Environmental and Human Health Risk Assessment for Essential Trace Elements: Considering the Role for Geoscience

REFERENCES

• Abrahams , P. W. 2006 . Soil, geography and human disease: A critical review of the importance of medical cartography . Prog. Phys. Geogr. , 30 : 490 – 512 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahams , P. W. and Thornton , I. 1987 . Distribution and extent of land contaminated by arsenic and associated metals in mining regions of southwest England . Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. (Sect. B: Appl. Earth Sci.), Inst. Mining Metallurgy , 96 : 131 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Alloway , B. J. “ Bioavailability of elements in soil ” . In Essentials of Medical Geology: Impacts of the Natural Environment on Public Health , Edited by: Selinus , O. , Alloway , B. , Centeno , J. A. , Finkelman , R. B , Fuge , R. , Lindh , U. and Smedley , P. 347 – 372 . London : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , P. H. , Berrett , S. and Patterson , D. S. P. 1979 . The biological selenium status of livestock in Britain as indicated by sheep erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity . Vet. Rec , 104 : 235 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apambire , W. B. , Boyle , D. R. and Michel , F. A. 1997 . Geochemistry, genesis, and health implications of fluoriferous groundwaters in the upper regions of Ghana . Environ. Geol. , 33 : 13 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armienta , M. A. and Segovia , N. 2008 . Arsenic and fluoride in the ground water of Mexico . Environ. Geochem. Health. , 30 : 345 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aschengrau , A. and Seage , G. R. 2008 . Essentials of epidemiology in public health , 2nd , Sudbury, MA : Jones and Bartlett .
   Google Scholar
• Baroni , F. , Protano , G. , Riccobono , F. and Sabatini , G. 2000 . “ Essential and toxic elements in roe deer blood (Siena County) Italy ” . In Trace elements; Their distribution and effects in the environment (Trace metals in the environment 4) , Edited by: Markert , B. and Friese , K. 485 – 505 . Oxford : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Blum , A. , Chery , L. and Legrand , H. 2007 . L'eau souterraine est-elle toujours potable a l'etat naturel? . Geosciences , 5 : 58 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Bölviken , B. , Kullerud , G. and Loucks , R. R. 1990 . Geochemical and metallogenic provinces: A discussion initiated by results from geochemical mapping across northern Fennoscandia . J. Geochem. Explor , 39 : 49 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bright , D. A. , Richardson , G. M. and Dodd , M. 2006 . Do current standards of practice in Canada measure what is relevant to human exposure at contaminated sites?: A discussion of soil particle size and contaminant partitioning in soil . Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess , 12 : 591 – 605 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centeno , J. A. , Mullick , F. G. , Ishak , K. G , Franks , T. J. , Burke , A. P , Koss , M. N. , Per , D. P. , Tchounwou , P. B. and Pestaner , J. P. 2005 . “ Environmental pathology ” . In Essentials of medical geology: Impacts of the natural environment on public health , Edited by: Selinus , O. , Alloway , B. , Centeno , J. A. , Finkelman , R. B. , Fuge , R. , Lindh , U. and Smedley , P. 563 – 594 . London : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Centeno , J. A. , Cook , A. and Weinstein , P. 2006 . Environmental toxicology and exposure to natural dust: The role of trace elements . Chin. J. Geochem. , 25 ( suppl. 1 ) : 222 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Chaney , R. L. , Ryan , J. A. , Li , Y. M. and Brown , S. I. 1998 . “ Soil cadmium as a threat to human health ” . In Cadmium in soils, plants and the food chain , Edited by: McLaughlin , M. J. and Singh , B. R. 219 – 256 . Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Combs , F. G. 2005 . “ Geological impacts of nutrition ” . In Essentials of medical geology: Impacts of the natural environment on public health , Edited by: Selinus , O. , Alloway , B. , Centeno , J. A. , Finkelman , R. B. , Fuge , R. , Lindh , U. and Smedley , P. 812 London : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , B. E. , Bowman , C. , Davies , T. C. and Selinus , O. 2005 . “ Medical geology: perspectives and prospects ” . In Essentials of medical geology: Impacts of the natural environment on public health , Edited by: Selinus , O. , Alloway , B. , Centeno , J. A. , Finkelman , R. B. , Fuge , R. , Lindh , U. and Smedley , P. 1 – 6 . London : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , T. C. 2008 . Environmental health impacts of East African rift volcanism . Environ. Geochem. Health , 30 : 325 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiLabio , R. N. W. 1995 . “ Lithological analysis in drift prospecting studies ” . In Drift exploration in the Canadian Cordillera , Edited by: Bobrowsky , P. T. , Sibbick , S. J. , Newell , J. H. and Matysek , P. F. 139 – 148 . Victoria : British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Dissanayake , C. B. and Chandrajith , R. 2007 . Medical geology in tropical countries with special reference to Sri Lanka . Environ. Geochem. Health , 29 : 155 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , C. E. 1995 . Mineral exploration beneath temperate forests: The information supplied by trees . Explor. Min. Geol. , 4 : 197 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Edmunds , M. and Smedley , P. 2005 . “ Fluoride in natural waters ” . In Essentials of medical geology: Impacts of the natural environment on public health , Edited by: Selinus , O. , Alloway , B. , Centeno , J. A. , Finkelman , R. B. , Fuge , R. , Lindh , U. and Smedley , P. 301 – 329 . London : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson , K. 1973 . The distribution of some metals in different till fractions . Bull. Geol. Inst.Univ. Uppsala , 5 : 157 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Esser , K. B. , Bockheim , J. G. and Helmke , P. A. 1991 . Trace element distribution on soils formed in the Indiana Dunes, U.S.A . Soil Sci. , 152 : 340 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbridge , R. W. 1972 . “ The ” . In encyclopedia of geochemistry and environmental sciences , 696 – 702 . Stroudsburg, PA : Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross .
   Google Scholar
• Fairbrother , A. , Wenstel , R. , Sappington , K. and Wood , W. 2007 . Framework for metals risk assessment . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety , 68 : 145 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson , W. S. , Lewis , A. J. and Watson , S. J. 1943 . The teart pastures of Somerset. I: The cause and cure of teartness . J. Agric. Sci. , 33 : 44 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Finkelman , R. B. , Belkin , H. E. and Zheng , B. 1999 . Health impacts of domestic coal use in China . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 96 : 3427 – 3431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming , G. A. 1980 . “ Essential micronutrients II: Iodine and selenium ” . In Applied soil trace elements , Edited by: Davis , B. E. 199 – 234 . New York : Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Fordyce , F. 2005 . “ Selenium deficiency and toxicity in the environment ” . In Essentials of medical geology: Impacts of the natural environment on public health , Edited by: Selinus , O. , Alloway , B. , Centeno , J. A. , Finkelman , R. B. , Fuge , R. , Lindh , U. and Smedley , P. 373 – 416 . London : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Foster , P. T. 2001 . “ The geography of disease family trees: the case of selenium ” . In Geoenvironmental mapping: Methods, theory and practice , Edited by: Bobrowsky , P. T. 497 – 529 . London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Frankenberger , W. T. and Bensen , S. 1994 . Selenium in the environment , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Frankenberger , W. T. Jr. and Engberg , R. A. 1998 . Environmental chemistry of selenium , New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Gambling , L. 2008 . “ Metal specific risk assessments—European perspective ” . In Proceedings on Health Risk Assessment of Essential Metals Workshop, May 6–7, 2008 , 9 – 13 . Ottawa : University of Ottawa .
   Google Scholar
• Garrett , R. G. 2005 . “ Natural distribution and abundance of elements ” . In Essentials of medical geology: Impacts of the natural environment on public health , Edited by: Selinus , O. , Alloway , B. , Centeno , J. A. , Finkelman , R. B. , Fuge , R. , Lindh , U. and Smedley , P. 17 – 41 . London : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Goldhaber , S. B. 2003 . Trace element risk assessment: Essentiality vs. toxicity . Regul. Pharmacol.. Toxicol. , 38 : 232 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsson , N. , Bolviken , B. , Smith , D. B. and Severson , R. C. 2001 . Geochemical landscapes of the conterminous United States: New map presentations for 22 elements , U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1648 . United States Department of the Interior.
   Google Scholar
• Hafeman , D. , Factor-Litvak , P. , Cheng , Z. , van Geen , A. and Ahsan , H. 2007 . Association between manganese exposure through drinking water and infant mortality in Bangladesh . Environ. Health Perspect. , 115 : 1107 – 1112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hameed , A. and Vohra , S. B. 1990 . Role of elements in pathogenesis and therapy of some selected diseases. New horizons of health aspects of elements , New Delhi : Jamia Hamdard .
   Google Scholar
• Hartikainen , J. 2005 . Biogeochemistry of selenium and its impact on food chain quality and human health . J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. , 18 : 309 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz , A. J. 1991 . A primer on sediment trace element chemistry , Chelsea, MI : Lewis .
   Google Scholar
• Kevley , L. M. 2000 . Supplement: Cardiovascular disease from copper deficiency: A history . J. Nutr. , 130 : 489S – 492S .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , T. A. and Abbasi , M. A. 2004 . Effects of trace elements on human metabolism and their presence in the potable water of Ganga-Nim groundwater basin, India . Water Resources , 31 : 588 – 638 .
   Google Scholar
• Kibblewhite , M. G. , van Rensburg , S. J. , Laker , M. C. and Rose , E. F. 1984 . Evidence for an intimate geochemical factor in the etiology of esophageal cancer . Environ. Res. , 33 : 370 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilburn , C. J. 1987 . Manganese, malformation and motor disorders: Findings in a Manganese-exposed population . Neurotoxicology , 8 : 421 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskinen , S. 1994 . Origins of regional differences in mortality from ischaemic heart disease in Finland . NAWH Res. Rep. , 41 : 204
   Google Scholar
• Kousa , A. and Nikkarinen , M. 2003 . Geochemistry of local ground water in relation to the incidence of chronic disease . Geol. Survey Finland Special Paper , 26 : 53 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Kubota , J. 1975 . Areas of molybdenum toxicity to grazing ruminants in the western United States . J. Range Manage , 28 : 252 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Kubota , J. 1976 . “ Molybdenum status of United States soils and plants ” . In Molybdenum in the environment, vol. 2, The geochemistry, cycling and industrial uses of molybdenum , Edited by: Chappell , W. R. and Petersen , K. K. 555 – 581 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Kubota , J. and Allaway , W. H. 1972 . “ Geographic distribution of trace element problems ” . In Micronutrients in agriculture , Edited by: Mortvedt , J. J. , Lindsay , W. L. and Giordano , P.M. 525 – 554 . Madison, WI : Soil Science Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Kubota , J. , Allaway , W. H. , Carte , D. F. , Cary , E. E. and Lazar , V. A. 1967 . Selenium in crops in the United States in relation to selenium responsive diseases in animals . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 14 : 448 – 428 .
   Google Scholar
• Lag , J. 1990 . “ General survey of geomedicine ” . In Geomedicine , Edited by: Lag , J. 1 – 24 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lar , U. A. and Tejan , A. B. 2008 . Highlights of some environmental problems of geomedical significance in Nigeria . Environ. Geochem. Health , 30 : 383 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , A. H. 1943 . The teart pastures of Somerset. II. Relation between soil and teartness . J. Agric. Sci. , 33 : 52 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Leybourne , M. I. , Peter , J. M. , Johannesson , K. J. and Boyle , D. R. 2008 . The Lake St. Martin bolide has a big impact on groundwater fluoride concentrations . Geology , 36 : 115 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , C. 2007 . Selenium deficiency and endemic heart failure in China, A case study of biogeochemistry for human health . AMBIO , 36 : 90 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljung , K. , Selnius , O. and Otabbong , E. 2006 . Metals in soils of children's urban environments in the small northern European city of Uppsala . Sci. Total Environ. , 366 : 749 – 759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukola-Ruskeeniemi , K. , Kantola , M. , Henttonene , P. , Halonen , T. , Paukola , T. , Seppanen , K. , Kallio , E. , Illmasti , M. , Vanne , J. , Timonen , O. and Kollaan , K. 1999 . Migration of potentially harmful elements from black shales to aquatic ecosystems and local residents: Preliminary results in eastern Finland . Geol. Survey Finland Special Paper , 27 : 107 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Ljung , K. , Selinus , O. , Otabbong , E. and Berglund , M. 2006 . Metal and arsenic distribution in soil particle sizes relevant to soil ingestion by children . Appl. Geochem. , 21 : 1613 – 1624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyengar , V. A. W. J. 1988 . Trace elements in human clinical specimens; Evaluation of literature data to identify reference values . Clin. Chem , 34 : 474 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moynaham , E. J. 1979 . Trace elements in man . Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. , 288 : 65 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na , L. , Zhidong , G. , Degang , L. , Xun , T. , Dafang , C. and Yonghua , H. 2007 . Selenium level in the environment and the population of Zhoukoudian area, Beijing, China . Sci. Total Environ , 381 : 105 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies . 2007 . Earth materials and health: Research priorities for earth science and public health , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nielson , J. B. and Jenson , T. K. 2005 . “ Environmental epidemiology ” . In Essentials of medical geology: Impacts of the natural environment on public health , Edited by: Selinus , O. , Alloway , B. , Centeno , J. A. , Finkelman , R. B. , Fuge , R. , Lindh , U. and Smedley , P. 529 – 540 . London : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Nordberg , M. and Cherien , M. G. 2005 . “ Biological responses of elements ” . In Essentials of medical geology: Impacts of the natural environment on public health , Edited by: Selinus , O. , Alloway , B. , Centeno , J. A. , Finkelman , R. B. , Fuge , R. , Lindh , U. and Smedley , P. 179 – 202 . London : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Oruc , N. 2008 . Occurrence and problems of high fluoride waters in Turkey: An overview . Environ. Geochem. Health , 30 : 315 – 323 .
   Google Scholar
• Painter , S. , Cameron , E. M. , Allan , R. and Rouse , J. 1994 . Reconnaissance geochemistry and its environmental relevance . J. Geochem. Explor. , 51 : 213 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plumlee , G. S. and Ziegler , T. L. 2003 . “ The medical geochemistry of dusts, soils, and other earth materials ” . In Environmental geochemistry (Treatise on geochemistry , Edited by: Lollar , B. S. Vol. 9 , 263 – 310 . Oxford : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , M. G. , Bright , D. A. and Dodd , M. 2006 . Do current standards of practice in Canada measure what is relevant to human exposure at contaminated sites? II: Oral bioacessibility of contaminants in soil . Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess , 12 : 606 – 616 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , I. and Beath , O. A. 1964 . Selenium: Geobotany, biochemistry, toxicity and nutrition , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , S. M. 1994 . “ Sources and forms of potentially toxic metals in soil-plant systems ” . In Toxic metals in soil plant systems , Edited by: Ross , S. M. 3 – 25 . Chichester, Great Britain : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Salminen , R. and Tarvainen , T. 1995 . Geochemical mapping and databases in Finland . J. Geochem. Explor. , 55 : 321 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samut , M. L. , Noack , Y. and Rose , J. 2006 . Zinc speciation in steel plant atmospheric emissions; A multitechnical approach . J. Geochem. Explor. , 88 : 239 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selinus , O. 2005 . Essentials of medical geology: Impacts of the natural environment on public health , London : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Shacklette , H. T. , Hamilton , J. C. , Boerngen , J. G. and Bowles , J. M. 1984 . “ Element concentrations in soils and other surficial media of the conterminous United States ” . In United States Geol. Survey Professional Paper 1270
   Google Scholar
• Shilts , W. W. 1978 . “ Detailed sedimentological study of till sheets in a stratigraphic section, Samson River, Quebec ” . In Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 285
   Google Scholar
• Shilts , W.W. 1995 . “ Geochemical partitioning in till ” . In Drift exploration in the Canadian Cordillera , Edited by: Bobrowsky , P. T. , Sibbick , S. J. , Newell , J. H. and Matysek , P. F. 149 – 166 . Victoria : BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Shuman , L. M. 1979 . Zinc, manganese, and copper in soil fractions . Soil Sci. , 127 : 10 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , M. V. 2001 . Evaluation of current micronutrient stocks in different agro-ecological zones of India for sustainable crop production . Fertil. News , 46 : 25 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. H. , Lingas , E. O. and Rahman , M. 2000 . Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: A public health emergency . Bull. WHO , 78 : 1104 – 1117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snäll , S. and Liljefors , T. 2000 . Leachability of major elements from minerals in strong acids . J. Geochem. Explor. , 71 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinnes, E. 2006. Soils and geomedicine. In 18th World Congress in Soil Science, Philadelphia July 9–15, 2006 http://a-c-s.confex.com/crops/wc2006/techprogram/P15912.HTM
   Google Scholar
• Stocks , P. and Davies , R. I. 1964 . Zinc and copper content of soils associated with the incidence of cancer of the stomach and other organs . Br. J. Cancer , 19 : 14 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Taneja , S. K. and Mandal , R. 2007 . Mineral factors controlling essential hypertension: A study in the Chandigarh, India population . Biol Trace Elem. Res. , 120 : 61 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarvainen , T. 1995 . The geochemical correlation between coarse and fine fractions of till in southern Finland . J. Geochem. Explor. , 54 : 187 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson , I. , Thornton , I. and Webb , R. 1972 . Molybdenum in Black Shales and the incidence of bovine hypocuprosis . J. Sci, Food Agric , 23 : 879 – 891 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton , I. 1966 . Applied environmental geochemistry , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thornton , I. 1993 . Environmental geochemistry and health in the 1990’s: A global perspective . Appl.Geochem. Suppl , 2 : 203 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Thornton , I. , Moon , R. N. B. and Webb , J. S. 1969 . Geochemical reconnaissance of the Lower Lias . Nature , 221 : 457 – 459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voisin , A. 1959 . Soil grass and cancer , London : Crosby Lockwood .
   Google Scholar
• Vogt , J. H. L. 1888 . Norske ertsforekomster. V. Titanjernforekomsterne i noritfeltet ved Ekersund-Soggendal . Arch Math. Naturvidensk , 12 : 1 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Orgnaization. 1999. World health report 1999: Making a difference. Geneva: World Health Organization http://www.who.int/whr/1999/en/whr99_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yu , W. H. , Harvey , C. M. and Harvey , C. F. 2003 . Arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh: A geostatistical and epidemiological framework for evaluating health effects and potential remedies . Water Resources Res , 39 : 1146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar