REFERENCES
- Hogan, N. S., P. Duarte, M. G. Wade, D. R. S. Lean, and V. L. Trudeau. 2008. Estrogenic exposure affects metamorphosis and alters sex ratios in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens): Identifying critically vulnerable periods of development. General and Comparative Endocrinology 156:515–23.
- Leal, M. C., P. P. de Waal, Á. García-López, S. X. Chen, J. Bogerd, and R. W. Schulz. 2009. Zebrafish primary testis tissue culture: An approach to study testis function ex vivo. General and Comparative Endocrinology 162:134–38.
- Mackenzie, C. A., M. Berrill, C. Metcalfe, and B. D. Pauli. 2003. Gonadal differentiation in frogs exposed to estrogenic and antiestrogenic compounds. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:2466–75.
- Melvin, S. D., and V. L. Trudeau. 2012a. Growth, development and incidence of deformities in amphibian larvae exposed as embryos to naphthenic acid concentrations detected in the Canadian oil sands region. Environmental Pollution 167:178–83.
- Melvin, S. D., and V. L. Trudeau. 2012b. Toxicity of naphthenic acids to wood frog tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health A 75:170–73.
- Monnickendam, M. A., and M. Balls. 1973. Amphibian organ culture. Experientia 29:1–17.
- Ogielska, M., and A. Kotusz. 2004. Pattern and rate of ovary differentiation with reference to somatic development in anuran amphibians. Journal of Morphology 259:41–54.
- Rowland, S. J., C. E. West, D. Jones, A. G. Scarlett, R. A. Frank, and L. M. Hewitt. 2011. Steroidal aromatic ‘naphthenic acids’ in oil sands process-affected water: Structural comparisons with environmental estrogens. Environmental Science & Technology 45:9806–15.
- Tompsett, A. R., S. Wiseman, E. Higley, J. P. Giesy, and M. Hecker. 2013. Effects of exposure to 17α-ethynylestradiol during larval development on growth, sexual differentiation, and abundances of transcripts in the liver of the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus). Aquatic Toxicology 126:42–51.
- Vandenberg, L. N., T. Colborn, T. B. Hayes, J. J. Heindel, D. R. Jacobs, Jr., D.-H. Lee, T. Shioda, A. M. Soto, F. S. vom Saal, and W. V. Welshons. 2012. Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses. Endocrine Reviews 33:378–455.
- Viñas, R., Y.-J. Jeng, and C. S. Watson. 2012. Non-genomic effects of xenoestrogen mixtures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9:2694–714.
- Witschi, E. 1929. Studies on sex differentiation and sex determination in amphibians. I. development and sexual differentiation of the gonads of Rana sylvatica. Journal of Experimental Zoology 52:235–65.