Wildland Smoke Exposure Values and Exhaled Breath Indicators in Firefighters

REFERENCES

• Austin , C. C. , Ecobichon , D. J. , Dussault , G. and Tirado , C. 1997 . Carbon monoxide and water vapor contamination of compressed breathing air for firefighters and divers . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 52 : 403 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin , C. C. , Wang , D. , Ecobichon , D. J. and Dussault , G. 2001 . Characterization of volatile organic compounds in smoke at experimental fires . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 63 : 191 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vos , A. J. B. M , Reisen , F. , Cook , A. , Devine , B. and Weinstein , P. 2009 . Respiratoryirritants in Australian bushfire smoke: Air toxics sampling in a smoke chamber and during prescribed burns . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 56 : 380 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dost , F. N. 1991 . Acute toxicology of components of vegetation smoke . Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 119 : 1 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golka , K. and Weistenhofer , W. 2008 . Fire fighters, combustion products and urothelial cancer . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B , 11 : 32 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 2010a . “ Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures ” . In IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risks Hum , 92 Lyon, France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 2010b . “ Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork ” . In IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risks Hum , 98 Lyon, France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Kharitonov , S. A. , Robbins , R. A. , Yates , D. , Keatings , V. and Barnes , P. J. 1995 . Acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on exhaled nitric oxide . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , 152 : 609 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeMasters , G. K. , Genaidy , A. M. , Succop , P. , Deddens , J. , Sobeih , T. , Barriera-Viruet , H. , Dunning , K. and Lockey , J. 2006 . Cancer risk among firefighters: A review and meta-analysis of 32 studies . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 48 : 1189 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinovschi , A. , Janson , C. , Holmkvist , T. , Norback , D. , Merilainen , P. and Hogman , N. 2006 . Effect of smoking on exhaled nitric oxide and flow independent nitric oxide exchange parameters . Eur. Respir. J. 28 , : 339 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• McMahon , C. K. and Bush , P. B. 1992 . Forest worker exposure to airborne herbicide residues in smoke from prescribed fires in the southern United States . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 53 : 265 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Materna , B. L. , Koshland , C. P. and Harrison , R. J. 1993 . Carbon monoxide exposure in wildland firefighting: A comparison of monitoring methods . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 8 : 479 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Miranda , A. I. , Ferreira , J. , Valente , J. , Santos , P. , Amorim , J. H. and Borrego , C. 2005 . Smoke measurements during Gestosa 2002 experimental field fires . Int. J. Wildland Fires , 14 : 107 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda , A. I. , Martins , V. , Cascão , P. , Amorim , J. H. , Valente , J. , Tavares , R. , Borrego , C. , Tchepel , O. , Ferreira , A. J. , Cordeiro , C. R. , Viegas , D. X. , Ribeiro , L. M. and Pita , L. P. 2010 . Monitoring of firefighters exposure to smoke during fire experiments in Portugal . Environ. Int. , 36 : 736 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow , P. E. 1984 . Toxicological data on NOx: An overview . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 13 : 205 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeher , L. P. , Brauer , M. , Lipsett , M. , Zelikoff , J. T. , Simpson , C. D. , Koenig , J. Q. and Smith , K. R. 2007 . Woodsmoke health effects: A review . Inhal. Toxicol. , 19 : 67 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patty , F. A. , ed. 1993 . “ Industrial hygiene and toxicology ” . In Toxicology , 2nd rev , Vol. II , 919 – 23 . New York , NY : Interscience Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Portuguese National Forest Authority. 2010. Annual report on burnt areas and occurrences (2006–2010). http://www.afn.min-agricultura.pt/portal/dudf/estatisticas/estatistica-sgif (http://www.afn.min-agricultura.pt/portal/dudf/estatisticas/estatistica-sgif)
   Google Scholar
• Reh, C. M., Letts, D., and Deitchman, S. 1994. Health hazard evaluation report. U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, California, National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/1990-0365-2415.pdf (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/1990-0365-2415.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Reinhardt, T. E., and Ottmar, R. D. 2000. Smoke exposure at Western wildfires. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_rp525.pdf (http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_rp525.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Reinhardt , T. E. and Ottmar , R. D. 2004 . Baseline measurements of smoke exposure among wildland firefighters . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 9 : 593 – 606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhardt, T.E., Ottmar, R. D., and Hanneman, A. 2000. Smoke exposure among firefighters at prescribed burns in the Pacific Northwest. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper 526, pp. U1–45. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_rp526.pdf (http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_rp526.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Reisen , F. and Brown , S. K. 2009 . Australian firefighters' exposure levels to air toxics during bushfire burn of autumn 2005 and 2006 . Environ. Int. , 35 : 342 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman , N. , Ford , D. P. , Baser , M. E. , Hansen , J. A. , O'Toole , T. , Tockman , M. S. and Strickland , P. T. 1991 . Pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in wildland firefighters . J. Occup. Med. , 33 : 1163 – 69 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandstrom , T. , Andersson , M. C. , Kolmodin-Headman , B. , Stjernberg , N. and Angstrom , T. 1990 . Bronchoalveolar mastotytosis and lymphocytosis after nitrogen dioxide exposure in man: a time kinetic study . Eur. Respir. J. , 3 : 138 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwela , D. 2001 . Fire disasters: The WHO-UNEP-WMO health guidelines for vegetation fire events . Ann. Burns Fire Disasters , 13 : 178 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Treitman , R. D. , Burgess , W. A. and Gold , A. 1980 . Air contaminants encountered by fire-fighters . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 41 : 796 – 802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youakim , S. 2006 . Risk of cancer among firefighters: A quantitative review of selected malignancies . Arch. Environ. Occup. Health , 61 : 223 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar