Essentiality, Toxicity, and Uncertainty in the Risk Assessment of Manganese

REFERENCES

• Andersen , M. E. May 2008 . Tissue dose based risk assessment , May , 6 – 7 . Presentation to the Workshop on Health Risk Assessment of Essential Metals, University of Ottawa .
   Google Scholar
• Aschner , M. , Erikson , K. M. and Dorman , D. C. 2005 . Manganese dosimetry: Species differences and implications for neurotoxicity . Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 35 : 1 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aschner , M. and Dorman , D. C. 2006 . Manganese: Pharmacokinetics and molecular mechanisms of brain uptake . Toxicol Rev , 25 : 147 – 154 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brenneman , K. A. , Cattley , R. C. , Ali , S. F. and Dorman , D. C. 1999 . Manganese-induced developmental neurotoxicity in the CD rat: Is oxidative damage a mechanism of action? . Neurotoxcology , 20 : 477 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenneman , K. A. , Wong , B. A. , Buccellato , M. A. , Costa , E. R. , Gross , E. A. and Dorman , D. C. 2000 . Direct olfactory transport of inhaled manganese (54MnCl2) to the rat brain: Toxicokinetic investigations in a unilateral nasal occlusion model . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 169 : 238 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , J. M. 1999 . Inhalation health risks of manganese: An EPA perspective . Neurotoxicology , 20 : 511 – 518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , J. M. , Jarabek , A. M. , Mage , D. T. and Graham , J. A. 1998 . The EPA health risk assessment of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) . Risk Anal , 18 : 57 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , J. M. and Farland , W. H. 1998 . Biological effects of low-level exposures: A perspective from U.S, EPA Scientists . Environ. Health Perspect. , 106 ( 1 suppl ) : 379 – 381 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorman , D. C. , Struve , M. F. , Vitarella , D. , Byerly , F. L. , Goetz , J. and Miller , R. 2000 . Neurotoxicity of manganese chloride in neonatal and adult CD rats following subchronic (21-day) high-dose oral exposure . J. Appl. Toxicol. , 20 : 179 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman , D. C. , Struve , M. F. , James , A. R. , McManus , B. E. , Marshall , M. W. and Wong , B. A. 2001a . Influence of dietary manganese on the pharmacokinetics of inhaled manganese sulfate in male CD rats . Toxicol. Sci. , 60 : 242 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman , D. C. , Struve , M. F. , James , A. R. , Marshall , M. W. , Parkinson , C. U. and Wong , B. A. 2001b . Influence of particle solubility on the delivery of inhaled manganese to the rat brain: Manganese sulfate and manganese tetroxide pharmacokinetics following repeated (14-day) exposure . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 170 : 79 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman , D. C. , Brenneman , K. A. , McElveen , A. M. , Lynch , S. E. , Roberts , K. C. and Wong , B. A. 2002a . Olfactory transport: A direct route of delivery of inhaled manganese phosphate to the rat brain . J Toxicol Environ Health A , 65 : 1493 – 1511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman , D. C. , Struve , M. F. and Wong , B. A. 2002b . Brain manganese concentrations in rats following manganese tetroxide inhalation are unaffected by dietary manganese intake . Neurotoxicology , 23 : 185 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman , D. C. , McManus , B. E. , Marshall , M. W. , James , A. R. and Struve , M. F. 2004a . Old age and gender influence the pharmacokinetics of inhaled manganese sulfate and manganese phosphate in rats . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 197 : 113 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman , D. C. , McManus , B. E. , Parkinson , C. U. , Manuel , C. A. , McElveen , A. M. and Everitt , J. I. 2004b . Nasal toxicity of manganese sulfate and manganese phosphate in young male rats following subchronic (13-week) inhalation exposure . Inhal. Toxicol. , 16 : 481 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman , D. C. , McElveen , A. M. , Marshall , M. W. , Parkinson , C. U. , James , R. A. , Struve , M. F and Wong , B. A. 2005a . Maternal-fetal distribution of manganese in the rat following inhalation exposure to manganese sulfate . Neurotoxicology , 26 : 625 – 