Short-Term Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution on Hospital Admissions for Cardiovascular Diseases: A Case-Crossover Study in a Tropical City

REFERENCES

• Analitis, A., Katsouyanni, K., Dimakopoulou, K., Samoli, E., Nikoloulopoulos, A. K., Petasakis, Y., Touloumi, G., Schwartz, J., Anderson, H. R., Cambra, K., Forastiere, F., Zmirou, D., Vonk, J. M., Clancy, L., Kriz, B., Bobvos, J., and Pekkanen, J. 2006. Short-term effects of ambient particles on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. Epidemiology 17: 230–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckerman, B. S., Jerrett, M., Finkelstein, M., Kanaroglou, P., Brook, J. R., Arain, M. A., Sears, M. R., Stieb, D., Balmes, J., and Chapman, K. 2012. The association between chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and ischemic heart disease. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 75: 402–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedeschi, E., Campari, C., Candela, S., Collini, G., Caranci, N., Frasca, G., Galassi, C., Francesca, G., and Vigotti, M. A. 2007. Urban air pollution and respiratory emergency visits at pediatric unit, Reggio Emilia, Italy. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70: 261–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, M. L., Ebisu, K., Peng, R. D., Walker, J., Samet, J. M., Zeger, S. L., and Dominici, F. 2008. Seasonal and regional short-term effects of fine particles on hospital admissions in 202 US counties, 1999–2005. Am. J. Epidemiol. 168: 1301–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belleudi, V., Faustini, A., Stafoggia, M., Cattani, G., Marconi, A., Perucci, C. A., and Forastiere, F. 2010. Impact of fine and ultrafine particles on emergency hospital admissions for cardiac and respiratory diseaes. Epidemiology 21: 414–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, R.D., Franklin, B., Cascio, W., Hong, Y., Howard, G., Lipsett, M., Luepker, R., Mittleman, M., Samet, J., Smith, S. C., and Tager, I. 2004. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association. Circulation 109: 2655–2671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunekreef, B., and Holgate, S. T. 2002. Air pollution and health. Lancet 360: 1233–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, C. C., Kuo, C. C., Liou, S. H., and Yang, C. Y. 2013. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for myocardial infarction in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 76: 440–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, H. F., Tsai, S. S., Weng, H. H., and Yang, C. Y. 2013. Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on emergency room visits for cardiac arrhythmias: A case-crossover study in Taipei. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 76: 614–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cifuentes, L. A., Vega, J., Kopfer, K., and Lave, L. B. 2000. Effect of the fine fraction of particulate matter versus the coarse mass and other pollutants on daily nortality in Santiago Chile. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 50: 1287–1298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, A. J., Anderson, H. R., Ostro, B., Pandey, K. D., Krzyzanowsli, M., Kunzli, N., Gutschmidt, K., Pope, A., Romieu, I., Samet, J. M., and Smith, K. 2005. The global burden of disease due to outdoor air pollution. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 68: 1301–1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, L., Brook, J. R., Chiotti, Q., Croes, B., Gower, S., Hedley, A., Krewski, D., Krupnick, A., Krzyzanowski, M., Moran, M. D., Pennell, W., Samet, J. M., Schneider, J., Schortreed, J., and Williams, M. 2008. Air pollution and public health: A guide document for risk managers. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 71: 588–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin, R. B., Ghio, A. J., Kehrl, H., Sanders, G., and Cascio, W. 2003. Elderly humans exposed to concentrated air pollution particles have decreased heart rate variability. Eur. Respir. J. 21(suppl. 40): 76–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominici, F., Peng, R. D., Bell, M. L., Pham, L., McDermott, A., Zeger, S. L., and Samet, J. M. 2006. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 295: 1127–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghio, A. J., Carraway, M. S., and Madden, M. C. 2012. Composition of air pollution particles and oxidative stress in cells, tissues, and living systems. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 15:1–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold, D. R., Litonjua, A., Schwartz, J., Lovett, E., Larson, A., Nearing, B., Allen, G., Verrier, M., Cherry, R., and Verrier, R. 2000. Ambient pollution and heart rate variability. Circulation 101: 1267–1273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, P. G., Dockery, D. W., and Clancy, L. 2004. Cause-specific mortality and the extended effects of particulate pollution and temperature exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 112: 179–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haley, V. B., Talbot, T. O., and Felton, H. D. 2009. Surveillance of the short-term impact of fine particle air pollution on cardiovascular disease hospitalizations in New York State. Environ. Health 8: 42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halonen, J. I., Lanki, T., Yli-Tuomi, T., Tiittanen, P., Kulmala, M., and Pekkanen, J. 2009. Particulate air pollution and acute cardiorespiratory hospital admissions and mortality among the elderly. Epidemiology 20: 143–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Host, S., Larrieu, S., Pascal, L., Blanchard, M., Declercq, C., Fabre, P., Jusot, J. F., Chardon, B., Le Tertre, A., Wagner, V., Prouvost, H., and Lefrance, A. 2008. Short-term associations between fine and coarse particles and hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory diseases in six French cities. Occup. Environ. Med. 65: 544–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janes, H., Sheppard, L., and Lumley, T. 2005. Case-crossover analyses of air pollution exposure data: Referent selection strategies and their implications for bias. Epidemiology 16: 717–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsouyanni, K., Touloumi, G., Spix, C., Schwartz, J., Balducci, F., Medina, S., Rossi, G., Wojtyniak, B., Sunyer, J., Bacharova, L., Schouten, J. P., Ponka, A., and Anderson, H. R. 1997. Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: Results from time series data from the APHEA project. Br. Med. J. 314: 1658–1663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodavanti, U. P., Schladweiler, M. C., and Ledbetter, A. D. 2002. Temporal association between pulmonary and systemic effects of particulate matter in healthy and cardiovascular compromised rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 65: 1545–1569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krewski, D., Burnett, R., Jerrett, M., Pope, C. A., Rainham, D., Calle, E., Thurston, G., and Thun, M. 2005. Mortality and long-term exposure to ambient air pollution: Ongoing analyses based on the American cancer society cohort. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 68: 1093–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Tertre, A., Medina, S., Samoli, E., Forsberg, B., Michelozzi, P., Boumghar, A., Boumghar, A., Vonk, J. M., Bellini, A., Atkinson, R., Ayres, J. G., Sunyer, J., Schwartz, J., and Katsouyanni, K. 2002. Short-term effects of particulate air pollution on cardiovascular diseases in eight European cities. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 56: 773–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. T., and Schwartz, J. 1999. Reanalysis of the effects of air pollution on daily mortality in Seoul, Korea: A case-crossover design. Environ. Health Perspect. 107: 633–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, J. I., Hammitt, J. K., and Spengler, J. D. 2000. Estimating the mortality impacts of particulate matter: What can be learned from between-study variability? Environ. Health Perspect. 108: 109–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, D., Lumley, T., Sheppard, L., Kaufman, J., and Checkoway, H. 2001. Referent selection in case-crossover analyses of acute health effects of air pollution. Epidemiology 12: 186–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, D., Creason, J., Shy, C., Williams, R., Watts, R., and Zweidinger, R. 1999. Daily variation of particulate air pollution and poor cardiac autonomic control in the elderly. Environ. Health Perspect. 107: 521–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, D., Shaffer, M. L., He, F., Rodriguez-Colon, S., Eu, R., Whitsel, E. A., Bixler, E. O., and Cascio, W. E. 2011. Fine particulate air pollution is associated with higher vulnerability to atrial fibrillation—The APACR study. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 74: 693–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linares, C., and Diaz, J. 2010a. Short-term effect of concentrations of fine particulate matter on hospital admissions due to cardiovascular and respiratory causes among the over-75 age group in Madrid, Spain. Public Health 124: 28–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linares, C., and Diaz, J. 2010b. Short-term effect of PM2.5 on daily hospital admissions in Madrid (2003–2005). Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 20: 129–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisabeth, L. D., Escobar, J. D., Dvonch, J. T., Sanchez, B. N., Majersik, J. J., Brown, D. L., Smith, M. A., and Morgenstern, L. B. 2008. Ambient air pollution and risk of ischemic stroke and TIA. Ann. Neurol. 64: 53–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., and Zeger, S. 2007. On the equivalence of case-crossover and time series methods in environmental epidemiology. Biostatistics 8: 337–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumley, T., and Levy, D. 2000. Bias in the case-crossover design: Implications for studies of air pollution. Environmetrics 11: 689–704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maclure, M. 1991. The case-crossover design: A method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events. Am. J. Epidemiol. 133: 144–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacNee, W., and Donaldson, K. 2003. Mechanisms of lung injury caused by PM10 and ultrafine particles with special references to COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 21(suppl. 40): 47s–51s.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, R. J., and Jackson, R. T. 1993. Analysis of case-crossover designs. Stat. Med. 12: 2333–2341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittleman, M. A. 2005. Optimal referent selection strategies in case-crossover studies: A settled issue. Epidemiology 16: 15–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittleman, M. A., Maclure, M., and Robins, J. M. 1995. Control sampling strategies for case-crossover studies: An assessment of relative efficiency. Am. J. Epidemiol. 142: 91–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neas, L. N., Schwartz, J., and Dockery, D. 1999. A case-crossover analysis of air pollution and mortality in Philadelphia. Environ. Health Perspect. 107: 629–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, M. J., Fang, J., Mittleman, M. A., Kapral, M. K., and Wellenius, G. A. 2011. Fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) and the risk of acute ischemic stroke. Epidemiology 22: 422–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, R. D., Bell, M. L., Geyh, A. S., McDermott, A., Zeger, S. L., Samet, J. M., and Dominici, F. 2009. Emergency admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and the chemical composition of fine particle air pollution. Environ. Health Perspect. 117: 957–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C. A., Burnett, R. T., Thurston, G. D., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D. P., and Godleski, J. J. 2004. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: Epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease. Circulation 109: 71–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C. A., and Dockery, D. W. 2006. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 36: 709–742.
   Google Scholar
• Pope, C. A., Renlund, D. G., Kfoury, A. G., May, H. T., and Horne, B. D. 2008. Relation of heart failure hospitalization to exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Am. J. Cardiol. 102: 1230–1234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samet, J., and Krewski, D. 2007. Health effects associated with exposure to ambient air pollution. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70: 227–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J. 2004. The effects of particulate air pollution on daily deaths: A multi-city case-crossover analysis. Occup. Environ. Med. 61: 956–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J., Dockery, D. W., and Neas, L. M. 1996. Is daily mortality associated specifically with fine particles? J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46: 927–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J., and Marcus, A. 1990. Mortality and air pollution in London: A time series analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 131: 185–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaton, A., MacNee, W., Donaldson, K., and Godden, D. 1995. Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 345: 176–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh, H. H., Zanobetti, A., Schwartz, J., and Coull, B. A. 2011. Chemical properties of air pollutants and cause-specific hospital admissions among the elderly in Atlanta, Georgia. Environ. Health Perspect. 119: 1421–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symons, J. M., Wang, L., Guallar, E., Howell, E., Dominici, F., Schwab, M., Ange, B. A., Samet, J., Ondov, J., Harrison, D., and Geyh, A. 2006. A case-crossover study of fine particulate matter air pollution and onset of congestive heart failure symptom exacerbation leading to hospitalization. Am. J. Epidemiol. 164: 421–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, S. S., Huang, C. H., Goggins, W. B., Wu, T. N., and Yang, C. Y. 2003. Relationship between air pollution and daily mortality in a tropical city: Kaohsiung, Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 66: 1341–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, S. S., Chen, C. C., and Yang, C. Y. 2013. Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on daily mortality: A case-crossover study in a tropical city, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 77: 467–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich, M. M. W., Alink, G. M., Kumarathasan, P., Vincent, R., Boere, A. J. F., and Cassee, F. R. 2002. Health effects and time course of particulate matter on the cardiopulmonary system in rats with lung inflammation. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 65: 1571–1595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellenius, G. A., Burger, M. R., Coull, B. A., Schwartz, J., Suh, H. H., Koutrakis, P., Schlaug, G., Gold, D. R., and Mittleman, M. A. 2012. Ambient air pollution and the risk of acute ischemic stroke. Arch. Intern. Med. 172: 229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, W. E., and Suh, H. H. 1997. Fine particles and coarse particles: Concentration relationship relevant to epidemiologic studies. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 47: 1238–1249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2006. WHO air quality guidelines. Global update 2005. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, C. Y., Chen, Y. S., Yang, C. H., and Ho, S. C. 2004. Relationship between ambient air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 67: 483–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanobetti, A., Schwartz, J., and Dockery, D. W. 2000. Airborne particles are a risk factor for hospital admissions for heart and lung disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 108: 1071–1077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanobetti, A., Franklin, M., Koutrakis, P., and Schwartz, J. 2009. Fine particulate air pollution and its components in association with cause-specific emergency admissions. Environ. Health 8: 58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeger, S. L., Thomas, D., Dominici, F., Samet, J.M., Schwartz, J., Dockery, D., and Cohen, A. 2000. Exposure measurement error in time-series studies of air pollution: Concepts and consequences. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:419–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeka, A., Zanobetti, A., and Schwartz, J. 2006. Individual-level modifiers of the effects of particulate matter on daily mortality. Am. J. Epidemiol. 163: 849–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar