287
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Nitrates in Drinking Water and the Risk of Death from Childhood Brain Tumors in Taiwan

, , , &
Pages 769-778 | Received 01 Oct 2010, Accepted 30 Nov 2010, Published online: 02 May 2011

REFERENCES

  • Bartsch , H. , Ohshima , H. and Pignatelli , B. 1988 . Inhibitors of endogenous nitrosation. Mechanisms and implications in human cancer prevention . Mutat. Res. , 202 : 307 – 324 .
  • Bell , J. A. and Doege , T. C. 1984 . Drinking water and human health , Chicago : American Medical Association .
  • Berleur , M. P. and Cordier , S. 1995 . The role of chemical, physical, or viral exposures and health factors in neurocarcinogenesis: Implications for epidemiologic studies of brain tumors . Cancer Causes Control , 6 : 240 – 256 .
  • Bingham , S. A. 1999 . High-meat diets and cancer risk . Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 58 : 243 – 248 .
  • Bingham , S. A. , Hughes , R. and Cross , A. J. 2002 . Effect of white versus red meat on endogenous N-nitrosation in the human colon and further evidence of a dose response . J. Nutr. , 132 : 3522S – 3525S .
  • Breslow , N. E. and Day , N. E. 1980 . Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol. I. The analysis of case-control studies , Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer .
  • Bunin , G. R. , Kuijten , R. R. , Boesel , C. P. , Rorke , L. B. and Meadows , A. T. 1993 . Relation between maternal diet and subsequent primitive neuroectodermal brain tumors in young children . N. Engl. J. Med. , 329 : 536 – 541 .
  • Bunin , G. R. , Kuijten , R. R. , Boesel , C. P. , Buckley , J. D. and Meadows , A. T. 1994 . Maternal diet and risk of astrocytic glioma in children: A report from the Children Cancer Group (United States and Canada) . Cancer Causes Control , 5 : 177 – 187 .
  • Chang , C. C. , Chen , C. C. , Wu , D. C. and Yang , C. Y. 2010 . Nitrate in drinking water and the risk of death from rectal cancer: Does hardness in drinking water matter? . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 73 : 1337 – 1347 .
  • Chen , C.J. and Wang , C.J. 1990 . Ecological correlation between arsenic level in well water and age-adjusted mortality from malignant neoplasms . Cancer Res. , 50 : 5470 – 5474 .
  • Chilvers , C. , Inskip , H. , Caygill , C. , Bartholomew , B. , Fraser , P. and Hill , M. 1984 . A survey of dietary nitrate in well-water users . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 13 : 324 – 331 .
  • Chiu , H. F. , Tsai , S. S. , Wu , T. N. and Yang , C. Y. 2010 . Colon cancer and content of nitrates and magnesium in drinking water . Magnes. Res. , 23 : 81 – 89 .
  • Cordier , S. , Iglesias , M. J. , Le Goaster , C. , Guyot , M. M. , Mandereau , L. and Hemon , D. 1994 . Incidence and risk factors for childhood brain tumors in the Ile De France . Int. J. Cancer , 59 : 776 – 782 .
  • Coss , A. , Cantor , K. P. , Reif , J. S. , Lynch , C. F. and Ward , M. H. 2004 . Pancreatic cancer and drinking water and dietary sources of nitrate and nitrite . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 159 : 693 – 701 .
  • De Roos , A. J. , Ward , M. H. , Lynch , C. F. and Cantor , K. P. 2003 . Nitrate in public water supplies and the risk of colon and rectum cancers . Epidemiology , 14 : 640 – 649 .
  • Dietrich , M. , Block , G. , Pogoda , J. M. , Buffler , P. , Hecht , S. and Preston-Martin , S. 2005 . A review: Dietary and endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and risk of childhood brain tumors . Cancer Causes Control , 16 : 619 – 635 .
  • Forman , D. 1987 . Dietary exposure to N-nitroso compounds and the risk of human cancer . Cancer Surveys , 6 : 719 – 738 .
  • Forman , D. 1989 . Are nitrates a significant risk factor in human cancer? . Cancer Surv. , 8 : 443 – 458 .
  • Gladen , B. and Rogan , W. 1979 . Misclassification and the design of environmental studies . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 109 : 607 – 616 .
  • Kamiyama , S. , Ohshima , H. , Shimada , A. , Saito , N. , Bourgade , M. C. , Ziegler , P. and Bartsch , H. 1987 . Urinary excretion of N-nitrosoamino acids and nitrate by inhabitants of high- and low-risk areas for stomach cancer in northern Japan . IARC Sci. Publ. , 84 : 479 – 502 .
  • Kleinjans , J. C. , Albering , H. J. , Marx , A. , van Maanen , J. M. , van Agen , B. , ten Hoor , F. , Swaen , G. M. and Mertens , P. L. 1991 . Nitrate contamination of drinking water: Evaluation of genotoxic risk in human populations . Environ. Health Perspect. , 94 : 189 – 193 .
  • Kuijten , R. R. , Bunin , G. R. , Nass , C. C. and Meadows , A. T. 1990 . Gestational and familial risk factors for childhood astrocytoma: Results of a case-control study . Cancer Res. , 50 : 2608 – 2612 .
  • Little , J. 1999 . Epidemiology of childhood cancer , Lyon : IARC .
  • Lu , S. H. , Ohshima , H. , Fu , H. M. , Tian , Y. , Li , F. M. , Blettner , M. , Wahrendorf , J. and Bartsch , H. 1986 . Urinary excretion of N-nitrosoamino acids and nitrate by inhabitants of high- and low-risk areas for esophageal cancer in northern China: Endogenous formation of nitrosoproline and its inhibition by vitamin C . Cancer Res. , 46 : 1485 – 1491 .
  • Lubin , F. , Farbstein , H. , Chetrit , A. , Farbstein , M. , Freedman , L. , Alfandary , E. and Modan , B. 2000 . The role of nutritional habits during gestation and child life in pediatric brain tumor etiology . Int. J. Cancer , 86 : 139 – 143 .
  • McCredie , M. , Maisonneuve , P. and Boyle , P. 1994 . Antenatal risk factors for malignant brain tumors in New South Wales children . Int. J. Cancer , 56 : 6 – 10 .
  • Ministry of Economics, Taiwan . 1989 . Census of manufactures , Taipei : MOE .
  • Mirvish , S. S. , Grandjean , A. C. , Moller , H. , Fike , S. , Maynard , T. , Jones , L. , Rosinsky , S. and Nie , G. 1992 . N-Nitrosoproline excretion by rural Nebraskans drinking water of varied nitrate content . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 1 : 455 – 461 .
  • Moller , H. , Landt , J. , Pedersen , E. , Jensen , P. , Autrup , H. and Jensen , O. 1989 . Endogenous nitrosation in relation to nitrate exposure from drinking water and diet in a Danish rural population . Cancer Res. , 49 : 3117 – 3121 .
  • Mueller , B. A. , Newton , K. , Holly , E. A. and Preston-Martin , S. 2001 . Residential water source and the risk of childhood brain tumors . Environ. Health Perspect. , 109 : 551 – 556 .
  • Mueller , B. A. , Nielsen , S. S. , Preston-Martin , S. , Holly , E. A. , Cordier , S. , Filippini , G. , Peris-Bonet , R. and Choi , N. W. 2004 . Household water source and the risk of childhood brain tumors: Results of the SEARCH international brain tumor study . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 33 : 1209 – 1216 .
  • Preston-Martin , S. , Pogoda , J. M. , Mueller , B. A. , Holly , E. A. , Lijinsky , W. and Davis , R. L. 1996 . Maternal consumption of cured meats and vitamines in relation to pediatric brain tumors . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 5 : 599 – 605 .
  • Polissar , L. 1980 . The effect of migration on comparison of disease rates in geographic studies in the United States . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 111 : 175 – 182 .
  • Rice , J. M. and Ward , J. M. 1982 . Age dependence of susceptibility to carcinogenesis in the nervous system . Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , 381 : 274 – 289 .
  • Rice , J. M. , Rehm , S. , Donovan , P. J. and Perantoni , A. O. 1989 . Comparative transplacental carcinogenesis by directly acting and metabolism-dependent alkylating agents in rodents and nonhuman primates . IARC Sci. Publ. , 96 : 17 – 34 .
  • Rowland , I. R. , Granli , T. , Bockman , O. C. , Key , P. E. and Massey , R. C. 1991 . Endogenous N-nitrosation in man assessed by measurement of apparent total N-nitroso compounds in feces . Carcinogenesis , 12 : 1395 – 1401 .
  • Sarasua , S. and Savitz , D. A. 1994 . Cured and broiled meat consumption in relation to childhood cancer, Denver, Colorado . Cancer Causes Control , 5 : 141 – 148 .
  • Taiwan Water Supply Corporation . 1991 . The statistical data of water quality , Taipei : Taiwan Water Supply Corporation .
  • Tricker , A. R. and Preussmann , R. 1991 . Carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in the diet: Occurrence, formation, mechanisms and carcinogenic potential . Mutat. Res. , 259 : 277 – 289 .
  • Tzeng , G. H. and Wu , T. Y. 1986 . Characteristics of urbanization levels in Taiwan districts . Geogr. Res. , 12 : 287 – 323 .
  • Van Maanen , J. M. , Welle , I. J. , Hageman , G. , Dallinga , J. W. , Mertens , P. L. and Kleinjans , J. C. 1996 . Nitrate contamination of drinking water: Relationship with HPRT variant frequency in lymphocyte DNA and urinary excretion of N-nitrosamines . Environ. Health Perspect. , 104 : 522 – 528 .
  • Walker , R. 1990 . Nitrates, nitrites and N-nitroso compounds: A review of the occurrence in food and diet and the toxicological implications . Food Addit. Contam. , 7 : 717 – 768 .
  • Ward , M. H. , Mark , S. D. , Cantor , K. P. , Weisenburger , D. D. , Correa-Villasenore , A. and Zahm , S. H. 1996 . Drinking water nitrate and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma . Epidemiology , 7 : 465 – 471 .
  • Ward , M. H. , Cantor , K. P. , Riley , D. , Merkle , S. and Lynch , C. F. 2003 . Nitrate in public water supplies and risk of bladder cancer . Epidemiology , 14 : 183 – 190 .
  • Ward , M. H. , deKok , T. M , Levallois , P. , Brender , J. , Gulis , G. , Nolan , B. T. and VanDerslice , J. 2005 . Workgroup report: Drinking-water nitrate and health—Recent findings and research needs . Environ. Health Perspect. , 113 : 1607 – 1614 .
  • World Health Organization . 1984 . Guidelines for drinking water quality: Vol. 1. Recommendations , Geneva : WHO .
  • Yang , C. Y. 1998 . Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from cerebrovascular disease . Stroke , 29 : 411 – 414 .
  • Yang , C. Y. , Cheng , M. F. , Tsai , S. S. and Hsieh , Y. L. 1998 . Calcium, magnesium, and nitrate in drinking water and gastric cancer mortality . Jpn. J. Cancer Res. , 89 : 124 – 130 .
  • Yi , Z. , Ohshima , H. , Bouvier , G. , Roy , P. , Zhong , J. , Li , B. , Brouet , I. , de The , G. and Bartsch , H. 1993 . Urinary excretion of N-nitrosoamino acids and nitrate by inhabitants of high- and low-risk areas for nasopharyngeal cancer in southern China . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarker Prev. , 2 : 195 – 200 .
  • Yu , C. L. , Wang , S. F. , Pan , P. C. , Wu , M. T. , Ho , C. K. , Smith , T. J. , Li , Y. , Pothier , L. and Christiani , D. C. 2006 . Residential exposure to petrochemicals and the risk of leukemia: Using geographical information system tools to estimate individual-level residential exposure . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 164 : 200 – 207 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.