632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman , D. C. , McElveen , A. M. , Marshall , M. W. , Parkinson , C. U. , James , R. A. , Struve , M. F. and Wong , B. A. 2005b . Tissue manganese concentrations in lactating rats and their offspring following combined in utero and lactation exposure to inhaled manganese sulfate . Toxicol Sci , 84 : 12 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman , D. C. , Struve , M. F. , Clewell , H. J. 3rd and Andersen , M. E. 2006a . Application of pharmacokinetic data to the risk assessment of inhaled manganese . Neurotoxicology , 27 : 752 – 764 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman , D. C. , Struve , M. F. , Marshall , M. W. , Parkinson , C. U. , James , R. A. and Wong , B. A. 2006b . Tissue manganese concentrations in young male rhesus monkeys following subchronic manganese sulfate inhalation . Toxicol. Sci. , 92 : 201 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman , D. C. , Struve , M. F. , Wong , B. A. , Dye , J. A. and Robertson , I. D. 2006c . Correlation of brain magnetic resonance imaging changes with pallidal manganese concentrations in rhesus monkeys following subchronic manganese inhalation . Toxicol. Sci. , 92 : 219 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson , K. M. , Dorman , D. C. , Lash , L. H. , Dobson , A. W. and Aschner , M. 2004 . Airborne manganese exposure differentially affects end points of oxidative stress in an age- and sex-dependent manner . Biol. Trace Elem. Res. , 100 : 49 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson , K. M. , Dorman , D. C. , Lash , L. H. and Aschner , M. 2005 . Persistent alterations in biomarkers of oxidative stress due to combined in utero and neonatal manganese inhalation . Biol. Trace Elem. Res. , 104 : 151 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson , K. M. , Dorman , D. C. , Fitsanakis , V. , Lash , L. H. and Aschner , M. 2006 . Alterations of oxidative stress biomarkers due to in utero and neonatal exposures of airborne manganese . Biol. Trace Elem. Res. , 111 : 199 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson , K. M. , Dorman , D. C. , Lash , L. H. and Aschner , M. 2007 . Manganese inhalation by rhesus monkeys is associated with brain regional changes in biomarkers of neurotoxicity . Toxicol. Sci. , 97 : 459 – 466 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leavens , T. L. , Rao , D. , Andersen , M. E. and Dorman , D. C. 2007 . Evaluating transport of manganese from olfactory mucosa to striatum by pharmacokinetic modeling . Toxicol. Sci. , 97 : 265 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , J. , Bench , G. , Myers , O. , Tinner , B. , Staines , W. , Barr , E. , Divine , K. K. , Barrington , W. and Karlsson , J. 2005 . Trigeminal uptake and clearance of inhaled manganese chloride in rats and mice . Neurotoxicology , 26 : 113 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molders , N. , Schilling , P. J. , Wong , J. , Roos , J. W. and Smith , I. L. 2001 . X-ray fluorescence mapping and micro-XANES spectroscopic characterization of exhaust particulates emitted from auto engines burning MMT-added gasoline . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 3122 – 3129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 1989 . Recommended dietary allowances , 10th , 230 – 235 . Washington, DC : Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council, National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nong , A. , Teeguarden , J. G. , Clewell , H. J. III , Dorman , D. C. and Andersen , M. E. 2008 . Pharmacokinetic modeling of manganese in the rat IV: Assessing factors that contribute to brain accumulation during inhalation exposure . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 71 : 1 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , D. B. , Wong , B. A. , McManus , B. E. , McElveen , A. M. , James , A. R. and Dorman , D. C. 2003 . Inhaled iron, unlike manganese, is not transported to the rat brain via the olfactory pathway . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 193 : 116 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ressler , T. , Wong , J. and Roos , J. W. 1999 . Manganese speciation in exhaust particulates of automobiles using MMT-containing gasoline . J. Synchrotron Radiat. , 6 : 656 – 658 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roels , H. , Lauwerys , R. , Buchet , J.