network. Companion report , Baltimore, MD : John Hopkins School of Environment and Public Health .
   Google Scholar
• Polkowska , Z. , Kozlowska , K. , Namiesnik , J. and Przyjazny , A. 2004 . Biological fluids as a source of information on the exposure of man to environmental chemical agents . Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. , 34 : 105 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QUASIMEME . 2006 . The QUASIMEME laboratory performance studies. Year 11. June 2006 to May 2007. Issue 2, 2006. Alterra CKW , Wageningen, , the Netherlands : University of Wageningen .
   Google Scholar
• Reid , A. M. , Brougham , C. A. , Fogarty , A. M. and Roche , J. J. 2007 . An investigation into possible sources of phthalate contamination in the environmental analytical laboratory . Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. , 87 : 125 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaller , K. H. , Angerer , J. and Drexler , H. 2002 . Quality assurance of biological monitoring in occupational and environmental medicine . J. Chromatogr. B , 778 : 403 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeters , G. , Goyvaerts , M. P. , Ooms , D. and Van Cleuvenbergen , R. 2004 . The evaluation of dioxin and dioxin-like contaminants in selected food samples from the Belgian market: Comparison of TEQ measurements obtained through the CALUX bioassay with congener specific chemical analyses . Chemosphere , 54 : 1289 – 1297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidel , S. D. , Li , V. , Winter , G. M. , Rogers , W. J. , Martinez , E. I. and Denison , M. S. 2000 . Ah receptor based chemical screening bioassays: Application and limitations for the detection of Ah receptor agonists . Toxicol. Sci. , 55 : 107 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sera , K. , Futatsugawa , S. and Murao , S. 2002 . Quantitative analysis of untreated hair samples for monitoring human exposure to heavy metals . Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B , 189 : 174 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shantakumar , S. , Gammon , M. D. , Eng , S. L. , Sagiv , S. K. , Gaudet , M. M. , Teitelbaum , S. L. , Britton , J. A. , Terry , M. B. , Paykin , A. , Young , T. L. , Wang , L. W. , Wang , Q. , Stellman , S. D. , Beyea , J. , Hatch , M. , Camann , D. , Prokopczyk , B. , Kabat , G. C. , Levin , B. , Alfred , A. I. and Santella , R. M. 2005 . Residential environmental exposures and other characteristics associated with detectable PAH–DNA adducts in peripheral mononuclear cells in a population-based sample of adult females . J. Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 15 : 482 – 490 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shen , H. , Main , K. M. , Virtanen , H. E. , Damgaard , I. N. , Haavisto , A.-M. , Kaleva , M. , Boisen , K. A. , Schmidt , I. M. , Chellakooty , M. , Skakkebaek , N. E. , Toppari , J. and Schramm , K.-W. 2007 . From mother to child: Investigation of prenatal and postnatal exposure to persistent bioaccumulating toxicants using breast milk and placenta biomonitoring . Chemosphere , 67 : S256 – S262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolders , R. and Schoeters , G. 2007 . Identifying opportunities and gaps for establishing an integrated EDR-triad at a European level . Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health , 210 : 253 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , A. H. , Fagliano , J. A. , Savrin , J. E. , Freeman , N. C. G. and Lioy , P. J. 1998 . The association of chromium in household dust with urinary chromium in residences adjacent to chromate production waste sites . Environ. Health Perspect. , 106 : 833 – 839 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steunpunt Milieu en Gezondheid. 2007. Vlaams Humaan Biomonitoringsprogramma Milieu en Gezondheid 2002–2006. Samenvatting http://www.milieu-en-gezondheid.be/resultaten.html
   Google Scholar
• Stokstad , E. 2004 . Biomonitoring: Pollution gets personal . Science , 304 : 1892 – 1894 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stringer , R. , Labunska , I. , Santillo , D. , Johnston , P. , Siddorn , J. and Stephenson , A. 2000 . Concentrations of phthalate esters and identification of other additives in PVC children's toys . Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. , 7 : 27 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suk , W. A. , Collman , G. and Damstra , T. 1996 . Human biomonitoring: Research goals and needs . Environ. Health Perspect. , 104 ( Suppl ) : 479 – 483 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suwazono , Y. , Sand , S. , Vahter , M. , Filipsson , A. F. , Skerfving , S. , Lidfeldt , J. and Akesson , A. 2006 . Benchmark dose for cadmium-induced renal effects in humans . Environ. Health Perspect. , 114 : 1072 – 1076 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TNO. 2005 . Man-made chemicals in maternal and cord blood. TNO report R2005/129 , TNO Built Environment and Geosciences . http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/man-made-chemicals-in-maternal.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Uehara , R. , Peng , G. , Nakamura , Y. , Matsuura , N. , Kondo , N. and Tada , H. 2006 . Human milk survey for dioxins in the general population in Japan . Chemosphere , 62 : 1135 – 1141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umweltbundesamt . 2007 . Derivation of human biomonitoring (HBM) values base don tolerable intake doses . Bundersgesundheitsblatt , 50 : 249 – 250 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Leeuwen , S. , Karrman , A. , Zammit , A. , van Bavel , B. , van der Veen , I. , Kwadijk , C. , de Boer , J. and Lindstrom , G. 2005 . First worldwide interlaboratory study on perfluorinated compounds . Organohalogen Compounds , 67 : 777 – 779 .
   Google Scholar
• Villagrasa , M. , de Alda , M. L. and Barcelo , D. 2006 . Environmental analysis of fluorinated alkyl substances by liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry: A review . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 386 : 953 – 972 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Women's Health Initiative . 1997 . Blood and urine collection, processing and shipment , vol.2, section 11 , 11.1 – 11.40 . Women's Health Initiative . http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/deca/whois/studydoc/procedur/11.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wong , C. K. C. , Leung , K. M. , Poon , B. H. T. , Lan , C. Y. and Wong , M. H. 2002 . Organochlorine hydrocarbons in human breast milk collected in Hong Kong and Guangzhou . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 43 : 364 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1996 . Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace , Vol. 1 , Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 2003 . The record on the symposium on rapid assays for dioxins and related compounds , Rome : WHO European Centre for Environment and Health .
   Google Scholar
• World Wildlife Fund . 2004 . Chemical check up: An analysis of chemicals in the blood of Members of the European Parliament , Brussels, , Belgium : WWF .
   Google Scholar
• Yu , Z. W. , Palkovicova , L. , Drobna , B. , Petrik , J. , Kocan , A. , Trnovec , T. and Hertz-Picciotto , I. 2007 . Comparison of organochlorine compound concentrations in colostrums and mature milk . Chemosphere , 66 : 1012 – 1018 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeravik , J. , Skryjova , K. , Nevorankova , Z. and Franek , M. 2004 . Development of direct ELISA for the determination of 4-nonylphenol and octylphenol . Anal. Chem. , 76 : 1021 – 1027 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar