Winter Ventilation Rates at Primary Schools: Comparison Between Portugal and Finland

REFERENCES

• Almeida , S. M. , Canha , N. , Silva , A. , Freitas , M. C. , Pegas , P. , Alves , C. , Evtyugina , M. and Pio , C. A. 2011 . Children exposure to atmospheric particles in indoor of Lisbon primary schools . Atmos. Environ. , 45 : 7594 – 7599 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d'Ambrosio Alfano , F. R. , Bellia , L. , Boerstra , A. , van Dijken , F. , Ianniello , E. , Lopardo , G. , Minichiello , F. , Romagnoni , P. and Gameiro da Silva , M. C. 2010 . Environment and energy efficiency in schools (Part 1), REHVA guidebook 13 , Brussels , Belgium : REHVA .
   Google Scholar
• ASHRAE . 2007 . ASHRAE standard 62.1e2007, Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality Atlanta , GA
   Google Scholar
• Bakó-Biró , Z. , Clements-Croome , D. J. , Kochlar , N. , Awbi , H. B. and Williams , M. J. 2012 . Ventilation rates in schools and pupils’ performance . Build. Environ. , 48 : 215 – 223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canha , N. , Almeida , M. , Freitas , M. C. and Almeida , S. M. 2011 . Seasonal variation of total particulate matter and children respiratory diseases at Lisbon basic schools using passive methods . Proc. Environ. Sci. , 4 : 170 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Dimitroulopoulou , C. 2012 . Ventilation in European dwellings: A review . Build. Environ. , 47 : 109 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Committee for Standardization . 2007 . EN 15251: 2007. Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics , CEN Available at www.cen.eu .
   Google Scholar
• Firestone , M. , Sonawane , B. , Barone Jr , S. , Salmon , A. G. , Brown , J. P. , Hattis , D. and Woodruff , T. 2008 . Potential new approaches for children's inhalation risk assessment . J. Toxicol. Environ Health A , 71 : 208 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hänninen , O. 2012 . Combining CO₂ data from ventilation phases improves estimation of air exchange rates , Brisbane , , Australia : Proc. Healthy Build. Paper 7A 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Hänninen , O. 2013 . Novel second degree solution to single zone mass-balance equation improves the use of build-up data in estimating ventilation rates in classrooms . J. Chem. Health Safety, in press. ,
   Google Scholar
• Haverinen-Shaughnessy , U. , Moschandreas , D. J. and Shaugnessy , R. J. 2011 . Association between substandard classroom ventilation rates and students’ academic achievement . Indoor Air , 21 : 121 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palonen , J. , Kurnitski , J. , Haverinen-Shaughnessy , U. and Shaughnessy , R. 2009 . Preliminary results from Finnish primary schools’ ventilation system performance study , Syracuse , NY : Proc. Healthy Build. Paper 409 .
   Google Scholar
• Persily , A. K. 1997 . Evaluating building IAQ and ventilation with indoor carbon dioxide . ASHRAE Trans. , 103 : 4072 – 4083 .
   Google Scholar
• National Building Code of Finland (NBC)–D2 . 2012 . Indoor climate and ventilation of buildings—Regulations and guidelines , Helsinki, Finland : Ministry of the Environment, Department of Built Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Regulamento dos Sistemas Energéticos de Climatização em Edifícios (RSECE) . 2006 . Decreto-Lei no. 79/2006, de 04/04/2006. Ministério das Obras Públicas , Lisbon, Portugal : Transportes e Comunicações .
   Google Scholar
• Satish , U. , Mendell , M. J. , Shekhar , K. , Hotchi , T. , Sullivan , D. , Streufert , S. and Fisk , W. B. J. 2012 . Is CO2 an indoor pollutant? Direct effects of low-to-moderate CO2 concentrations on human decision-making performance . Environ. Health Perspect. , 120 : 1671 – 1677 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selgrade , M. K. , Plopper , C. G. , Gilmour , M. I. , Conolly , R. B. and Foos , B. S. P. 2007 . Assessing the health effects and risks associated with children's inhalation exposures—Asthma and allergy . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 71 : 196 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundell , J. , Levin , H. , Nazaroff , W. W. , Cain , W. S. , Fisk , W. J. , Grimsrud , D. T. , Gyntelberg , F. , Li , Y. , Persily , A. K. , Pickering , A. C. , Samet , J. M. , Spengler , J. D. , Taylor , S. T. and Weschler , C. J. 2011 . Ventilation rates and health: Multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature . Indoor Air , 21 : 191 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twardella , D. , Matzen , W. , Lahrz , T. , Burghardt , R. , Spegel , H. , Hendrowarsito , L. , Frenzeln , A. C. and Fromme , H. 2012 . Effect of classroom air quality on students’ concentration: Results of a cluster-randomized cross-over experimental study . Indoor Air , 22 : 378 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walinder , R. , Norbäck , D. , Wieslander , G. , Smedje , G. , Erwall , C. and Venge , P. 1998 . Nasal patency and biomarkers in nasal lavage—The significance of air exchange rate and type of ventilation in schools . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 71 : 479 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2010. Tools for the monitoring of Parma Conference commitments. Report of a meeting, Bonn, Germany, 25–26 November http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/134380/e94788.pdf (http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/134380/e94788.pdf) (Accessed: 2012-01-12 ).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2011. Methods for monitoring indoor air quality in schools. Report of a meeting, Bonn, Germany, 4–5 April http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/147998/e95417.pdf (http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/147998/e95417.pdf) (Accessed: 2012-01-12 ).
   Google Scholar