-P. , Genet , P. , Sarhan , M. J. , Hanotiau , I. , de Fays , M. , Bernard , A. and Stanescu , D. 1987 . Epidemiological survey among workers exposed to manganese: Effects on lung, central nervous system, and some biological indices . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 11 : 307 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roels , H. A. , Ghyselen , P. , Buchet , J. P. , Ceulemans , E. and Lauwerys , R. R. 1992 . Assessment of the permissible exposure level to manganese in workers exposed to manganese dioxide dust . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 49 : 25 – 34 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santamaria , A. B. , Cushing , C. A. , Antonini , J. M. , Finley , B. L. and Mowat , F. S. 2007 . State-of-the-science review: Does manganese exposure during welding pose a neurological risk? . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B , 10 : 417 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struve , M. F. , McManus , B. E. , Wong , B. A. and Dorman , D. C. 2007 . Basal ganglia neurotransmitter concentrations in rhesus monkeys following subchronic manganese sulfate inhalation . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 50 : 772 – 778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , M. D. , Erikson , K. M. , Dobson , A. W. , Fitsanakis , V. A. , Dorman , D. C. and Aschner , M. 2006 . Effects of inhaled manganese on biomarkers of oxidative stress in the rat brain . Neurotoxicology , 27 : 788 – 797 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teeguarden , J. G. , Dorman , D. C. , Covington , T. R. , Clewell , H. J. III and Andersen , M. E. 2007a . Pharmacokinetic modeling of manganese I. Dose-dependencies of uptake and elimination . J Toxicol Environ Health A , 70 : 1493 – 1504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teeguarden , J. G. , Dorman , D. C. , Nong , A. , Covington , C. R. , Clewell , H. J. III and Andersen , M. E. 2007b . Pharmacokinetic modeling of manganese II. Hepatic processing after ingestion and inhalation . J. Toxicol. Environ Health A , 70 : 1505 – 1514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teeguarden , J. G. , Gearhart , J. , Clewell , H. J. III , Covington , C. R. , Nong , A. and Andersen , M. E. 2007c . Pharmacokinetic modeling of manganese III. Physiological approaches accounting for background and tracer kinetics . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 70 : 1515 – 1526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjälve , H. and Henriksson , J. 1999 . Uptake of metals in the brain via olfactory pathways . Neurotoxicology , 20 : 181 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1991 . Information needed to improve the risk characterization of manganese tetraoxide (Mn₃O₄) and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) , Washington, DC : Office of Research and Development, December 12 .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. Integrated Risk Information System. Manganese (CASRN 7439-96-5), Reference concentration for chronic inhalation exposure (RfC), (12/01/1993). www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/subst/0373.htm
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1994 . Reevaluation of inhalation health risks associated with methylcycclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in gasoline [Final] , Washington, DC : Office of Research and Development, EPA /600/R-94/062 .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Integrated Risk Information System. Manganese (CASRN 7439-96-5), Reference dose for chronic oral exposure (RfD), (05/01/1996). www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/subst/0373.htm
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2000 . [FRL–6837–4]. Final notification of alternative tier 2 requirements for methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) . Fed. Reg. , 65 ( 139 ) : 44775 – 44776 .
   Google Scholar
• Vitarella , D. , Moss , O. and Dorman , D. C. 2000 . Pulmonary clearance of manganese phosphate, manganese sulfate, and manganese tetraoxide by CD Rats following intratracheal instillation . Inhal. Toxicol. , 12 : 941 – 957 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber , S. , Dorman , D. C. , Lash , L. H. , Erikson , K. , Vrana , K. E. and Aschner , M. 2002 . Effects of manganese (Mn) on the developing rat brain: oxidative-stress related endpoints . Neurotoxicology , 23 : 169 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar