338
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Comparing Acute Toxicity of Gunshot Particles, from Firing Conventional and Lead-Free Ammunition, in Pulmonary Epithelial Cell Cultures

, , &
Pages 645-661 | Received 22 Dec 2014, Accepted 06 Feb 2015, Published online: 03 Jun 2015

REFERENCES

  • Ahamed, M., and Siddiqui, M. 2007. Low level lead exposure and oxidative stress: Current opinions. Clin. Chim. Acta 383: 57–64.
  • Akhtar, U., McWhinney, R., Rastogi, N., Abbatt, J., Evans, G., and Scott, J. 2010. Cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of ambient and source-related particulate matter (PM) in relation to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokine adsorption by particles. Inhal. Toxicol. 22: 37–47.
  • Antonini, J. 2003. Health effects of welding. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 33: 61–103.
  • Antonini, J. M., Taylor, M. D., Zimmer, A. T., and Roberts, J. R. 2004. Pulmonary responses to welding fumes: Role of metal constituents J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 67: 233–249.
  • Arnold, J., and Boor, P. 1986. Improved transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of cultured cells through a “floating sheet” method. J. Ultrastruct. Mol. Struct. Res. 94: 30–36.
  • Ase, P., Eisenberg, W., Gordon, S., Taylor, K., and Snelson, A. 1985. Propellant combustion product analyses on an M16 rifle and a 105 mm caliber gun. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 20: 337–368.
  • Bellinger, D., Burger, J., Cade, T., Cory-Slechta, D., Finkelstein, M., Hu, H., Kosnett, M., Landrigan, P., Lanphear, B., Pokras, M., Redig, P., Rideout, B., Silbergeld, E., Wright, R., and Smith, D. 2013. Health risks from lead-based ammunition in the environment. Environ. Health Perspect. 121: A178–A179.
  • Blanc, P., Boushey, H., Wong, H., Wintermeyer, S., and Bernstein, M. 1993. Cytokines in metal fume fever. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147: 134–138.
  • Borak, J., Cohen, H., and Hethmon, T. 2000. Copper exposure and metal fume fever: Lack of evidence for a causal relationship. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 61: 832–836.
  • Brunner, T., Wick, P., Manser, P., Spohn, P., Grass, R., Limbach, L., Bruinink, A., and Stark, W. 2006. In vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles: Comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40: 4374–4381.
  • Cho, W., Duffin, R., Poland, C., Howie, S., MacNee, W., Bradley, M., Megson, I., and Donaldson, K. 2010. Metal oxide nanoparticles induce unique inflammatory footprints in the lung: Important implications for nanoparticle testing. Environ. Health Perspect. 118: 1699–1706.
  • Daher, N., Ning, Z., Cho, A., Shafer, M., Schauer, J., and Sioutas, C. 2011. Comparison of the chemical and oxidative characteristics of particulate matter (PM) collected by different methods: Filters, impactors, and bioSamplers. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 45: 1294–1304.
  • Demmeler, M., Nowak, D., and Schierl, R. 2009. High blood lead levels in recreational indoor-shooters. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 82: 539–542.
  • Ekstrand-Hammarstrom, B., Akfur, C., Andersson, P., Lejon, C., Osterlund, L., and Bucht, A. 2012. Human primary bronchial epithelial cells respond differently to titanium dioxide nanoparticles than the lung epithelial cell lines A549 and BEAS-2B. Nanotoxicology 6: 623–634.
  • Ekstrand-Hammarstrom, B., Magnusson, R., Osterlund, C., Andersson, B., Bucht, A., and Wingfors, H. 2013. Oxidative stress and cytokine expression in respiratory epithelial cells exposed to well-characterized aerosols from Kabul, Afghanistan. Toxicol. In Vitro 27: 825–833.
  • Fahmy, B., and Cormier, S. 2009. Copper oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in airway epithelial cells. Toxicol. In Vitro 23: 1365–1371.
  • Ghio, A. J., Carraway, M. S., and Madden, M. C. 2012. Composition of air pollution particles and oxidative stress in cells, tissues, and living systems. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 15:1–21.
  • Gomes, J. F. P., Albuqueque, P. C. S., Miranda, R. M. M., and Vieira, M. T. F. 2012. Determination of airborne nanoparticles from welding operations. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 75: 747–755.
  • Goldberg, R. L., Hicks, A. M., O’Leary, L. M., and London, S. 1991. Lead exposure at uncovered outdoor firing ranges. J. Occup. Med. 33: 718–719.
  • Gordon, T. 2004. Metalworking fluid—The toxicity of a complex mixture. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 67:209–219.
  • Grass, R., Limbach, L., Athanassiou, E., and Stark, W. 2010. Exposure of aerosols and nanoparticle dispersions to in vitro cell cultures: A review on the dose relevance of size, mass, surface and concentration. J. Aerosol Sci. 41: 1123–1142.
  • Gulson, B., Palmer, J., and Bryce, A. 2002. Changes in blood lead of a recreational shooter. Sci. Total Environ. 293: 143–150.
  • Hedenstierna, S., Berglind, R., Hägglund, L., Ottosson, J., Skoglund, M., and Wingfors, H. 2010. Health effects of combustion products and metallic dust from small calibre ammunition. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish Defense Research Agency.
  • Heier, L., Lien, I., Stromseng, A., Ljones, M., Rosseland, B., Tollefsen, K., and Salbu, B. 2009. Speciation of lead, copper, zinc and antimony in water draining a shooting range-Time dependant metal accumulation and biomarker responses in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Sci. Total Environ. 407: 4047–4055.
  • Huang, C., Aronstam, R., Chen, D., and Huang, Y. 2010. Oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and altered gene expression in human lung epithelial cells exposed to ZnO nanoparticles. Toxicol. In Vitro 24: 45–55.
  • Hyseni, X., Soukup, J. M., and Huang, Y.-C. 2012. Pollutant particles induce arginase II in human bronchial epithelial cells. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 75:624–636.
  • Jeng, H., and Swanson, J. 2006. Toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in mammalian cells. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 41: 2699–2711.
  • Jomova, K., Baros, S., and Valko, M. 2012. Redox active metal-induced oxidative stress in biological systems. Transit. Metal Chem. 37: 127–134.
  • Karlsson, H., Cronholm, P., Gustafsson, J., and Moller, L. 2008. Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: A comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 21: 1726–1732.
  • Lee, Y.-G., Jeong, J., Raftis, J., and Cho, W.-S. 2015. Determination of adsorption affinity of nanoparticles for Interleukin-8 secreted from A549 cells by in vitro cell-free and cell-based assays. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 78:185–195.
  • Li, G., Zhang, L., Lu, L., Wu, P., and Zheng, W. 2004. Occupational exposure to welding fume among welders: Alterations of manganese, iron, zinc, copper, and lead in body fluids and the oxidative stress status. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 46: 241–248.
  • Limbach, L., Wick, P., Manser, P., Grass, R., Bruinink, A., and Stark, W. 2007. Exposure of engineered nanoparticles to human lung epithelial cells: Influence of chemical composition and catalytic activity on oxidative stress. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41: 4158–4163.
  • Lin, W., Xu, Y., Huang, C., Ma, Y., Shannon, K., Chen, D., and Huang, Y. 2009. Toxicity of nano- and micro-sized ZnO particles in human lung epithelial cells. J. Nanopart. Res. 11: 25–39.
  • Lindahl, M., Leanderson, P., and Tagesson, C. 1998. Novel aspect on metal fume fever: Zinc stimulates oxygen radical formation in human neutrophils. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 17: 105–110.
  • Löfstedt, H., Seldén, A., Storéus, L., and Bodin, L. 1999. Blood lead in Swedish police officers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 35: 519–522.
  • Marin, P., Israel, M., Glowinski, J., and Premont, J. 2000. Routes of zinc entry in mouse cortical neurons: Role in zinc-induced neurotoxicity. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12: 8–18.
  • McNeilly, J., Heal, M., Beverland, I., Howe, A., Gibson, M., Hibbs, L., MacNee, W., and Donaldson, K. 2004. Soluble transition metals cause the pro-inflammatory effects of welding fumes in vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 196: 95–107.
  • Methner, M., Gibbins, J., and Niemer, T. 2013. Evaluation of instructor and range officer exposure to emissions from copper-based frangible ammunition at a military firing range. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Oberdorster, G., Oberdorster, E., and Oberdorster, J. 2005. Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ. Health Perspect. 113: 823–839.
  • Ochsmann, E., Goen, T., Schaller, K., and Drexler, H. 2009. Lead—Still a health threat for marksmen. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 212: 557–561.
  • Park, S., Lee, Y., Jung, M., Kim, K., Chung, N., Ahn, E., Lim, Y., and Lee, K. 2007. Cellular toxicity of various inhalable metal nanoparticles on human alveolar epithelial cells. Inhal. Toxicol. 19: 59–65.
  • Quémerais, B., Diaz, E., Poulin, I., and Marois, A. 2007. Characterization of atmospheric emissions produced by live gun firing: Test on the M777 155 mm Howitzer. Ottawa, ON, Canada: Defence Research and Development Canada.
  • Raemy, D., Grass, R., Stark, W., Schumacher, C., Clift, M., Gehr, P., and Rothen-Rutishauser, B. 2012. Effects of flame made zinc oxide particles in human lung cells—A comparison of aerosol and suspension exposures. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 9: 33.
  • Rocha, E., Sarkis, J., Carvalho, M., dos Santos, G., and Canesso, C. 2014. Occupational exposure to airborne lead in Brazilian police officers. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 217: 702–704.
  • Strømseng, A. E., Voie, Ø. A., Johnsen, A., Bergsrud, S. M., Parmer, M. P., Røen, B. T., Ljønes, M., Johannessen, T. C., and Longva, K. S. 2009. Health problems associated with the use of HK416—Assessment of causes and health risks. Kjeller, Norway: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment.
  • Svensson, B., Schutz, A., Nilsson, A., and Skerfving, S. 1992. Lead-exposure in indoor firing ranges. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 64: 219–221.
  • Thorne, T., and Adamson, J. 2013. A review of in vitro cigarette smoke exposure systems. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 65: 1183–1193.
  • Voie, O., Borander, A.-K., Sikkeland, L. I. B., Grahnstedt, S., Johnsen, A., Danielsen, T. E., Longva, K., and Kongerud, J. 2014. Health effects after firing small arms comparing leaded and unleaded ammunition. Inhal. Toxicol. 26: 873–879.
  • Wang, B., Feng, W., Wang, M., Wang, T., Gu, Y., Zhu, M., Ouyang, H., Shi, J., Zhang, F., Zhao, Y., Chai, Z., Wang, H., and Wang, J. 2008. Acute toxicological impact of nano- and submicro-scaled zinc oxide powder on healthy adult mice. J. Nanopart. Res. 10: 263–276.
  • Wingfors, H., Svensson, K., Hagglund, L., Hedenstierna, S., and Magnusson, R. 2014. Emission factors for gases and particle-bound substances produced by firing lead-free small-caliber ammunition. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 11: 282–291.
  • Xia, T., Kovochich, M., Liong, M., Madler, L., Gilbert, B., Shi, H., Yeh, J., Zink, J., and Nel, A. 2008. Comparison of the mechanism of toxicity of zinc oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles based on dissolution and oxidative stress properties. ACS Nano 2: 2121–2134.
  • Yokohira, M., Kuno, T., Yamakawa, K., Hashimoto, N., Ninomiya, F., Suzuki, S., Saoo, K., and Imaida, K. 2009. An intratracheal instillation bioassay system for detection of lung toxicity due to fine particles in F344 rats. J. Toxicol. Pathol. 22: 1–10.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.