The Use of Categorical Regression in Modeling Copper Exposure-Response Relationships

REFERENCES

• Araya , M. , McGoldrick , M. C. , Klevay , L. M. , Strain , J. J. , Robson , P. , Nielsen , F. , Manuel , O. , Pizarro , F. , Johnson , L. and Poirier , K. A. 2001 . Determination of an acute no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for copper in water . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 34 : 137 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner , I. 1998 . Manifestations of copper excess . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 67 : 1069S – 1073S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese , E. K. , Beck , B. D. and Chappell , W. R. 1992 . Does the animal-to-human uncertainty factor incorporate interspecies differences in surface area? . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 15 : 172 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordano , A. 1978 . “ Copper deficiency in clinical medicine ” . In Monographs of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 2, Zinc and copper in clinical medicine , Edited by: Hambidge , K. M. and Nichols , B. L. Jr. 119 – 126 . New York : SP Medical Science Books .
   Google Scholar
• Coudray , C. , Feillet-Coudray , C. , Geux , E. , Mazur , A. and Rayssiguier , Y. 2006 . Dietary insulin intake and age can affect intestinal absorption of zinc and copper in rats . J. Nutr. , 136 : 117 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diggle , P. J. , Liang , K. Y. and Zeger , S. L. 1994 . Analysis of longitudinal data , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dourson , M. L. , Teuschler , L. K. , Durkin , P. R. and Stiteler , M. 1997 . Categorical regression of toxicity data: A case study using aldicarb . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 25 : 121 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine . 2002 . Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids , Washington, DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fuentealba , I. C. , Mullins , J. E. , Aburto , E. M. , Lau , J. C. and Cherian , G. M. 2000 . Effect of age and sex on liver damage due to excess dietary copper in Fischer 344 rats . J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , 38 : 709 – 717 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita , M. , Itakura , T. , Takagi , Y. and Okada , A. 1989 . Copper deficiency during total parenteral nutrition: clinical analysis of three cases . J. Parenteral Enteral Nutr. , 13 : 421 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitlin , J. 2003 . Wilson disease . Gastroenterology , 125 : 1868 – 1877 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldhaber , S. B. 2003 . Trace element risk assessment: essentiality vs. toxicity . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 38 : 232 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guth , D. J. , Carroll , R. J. , Simpson , D. G. and Zhou , H. 1997 . Categorical regression analysis of acute exposure to tetrachoroethylene . Risk Anal. , 17 : 321 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haber , L. , Strickland , J. A. and Guth , D. J. 2001 . Categorical regression analysis of toxicity data . Comments Toxicol. , 7 : 437 – 452 .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , L. J. and McArdle , H. J. 2008 . Biomarkers of copper status: A brief update . Br. J. Nutr. , 99 : S10 – S13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , A. W. 2007 . Principles and methods of toxicology , New York : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hebert , C. D. 1993 . NTP Technical report on toxicity studies of cupric sulfate (CAS No. 7758–99–8) administered in drinking water and feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice . Toxicol. Rep. Ser. , NTIS PB95–120870/HDM: 1–122. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/files/Tox29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hertzberg , R. C. and Dourson , M. L. . Using categorical regression instead of a NOAEL to characterize a toxicologist's judgement in noncancer risk assessment . Proceedings, Second International Symposium on Uncertainty Modeling and Analysis . College Park, MD. Edited by: Ayyub , B. M. pp. 254 – 261 . Los Alamitos, CA : IEEE Computer Society Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hertzberg , R. C. and Miller , M. 1985 . A statistical model for species extrapolation using categorical response data . Toxicol. Ind. Health. , 1 : 43 – 57 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• International Programme on Chemical Safety . 1998 . Environmental health criteria no. 200: Copper , Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Kaler , S. G. 1994 . Menkes disease . Adv. Pediat. , 41 : 263 – 304 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaler , S. G. 1996 . Menkes disease mutations and response to early copper histidine treatment . Nat. Genet. , 13 : 21 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaler , S. G. 1998 . Metabolic and molecular bases of Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome . Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. , 1 : 85 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klevay , L. M. 1980 . The influence of copper and zinc on the occurrence of ischemic heart disease . J. Environ. Toxicol. Pathol. , 4 : 281 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krewski , D. and Chambers , A. 2009 . Development of a copper toxicity database for dose-response analysis . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 73 : XXX – XXX .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullagh , P. and Nelder , J. A. 1989 . Generalized linear models , 2nd , London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Milne , D. B. 1998 . Copper intake and assessment of copper status . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 67 : 1041S – 1045S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donohue , J. , Reid , M. , Varghese , A. , Portmann , B. and Williams , R. 1999 . A case of adult chronic copper self-intoxication resulting in cirrhosis . Eur. J. Med. Res. , 4 : 252
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olivares , M. , Araya , M. , Pizarro , F. and Uauy , R. 2001 . Nausea threshold in apparently healthy individuals who drink fluids containing graded concentrations of copper . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 33 : 271 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizarro , F. , Olivares , M. , Uauy , R. , Contreras , P. , Rebelo , A. and Gidi , V. 1999 . Acute gastrointestinal effects of graded levels of copper in drinking water . Environ. Health Perspect. , 107 : 117 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhomberg , L. R. and Lewandowski , T. A. 2006 . Methods for identifying a default cross-species scaling factor . Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. , 12 : 1094 – 1127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , J. C. L. 1992 . “ Copper deficiency in term and preterm infants ” . In Nutritional anaemias , Edited by: Fomon , S. J. and Zlotkin , S. 105 – 117 . New York : Vevey/Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , D. G. , Carroll , R. J. , Zhou , H. and Guth , D. J. 1996 . Interval censoring and marginal analysis in ordinal regression . J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. , 1 : 354 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Spitalny , K. C. , Brondum , J. , Vogt , R. L. , Sargent , H. E. and Kappel , S. 1984 . Drinking-water-induced copper intoxication in a Vermont family . Pediatrics , 74 : 1103 – 1106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , B. R. , Solioz , M. , Krewski , D. , Aggett , P. , Aw , T-C. , Baker , S. , Crump , K. , Dourson , M. , Haber , L. , Hertzberg , R. , Keen , C. , Meek , B. , Rudenko , L. , Schoeny , R. , Slob , W. and Starr , T. 2007 . Copper and human health: Biochemistry, genetics, and strategies for modeling dose-response relationships . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B , 10 : 157 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strain , J. J. 1994 . Newer aspects of micronutrients in chronic disease: Copper . Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 53 : 583 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis , C. C. and White , R. K. 1988 . Interspecific scaling of toxicity . Risk Anal. , 8 : 119 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnlund , J. R. , Keyes , W. R. , Anderson , H. L. and Acord , L. L. 1989 . Copper absorption and retention in young men at three levels of dietary copper by use of the stable isotope 65Cu . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 49 : 870 – 878 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uauy , R. , Maass , A. and Araya , M. 2008 . Estimating risk from copper excess in human populations . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 88 : 867S – 71S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2000 . CatReg software user manual , Washington, DC : Office of Research and Development, National Centre for Environmental Assessment. EPA/600/R-98/052 .
   Google Scholar
• Varada , K. R. , Harper , R. G. and Wapnir , R. A. 1993 . Development of copper intestinal absorption in the rat . Biochem. Med. Metabol. Biol. , 50 : 277 – 283 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wijmenga , C. , Muller , T. , Murli , I. S. , Brunt , T. , Feichtinger , H. and Schonitzer , D. 1998 . Endemic Tyrolean infantile cirrhosis is not an allelic variant of Wilson's disease . Eur. J. Hum. Genet. , 6 : 624 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2002. Principles and methods for the assessment of risks from trace elements http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc228.htm
   Google Scholar
• Wyllie , J. 1957 . Copper poisoning at a cocktail party . Am. J. Public Health , 47 : 617
   Google Scholar