Alternative Bioassay for the Detection of Saxitoxin Using the Speckled Cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea)

REFERENCES

• Baker , P. D. and Fabbro , L. D. 1999 . A guide to the identification of common blue-green algae (Cyanoprokaryotes) in Australian freshwaters. Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology Identification Guide No. 25 , Edited by: Sonnemon , J. and Hawking , J. H. Thurgoona : CRCFE .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , P. D. and Humpage , A. R. 1994 . Toxicity associated with commonly occurring cyanobacteria in surface waters of the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia . Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. , 45 : 773 – 786 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass , E. L. 1986 . Use of the cricket Acheta domestica L. as a bioassay organism for the toxic extract from Gonyaulax monilata (Dinophyceae) . J. Phycol. , 22 : 546 – 548 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltran , E. C. and Neilan , B. A. 2000 . Geographical segregation of the neurotoxin-producing cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 66 : 4468 – 4474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowling , L. C. and Baker , P. D. 1996 . Major cyanobacterial bloom in the Barwon-Darling River, Australia, in 1991, and underlying limnological conditions . Mar. Freshwater Res. , 47 : 643 – 657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows , W. D. and Renner , S. E. 1999 . Biological warfare agents as threats to potable water . Environ. Health Perspect. , 107 : 975 – 984 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmichael , W. W. , Evans , W. R. , Yin , Q. Q. , Bell , P. and Moczydlowski , E. 1997 . Evidence for paralytic shellfish poisons in the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei (Farlow ex Gomont) comb. nov . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 63 : 3104 – 3110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cestele , S. and Catterall , W. A. 2000 . Molecular mechanisms of neurotoxin action on voltage-gated sodium channels . Biochimie , 82 : 883 – 892 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , F.-C. T. , Spriggs , D. L. , Benton , B. J. , Keller , S. A. and Capacio , B. R. 1997 . 4-Aminopyridine reverses saxitoxin (STX)- and tetrodotoxin (TTX)-induced cardiorespiratory depression in chronically instrumented guinea pigs . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , 38 : 75 – 88 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen , Y.-M. , Lee , T.-H. , Lee , S.-J. , Huang , H.-B. , Huang , R. and Chou , H.-N. 2006 . Comparison of protein phosphatase inhibition activities and mouse toxicities of microcystins . Toxicon , 47 : 742 – 746 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choo , L. E. W. , Tang , C. S. , Pang , F. Y. and Ho , S. H. 2000 . Comparison of two bioassay methods for determining deltamethrin resistance in German cockroaches (Blattodea: Blattellidae) . J. Econ. Entomol. , 93 : 905 – 910 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemons , G. P. , Pham , D. V. and Pinion , J. P. 1980 . Insecticidal activity of Gonyaulax (Dinophyceae) cell powders and saxitoxin to the German cockroach . J. Phycol. , 16 : 305 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , A. C. , Morris , S. , Reese , R. A. and Irving , S. N. 2006 . Assessment of fitness for purpose of an insect bioassay using the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria L.) for the detection of paralytic shellfish toxins in shellfish flesh . Toxicon , 48 : 662 – 671 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daranas , A. H. , Norte , M. and Fernandez , J. J. 2001 . Toxic marine microalgae . Toxicon , 39 : 1101 – 1132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney , J. M. and Wilkins , R. M. 1995 . Toxicity of microcystin-LR, isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa, against various insect species . Toxicon , 33 : 771 – 778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell'Aversano , C. , Eaglesham , G. K. and Quilliam , M. A. 2004 . Analysis of cyanobacterial toxins by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A , 1028 : 155 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias , E. , Pereira , P. and Franca , S. 2002 . Production of paralytic shellfish toxins by Aphanizomenon sp. LMEYCA31 (Cyanobacteria) . J. Phycol. , 38 : 705 – 712 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaglesham , G. K. , Norris , R. L. , Shaw , G. R. , Smith , M. J. , Chiswell , R. K. , Davis , B. C. , Neville , G. R. , Seawright , A. A. and Moore , M. R. 1999 . Use of HPLC-MS/MS to monitor cylindrospermopsin, a blue-green algal toxin, for public health purposes . Environ. Toxicol. , 14 : 151 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EXTOXNET. 1993. Extension Toxicology Network Pesticide Information Profile http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/index.html (http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/index.html) (Accessed: 4 July 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Falconer , I. R. , Hardy , S. J. , Humpage , A. R. , Froscio , S. M. and Tozer , G. J. 1999 . Hepatic and renal toxicity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in male Swiss albino mice . Environ. Toxicol. , 14 : 143 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira , F. M. B. , Soler , J. M. F. , Fidalgo , M. L. and Fernandez-Vila , P. 2001 . PSP toxins from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (cyanobacteria) collected in the Crestuma-Lever reservoir (Douro river, northern Portugal) . Toxicon , 39 : 757 – 761 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finney , D. J. 1971 . Probit analysis , 3rd , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald , J. D. , Cunliffe , D. A. and Burch , M. D. 1999 . Development of health alerts for cyanobacteria and related toxins in drinking water in South Australia . Environ. Toxicol. , 14 : 203 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foran , J. A. and Brosnan , T. M. 2000 . Early warning systems for hazardous biological agents in potable water . Environ. Health Perspect. , 108 : 993 – 996 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guiry, M. D., and Guiry, G. M. 2008. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway http://www.algaebase.org (http://www.algaebase.org) (Accessed: 4 July 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Hall , S. 2001 . “ FDA initiatives in HAB marine biotoxins ” . In Harmful algal blooms on the North American West Coast , Edited by: RaLonde , R. 11 – 16 . Fairbanks : University of Alaska Sea Grant . AK-SG-01-05
   Google Scholar
• Harada , T. , Oshima , Y. and Yasumoto , T. 1983 . Natural occurrence of decarbomoylsaxitoxin in tropical dinoflagellate and bivalves . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 71 : 191 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins , P. R. , Chandrasena , N. R. , Jones , G. J. , Humpage , A. R. and Falconer , I. R. 1997 . Isolation and toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from an ornamental lake . Toxicon , 35 : 341 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazardous Substances Data Bank. 2005. Hazardous Substances Data Bank, Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (USA). Mevinphos (CASRN: 7786-34-7), Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 777. Last Revision Date 03/10/2005 http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB) (Accessed: 4 July 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Hickman , C. P. , Roberts , L. S. and Larson , A. 1993 . Integrated principles of zoology , 9th , St. Louis , MO : Mosby .
   Google Scholar
• Hiripi , L. , Nagy , L. , Kalmar , T. , Kovacs , A. and Voros , L. 1998 . Insect (Locusta migratoria migratorioides) test monitoring the toxicity of cyanobacteria . Neurotoxicology , 19 : 605 – 608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , J. and McGregor , D. 2000 . Reducing nutrient enrichment of waterways through public education: A tale of two cities . Environ. Conserv. , 27 : 351 – 358. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humpage , A. R. , Fontaine , F. , Froscio , S. , Burcham , P. and Falconer , I. R. 2005 . Cylindrospermopsin genotoxicity and cytotoxicity: Role of cytochrome P-450 and oxidative stress . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 68 : 739 – 753 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humpage , A. R. , Ledreux , A. , Fanok , S. , Bernard , C. , Briand , J.-F. , Eaglesham , G. , Papageorgiou , J. , Nicholson , B. and Steffensen , D. 2007 . Application of the neuroblastoma assay for paralytic shellfish poisons to neurotoxic freshwater cyanobacteria: Interlaboratory calibration and comparison with other methods of analysis . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 26 : 1512 – 1519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humpage , A. R. , Rositano , J. , Bretag , A. H. , Brown , R. , Baker , P. D. , Nicholson , B. C. and Steffensen , D. A. 1994 . Paralytic shellfish poisons from Australian cyanobacterial blooms . Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. , 45 : 761 – 771 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jellett , J. F. , Roberts , R. L. , Laycock , M. V. , Quilliam , M. A. and Barrett , R. E. 2002 . Detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish tissue using MIST AlertTM, a new rapid test, in parallel with the regulatory AOAC® mouse bioassay . Toxicon , 40 : 1407 – 1425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan , E. L. and Verma , P. S. 2001 . Invertebrate zoology , New Dehli : S Chand & Company Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Kaas , H. and Henriksen , P. 2000 . Saxitoxins (PSP toxins) in Danish lakes . Water Res. , 34 : 2089 – 2097 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiviranta , J. and Abdelhameed , A. 1994 . Toxicity of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria agardhii to the mosquito Aedes aegypti and the shrimp Artemia salina . World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 10 : 517 – 520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostal , V. , Yanagimoto , M. and Bastl , J. 2006 . Chilling-injury and disturbance of ion homeostasis in the coxal muscle of the tropical cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea) . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 143 : 171 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagos , N. , Onodera , H. , Zagatto , P. A. , Andrinolo , D. , Azevedo , S. M. F. Q. and Oshima , Y. 1999 . The first evidence of paralytic shellfish toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, isolated from Brazil . Toxicon , 37 : 1359 – 1373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. , Chen , W. , Li , D. , Shen , Y. , Liu , Y. and Song , L. 2006 . Analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins in Aphanizomenon DC-1 from Lake Dianchi, China . Environ. Toxicol. , 21 : 289 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llewellyn , L. , Negri , A. , Doyle , J. , Baker , P. , Beltran , E. and Neilan , B. 2001 . Radioreceptor assays for sensitive detection and quantitation of saxitoxin and its analogs from strains of the freshwater cyanobacterium, Anabaena circinalis . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 35 : 1445 – 1451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzoli-Palma , M. F. , Gobbi , N. and Palma , M. S. 2003 . Insects as biological models to assay spider and scorpion venom toxicity . J. Venom. Animal Toxins Trop. Dis. , 9 : 174 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Matthiessen , L. , Lucaroni , B. and Sachez , E. 2003 . Towards responsible animal research . EMBO Rep. , 4 : 104 – 107 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• May , V. and McBarron , E. J. 1973 . Occurrence of the blue-green alga, Anabaena circinalis Rabenh., in New South Wales and toxicity to mice and honeybees . J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci. , 39 : 264 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElhiney , J. , Lawton , L. A. , Edwards , C. and Gallacher , S. 1998 . Development of a bioassay employing the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) for the detection of saxitoxin and related compounds in cyanobacteria and shellfish . Toxicon , 36 : 417 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micheli , L. , Di Stefano , S. , Moscone , D. , Palleschi , G. , Marini , S. , Coletta , M. , Draisci , R. and delli Quadri , F. 2002 . Production of antibodies and development of highly sensitive formats of enzyme immunoassay for saxitoxin analysis . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , 373 : 678 – 684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molica , R. , Onodera , H. , Garcia , C. , Rivas , M. , Andrinolo , D. , Nascimento , S. , Meguro , H. , Oshima , Y. , Azevedo , S. and Lagos , N. 2002 . Toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanophyceae) isolated from Tabocas reservoir in Caruaru, Brazil, including demonstration of a new saxitoxin analog . Phycologia , 41 : 606 – 611 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molica , R. J. R. , Oliveira , E. J. A. , Carvalho , P. V. V. C. , Costa , A. N. S. F. , Cunha , M. C. C. , Melo , G. L. and Azevedo , S. M. F. O. 2005 . Occurrence of saxitoxins and an anatoxin-a(s)-like anticholinesterase in a Brazilian drinking water supply . Harmful Algae , 4 : 743 – 753 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negri , A. P. and Jones , G. J. 1995 . Bioaccumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins from the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis by the freshwater mussel Alathyria condola . Toxicon , 33 : 667 – 678 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negri , A. P. , Jones , G. J. , Blackburn , S. I. , Oshima , Y. and Onodera , H. 1997 . Effect of culture and bloom development and of sample storage on paralytic shellfish poisons in the cyanobacterium . Anabaena circinalis. J. Phycol. , 33 : 26 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Health and Medical Research Council . 2004 . Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes , 3 5 6 28 Canberra : National Health and Medical Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• National Health and Medical Research Council and Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council . 2004 . National water quality management strategy: Australian drinking water guidelines 6 , Canberra : National Health and Medical Research Council and the Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council .
   Google Scholar
• Nogueira , I. C. G. , Pereira , P. , Dias , E. , Pflugmacher , S. , Wiegand , C. , Franca , S. and Vasconcelos , V. M. 2004 . Accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) from the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi by the cladoceran Daphnia magna . Toxicon , 44 : 773 – 780 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris , R. L. , Eaglesham , G. K. , Pierens , G. , Shaw , G. R. , Smith , M. J. , Chiswell , R. K. , Seawright , A. A. and Moore , M. R. 1999 . Deoxycylindrospermopsin, an analog of cylindrospermopsin from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii . Environ. Toxicol. , 14 : 163 – 166. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtani , I. , Moore , R. E. and Runnegar , M. T. C. 1992 . Cylindrospermopsis: A potent hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 114 : 7941 – 7942 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oikawa , H. , Fujita , T. , Satomi , M. , Suzuki , T. , Kotani , Y. and Yano , Y. 2002 . Accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the edible shore crab Telmessus acutidens . Toxicon , 40 : 1593 – 1599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okumura , M. , Tsuzuki , H. and Tomita , B.-I. 2005 . A rapid detection method for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by cell bioassay . Toxicon , 46 : 93 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onodera , H. , Satake , M. , Oshima , Y. , Yasumoto , T. and Carmichael , W. W. 1997 . New saxitoxin analogs from the freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei . Nat. Toxins , 5 : 146 – 151 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oshima , Y. 1995 . Postcolumn derivatization liquid chromatographic method for paralytic shellfish toxins . J. AOAC Int. , 78 : 528 – 532 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patockaa , J. and Stredab , L. 2002 . Brief review of natural nonprotein neurotoxins . ASA Newslett. , 89 : 16 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Pereira , P. , Dias , E. , Franca , S. , Pereira , E. , Carolino , M. and Vasconcelos , V. 2004a . Accumulation and depuration of cyanobacterial paralytic shellfish toxins by the freshwater mussel Anodonta cygnea . Aquat. Toxicol. , 68 : 339 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira , P. , Li , R. H. , Carmichael , W. W. , Dias , E. and Franca , S. 2004b . Taxonomy and production of paralytic shellfish toxins by the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile LMECYA40 . Eur. J. Phycol. , 39 : 361 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira , P. , Onodera , H. , Andrinolo , D. , Franca , S. , Araujo , F. , Lagos , N. and Oshima , Y. 2000 . Paralytic shellfish toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, isolated from Montargil reservoir, Portugal . Toxicon , 38 : 1689 – 1702 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietsch , C. , Wiegand , C. , Valeria , A. M. , Nicklisch , A. , Wunderlin , D. and Pflugmacher , S. 2001 . The effect of a cyanobacterial crude extract on different aquatic organisms: Evidence for cyanobacterial toxin modulating factors . Environ. Toxicol. , 16 : 535 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomati , F. , Sacchi , S. , Rossetti , C. , Giovannardi , S. , Onodera , H. , Oshima , Y. and Neilan , B. A. 2000 . The freshwater cyanobacterium Planktothrix sp. FP1: Molecular identification and detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins . J. Phycol. , 36 : 553 – 562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapala , J. , Robertson , A. , Negri , A. P. , Berg , K. A. , Tuomi , P. , Lyra , C. , Erkomaa , K. , Lahti , K. , Hoppu , K. and Lepisto , L. 2005 . First report of saxitoxin in Finnish lakes and possible associated effects on human health . Environ. Toxicol. , 20 : 331 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roach , A. M. E. and Rentz , D. C. F. 1998 . “ Blattodea ” . In Zoological catalogue of Australia, Vol. 23. Archaeognatha, Zygentoma, Blattodea, Isoptera, Mantodea, Dermaptera, Phasmatodea, Embioptera, Zoraptera , Edited by: Houston , W. K. K. and Wells , A. 21 – 111 . Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , J. L. , Smith , K. C. , Savin , N. E. and Lavigne , R. J. 1984 . Effects of dose selection and sample size on the precision of lethal dose estimates in dose-mortality regression . J. Econ. Entomol. , 77 : 833 – 837 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , W. H. 2005 . Handbook of urban insects and arachnids , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , M. R. , Siger , A. and Abbott , C. 1985 . “ The house fly: An acceptable subject for paralytic shellfish toxin bioassay ” . In Toxic dinoflagellates: Proceedings of the third international conference on toxic dinoflagellates , Edited by: Anderson , D. M. , White , J. A. W. and Baden , D. G. 433 – 438 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Ruebhart , D. R. , Wickramasinghe , W. and Cock , I. E. 2009 . Protective efficacy of the antioxidants vitamin E and Trolox against Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin-LR in Artemia franciscana nauplii . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 72 : 1567 – 1575 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagou , R. , Amanhir , R. , Taleb , H. , Vale , P. , Blaghen , M. and Loutfi , M. 2005 . Comparative study on differential accumulation of PSP toxins between cockle (Acanthocardia tuberculatum) and sweet clam (Callista chione) . Toxicon , 46 : 612 – 618 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J. J. B. 1994. Determining hemolymph volume of the cockroach. In Tested Studies for Laboratory Teaching, Volume 15. Proceedings of the 15th Workshop/Conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE), ed. C. A. Goldman, pp. 119–139 http://www.ableweb.org (http://www.ableweb.org) (Accessed: 4 July 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Sobel , J. and Painter , J. 2005 . Illnesses caused by marine toxins . Clin. Infect. Dis. , 41 : 1290 – 1296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song , H. 2004 . On the origin of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae) . Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. , 271 : 1641 – 1648 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su , Z. , Sheets , M. , Ishida , H. , Li , F. and Barry , W. H. 2004 . Saxitoxin blocks L-Type ICa . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , 308 : 324 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teste , V. , Briand , J. F. , Nicholson , B. C. and Puiseux-Dao , S. 2002 . Comparison of changes in toxicity during growth of Anabaena circinalis (cyanobacteria) determined by mouse neuroblastoma bioassay and HPLC . J. Appl. Phycol. , 14 : 399 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , A. S. , Rhodes , J. C. and Pettman , I. 1988 . Culture collection of algae and protozoa: Catalogue of strains , 22 Ambleside , , UK : CCAPP, Freshwater Biology Association .
   Google Scholar
• Turell , M. J. and Middlebrook , J. L. 1988 . Mosquito inoculation: An alternative bioassay for toxins . Toxicon , 26 : 1089 – 1094 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turrell , E. A. , Lacaze , J. P. and Stobo , L. 2007 . Determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in UK shellfish . Harmful Algae , 6 : 438 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usleber , E. , Dietrich , R. , Buerk , C. , Schneider , E. and Maertlbauer , E. 2001 . Immunoassay methods for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins . J. AOAC Int. , 84 : 1649 – 1656 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usup , G. , Leaw , C-P. , Cheah , M-Y. , Ahmad , A. and Ng , B-K. 2004 . Analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin congeners by a sodium channel receptor binding assay . Toxicon , 44 : 37 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. , Salata , J. J. and Bennett , P. B. 2003 . Saxitoxin is a gating modifier of hERG K+ channels . J. Gen Physiol. , 121 : 583 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiberg , G. S. and Stephenson , N. R. 1960 . Toxicologic studies on paralytic shellfish poison . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 2 : 607 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , W. T. 1970 . Inoculation of the pupal honeybee with spores of Bacillus larvae . J. Apic. Res. , 9 : 33 – 37 .
   Google Scholar