Immune biomarkers in older adults: Role of physical activity

References

• Abdullah, M., Chai, P. S., Chong, M. Y., Tohit, E. R., Ramasamy, R., Pei, C. P., and Vidyadaran, S. 2012. Gender effect on in vitro lymphocyte subset levels of healthy individuals. Cell Immunol. 272: 214–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, D. J., and Ditor, D. S. 2014. The common inflammatory etiology of depression and cognitive impairment: A therapeutic target. J. Neuroinflammation. 11: 151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreoli, C., Bassi, A., Gregg, E. O., Nunziata, A., Puntoni, R., and Corsini, E. 2014. Effects of cigarette smoking on circulating leukocytes and plasma cytokines in monozygotic twins. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 53: 57–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreu-Ballester, J. C., García-Ballesteros, C., Benet-Campos, C., Amigó, V., Almela-Quilis, A., Mayans, J., and Ballester, F. 2012. Values for ab and cd T-Lymphocytes and CD41, CD81, and CD561 subsets in healthy adult subjects: Assessment by age and gender. Cytomet. B Clin. Cytomet. 82: 238–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badawy, A. A. 2015. Tryptophan availability for kynurenine pathway metabolism across the life span: Control mechanisms and focus on aging, exercise, diet and nutritional supplements. Neuropharmacology pii.: S0028-3908(15)30179–9.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, J. S., Morgan, R., Hullin, D., Castell, L. M., Bailey, D. M., and Davies, B. 2006. Changes in blood markers of serotoninergic activity following high intensity cycle ergometer exercise. Res. Sports Med. 14: 191–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartholomew, J. B., Morrison, D., and Ciccolo, J. T. 2005. Effects of acute exercise on mood and well being in patients with major depressive disorder. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 37: 2032–2037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baztán, J. J., Pérez del Molino, J., Alarcón, T., San Cristóbal, E., Izquierdo, G., Manzarbeitia, J. 1993. Índice de Barthel: Instrumento válido para la valoración funcional de pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular. Rev. Esp. Geriatr. Gerontol. 28: 32–40.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, N. C., Fitzgerald, C., Porter, P. J., Scanlon, G. A., and Smith, A. C. 2005. Effect of caffeine ingestion on lymphocyte counts and subset activation in vivo following strenuous cycling. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 93: 606–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blesa, R., Pujol, M., Aguilar, M., Santacruz, P., Bertran-Serra, I., Hernández, G., Sol, J. M., Peña-Casanova, J., and NORMACODEM Group. 2001. NORMAlisation of cognitive and functional instruments for DEMentia: Clinical validity of the ‘mini-mental state’ for Spanish speaking communities. Neuropsychologia 39: 1150–1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonotis, K., Krikki, E., Holeva, V., Aggouridaki, C., Costa, V., and Baloyannis, S. 2008. Systemic immune aberrations in Alzheimer’s disease patients. J. Neuroimmunol. 193: 183–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruunsgaard, H., Jensen, M. S., Schjerling, P., Halkjaer-Kristensen, J., Ogawa, K., Skinhøj, P., and Pedersen, B. K. 1999. Exercise induces recruitment of lymphocytes with an activated phenotype and short telomeres in young and elderly humans. Life Sci. 35: 2623–2633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruunsgaard, H., and Pedersen, B. K. 2000. Effects of exercise on the immune system in the elderly population. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 78: 523–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camous, X., Pera, A., Solana, R., and Larbi, A. 2012. NK cells in healthy aging and age-associated diseases. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012: 195956.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell, J.P., Guy, K., Cosgrove, C., Florida-James, G. D., and Simpson, R. J. 2008. Total lymphocyte CD8 expression is not a reliable marker of cytotoxic T-cell populations in human peripheral blood following an acute bout of high-intensity exercise. Brain Behav. Immun. 22: 375–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capuron, L., Schroecksnadel, S., Féart, C., Aubert, A., Higueret, D., Barberger-Gateau, P., Layé, S., and Fuchs, D. 2011. Chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly persons is associated with altered tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism: Role in neuropsychiatric symptoms. Biol. Psychiat. 70: 175–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnethon, M., Whitsel, L. P., Franklin, B. A., American Heart Association Advocacy Coordinating Committee, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism et al. 2009. Worksite wellness programs for cardiovascular disease prevention: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 120: 1725–1741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castell, L.M., Poortmans, J.R., Leclercq, R., Brasseur, M., Duchateau, J., and Newsholme, E. A. 1997. Some aspects of the acute phase response after a marathon race, and the effects of glutamine supplementation. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 75: 47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceddia, M. A., Price, E. A., Kohlmeier, C. K., Evans, J. K., Lu, Q., McAuley, E., and Woods, J. A. 1999. Differential leukocytosis and lymphocyte mitogenic response to acute maximal exercise in the young and old. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 31: 829–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlson, M. E., Pompei, P., Ales, K. L., and MacKenzie, C. R. 1987. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation. J. Chron. Dis. 40: 373–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Labra, C., Guimaraes-Pinheiro, C., Maseda, A., Lorenzo, T., and Millán-Calenti, J. C. 2015. Effects of physical exercise interventions in frail older adults: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Geriatr. 15: 154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lucas, R. D., Caputo, F., Mendes de Souza, K., Sigwalt, A. R., Ghisoni, K., Lock Silveira, P. C., Remor, A. P., da Luz Scheffer, D., Guglielmo, L. G., and Latini, A. 2014. Increased platelet oxidative metabolism, blood oxidative stress and neopterin levels after ultra-endurance exercise. J. Sports Sci. 32: 22–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deleidi, M., Jäggle, M., and Rubino, G. 2015. Immune aging, dysmetabolism, and inflammation in neurological diseases. Front. Neurosci. 9: 172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamondstone, L. S., Tollerud, D. J., Fuchs, D., Wachter, H., Brown, L. M., Maloney, E., Kurman, C. C., Nelson, D. L., and Blattner, W. A. 1994. Factors influencing serum neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin levels in a healthy diverse population. J. Clin. Immunol. 14: 368–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drela, N., Kozdron, E., and Szczypiorski, P. 2004. Moderate exercise may attenuate some aspects of immunosenescence. BMC Geriatr. 4: 8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fahey, J. L., Schnelle, J. F., Boscardin, J., Thomas, J. K., Gorre, M. E., Aziz, N., Sadeghi, H., and Nishanian, P. 2000. Distinct categories of immunologic changes in frail elderly. Mech. Ageing Dev. 115: 1–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, D. K., and Bishop, N. C. 2012. Caffeine ingestion and antigen-stimulated human lymphocyte activation after prolonged cycling. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 22: 249–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., and McHugh, P. R. 1975. ‘Mini-Mental State’. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiat. Res. 12: 189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, R. K., and Marriott, H. E. 2006. Alcohol consumption in the new millennium – weighing up the risks and benefits for our health. Nutr. Bull. 31: 286–331.
   Google Scholar
• Fried, L. P., Tangen, C. M., Walston, J., Newman, A. B., Hirsch, C., Gottdiener, J., Seeman, T., Tracy, R., Kop, W. J., Burke, G., and McBurnie, M. A. 2001. Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 56: M146–M156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fülöp, T., Dupuis, G., Witkowski, J. M., and Larbi, A. 2016. The role of immunosenescence in the development of age-related diseases. Rev. Invest. Clin. 68: 84–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M., Nieman, D. C., Swain, D. P., and American College of Sports Medicine. 2011. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 43: 1334–1359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Dabrio, M. C., Pujol-Moix, N., Martinez-Perez, A., Fontcuberta, J., Souto, J. C., Soria, J. M., and Nomdedéu, J. F. 2012. Influence of age, gender and lifestyle in lymphocyte subsets: Report from the Spanish Gait-2 Study. Acta Haematol. 127: 244–249.
   Google Scholar
• García-Lestón, J., Roma-Torres, J., Vilares, M., Pinto, R., Cunha, L. M., Prista, J., Teixeira, J. P., Mayan, O., Pásaro, E., Méndez, J., and Laffon, B. 2011. Biomonitoring of a population of Portuguese workers exposed to lead. Mutat Res. 721: 81–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnjidic, D., Hilmer, S. N., Blyth, S. M., Naganathan, V., Waite, L., Seibel, M. J., McLachlan, A. J., Cumming, R. G., Handelsman, D. J., and Le Couteur, D. G. 2012. Polypharmacy cutoff and outcomes: Five or more medicines were used to identify community-dwelling older men at risk of different adverse outcomes. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 65: 989–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godbout, J.P., and Johnson, R.W. 2009. Age and neuroinflammation: Alifetimeof psychoneuroimmune consequences. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North. Am. 29: 321–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greilberger, J., Fuchs, D., Leblhuber, F., Greilberger, M., Wintersteiger, R., and Tafeit, E. 2010. Carbonyl proteins as a clinical marker in Alzheimer’s disease and its relation to tryptophan degradation and immune activation. Clin. Lab. 56: 441–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guigoz, Y., Vellas, B. J., and Garry, P. J. 1994. “Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA): A practical assessment tool for grading the nutritional state of elderly patients”. Facts and Research in Gerontology, edited by B. J. Y. Vellas, P. J. Guigoz, J. L. Garry, 15–60. Albarede, Serdi Publishing Co: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, J. B., Wilsgard, L., and Osterud, B. 1991. Biphasic changes in leukocytes induced by strenuous exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 157–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirokawa, K. 1997. Reversing and restoring immune functions. Mech. Ageing Dev. 93: 119–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirokawa, K., Utsuyama, M., Hayashi, Y., Kitagawa, M., Makinodan, T., and Fulop, T. 2013. Slower immune system aging in women versus men in the Japanese population. Immun. Ageing 10: 19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, S., Farag, N. H., Nelesen, R. A., Ziegler, M. G., and Mills, P. J. 2004. Effects of regular exercise on lymphocyte subsets and CD62L after psychological vs. physical stress. J. Psychosom. Res. 56: 363–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, Y., Saito, K., Maruta, K., Nakagami, Y., Koike, T., Oguri, Y., and Nagamura, Y. 1999. Kynurenine concentration of serum was increased by exercise. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 467: 717–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, Y., Yonekura, R., Maruta, K., Koike, T., Nakagami, Y., Shibata, K., Saito, K., and Nagamura, Y. 2003. Tryptophan metabolism was accelerated by exercise in rat. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 527: 531–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jentsch-Ullrich, K., Koenigsmann, M., Mohren, M., and Franke, A. 2005. Lymphocyte subsets’ reference ranges in an age- and gender-balanced population of 100 healthy adults—A monocentric German study. Clin. Immunol. 116: 192–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubri, Z., Latif, A. A., Top, A. G., and Ngah, W. Z. 2013. Perturbation of cellular immune functions in cigarette smokers and protection by palm oil vitamin E supplementation. Nutr. J. 12: 2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, M. J., Bauer, J. M., Ramsch, C., Uter, W., Guigoz, Y., Cederholm, T., Thomas, D.R., Anthony, P., Charlton, K. E., Maggio, M., Tsai, A. C., Grathwohl, D., Vellas, B., Sieber, C. C., and MNA-International Group. 2009. Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF): A practical tool for identification of nutritional status. J. Nutr. Health Aging 13: 782–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapasi, Z. F., Ouslander, J. G., Schnelle, J. F., Kutner, M., and Fahey, J. L. 2003. Effects of an exercise intervention on immunologic parameters in frail elderly nursing home residents. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 58: 636–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., and Glaser, R. 2002. Psychoneuroimmunology: psychological influences on immune function and health. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 70: 537–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klusmann, V., Evers, A., Schwarzer, R. Schlattmann, P., Reischies, F. M., Heuser, I., and Dimeo, F. C. 2010. Complex mental and physical activity in older women and cognitive performance: A 6-month randomized controlled trial. J. Gerontol. A. 65: 680–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koizumi, K., Kimura, F., Akimoto, T., Akama, T., Kumai, Y., Tanaka, H., Ishizu, M., Kuno, S., and Kono, I. 2003. Effects of long-term exercise training on peripheral lymphocyte subsets in elderly subjects. Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med. 52: 193–202.
   Google Scholar
• Laffon, B., Aguilera, F., Ríos-Vázquez, J., García-Lestón, J., Fuchs, D., Valdiglesias, V., and Pásaro, E. 2013. Endocrine and immunological parameters in individuals involved in Prestige spill cleanup tasks seven years after the exposure. Environ. Int. 59: 103–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffon, B., Pásaro, E., and Valdiglesias, V. 2016. Effects of exposure to oil spills on human health: Updated review. J Toxicol Environ Health B 19: 105–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landi, F., Abbatecola, A. M., Provinciali, M., Corsonello, A., Bustacchini, S., Manigrasso, L., Cherubini, A., Bernabei, R., and Lattanzio, F. 2010. Moving against frailty: Does physical activity matter? Biogerontology. 11: 537–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi, V. R., Garcia, M., Rey, L., and Cacabelos, R. 1999. Characterization of cytokine production, screening of lymphocyte subset patterns and in vitro apoptosis in healthy and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) individuals. J. Neuroimmunol. 97: 163–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magaki, S., Yellon, S. M., Mueller, C., and Kirsch, W. M. 2008. Immunophenotypes in the circulation of patients with mild cognitive impairment. J. Psychiat. Res. 42: 240–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahbub, S., Brubaker, A. L., and Kovacs, E. J. 2011. Aging of the innate immune system: An update. Curr. Immunol. Rev. 7: 104–115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahoney, F. I., and Barthel, D. W. 1965. Functional evaluation: The Barthel index. Maryland State Med. J. 14: 61–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martínez de la Iglesia, J., Onís Vilches, M. C., Dueñas Herrero, R., Albert Colomer, C., Aguado Taberné, C., and Luque Luque, R. 2002. The Spanish version of the Yesavage abbreviated questionnaire (GDS) to screen depressive dysfunctions in patients older than 65 years. MEDIFAM 12: 620–630.
   Google Scholar
• Mathur, N., and Pedersen, B. K. 2008. Exercise as a mean to control low-grade systemic inflammation. Mediators Inflamm. 2008: 109502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matos, L. C., Batista, P., Monteiro, N., Ribeiro, J., Cipriano, M. A., Henriques, P., Girão, F., and Carvalho, A. 2013. Lymphocyte subsets in alcoholic liver disease. World J. Hepatol. 5: 46–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mazzeo, R. S., Rajkumar, C., Rolland, J., Blaher, B., Jennings, G., and Esler, M. 1998. Immune response to a single bout of exercise in young and elderly subjects. Mech. Ageing Dev. 100: 121–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAfoose, J., and Baune, B. T. 2009. Evidence for a cytokine model of cognitive function. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 33: 355–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlin, B., Mitchell, J. B., McFarlin, M. A., and Steinhoff, G. M. 2013. Repeated endurance exercise affects leukocyte number but not NK cell activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35: 1130–1138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes, A., Pereira, C., Mendes, D., Aguiar, L., Neves, P., Silva, S., Batterman, S., and Teixeira, J. P. 2013. Indoor air quality and thermal comfort-results of a pilot study in elderly care centers in Portugal. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 76: 333–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meydani, S. N., Meydani, M., Blumberg, J. B., Leka, L. S., Sibe,r G., Loszewski, R., Thompson, C., Pedrosa, M. C., Diamond, R. D., and Stollar, B. D. 1997. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects. A randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 277: 1380–1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mignini, F., Traini, E., Tomassoni, D., Vitali, M., and Streccioni, V. 2008. Leucocyte subset redistribution in a human model of physical stress. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 30: 720–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, R. A. 1996. The aging immune system: Primer and prospectus. Science 273: 70–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudry, J. M., Alm, P. S., Erhardt, S., Goiny, M., Fritz, T., Caidahl, K., Zierath, J. R., Krook, A., and Wallberg-Henriksson, H. 2016. Direct effects of exercise on kynurenine metabolism in people with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 32: 754–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murr, C., Widner, B., Wirleitner, B., and Fuchs, D. 2002. Neopterin as a marker for immune system activation. Curr. Drug Metab. 3: 175–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestlé Nutrition Institute. 2009. Guía para rellenar el formulario Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA^®). http://www.mna-elderly.com/mna_forms.html (accessed October 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Neves, Sda C. Jr, Lima, R. M., Simões, H. G., Marques, M. C., Reis, V. M., and de Oliveira, R.J. 2009. Resistance exercise sessions do not provoke acute immunosuppression in older women. J. Strength Cond. Res. 23: 259–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., Gusewitch, G., Warren, B. J., Dotson, R. C., Butterworth, D. E., and Nehlsen-Cannarella, S. L. 1993. Physical activity and immune function in elderly women. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 25: 823–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshida, Y., Yamanouchi, K., Hayamizu, S., and Sato, Y. 1988. Effect of acute physical exercise on lymphocyte subpopulations in trained and untrained subjects. Int. J. Sports Med. 9: 137–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pate, R. R., Pratt, M., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L., Macera, C. A., Bouchard, C., Buchner, D., Ettinger, W., Heath, G. W., King, A. C., Kriska, A., Leon, A. S., Marcus, B. H., Morris, J., Paffenbarger, R. S., Patrick, K., Pollock, M. L., Rippe, J. M., Sallis, J., and Wilmore, J. H. 1995. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 273: 402–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawelec, G. 2006. Immunity and ageing in man. Exp. Gerontol. 41: 1239–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, E. R., Midttun, Ø., Ueland, P. M., Schartum-Hansen, H., Seifert, R., Igland, J., Nordrehaug, J. E., Ebbing, M., Svingen, G., Bleie, Ø., Berge, R., and Nygård, O. 2011. Systemic markers of interferon-γ-mediated immune activation and long-term prognosis in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 31: 698–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, M. J., Giuliani, C., Morey, M. C., Pieper, C. F., Evenson, K. R., Mercer, V., Cohen, H. J., Visser, M., Brach, J. S., Kritchevsky, S. B., Goodpaster, B. H., Rubin, S., Satterfield, S., Newman, A. B., Simonsick, E. M., and Health, Aging and Body Composition Study Research Group. 2009. Physical activity as a preventative factor for frailty: The health, aging, and body composition study. J. Gerontol. A 64A: 61–68.
   Google Scholar
• Pirttila, T., Mattinen, S., and Frey, H. 1992. The decrease of CD8-positive lymphocytes in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 107: 160–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rama, L., Teixeira, A. M., Matos, A., Borges, G., Henriques, A., Gleeson, M., Pedreiro, S., Filaire, E., Alves, F., and Paiva, A. 2013. Changes in natural killer cell subpopulations over a winter training season in elite swimmers. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 113: 859–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raso, V., Benard, G., Da Silva Duarte, A. J., and Natale, V. M. 2007. Effect of resistance training on immunological parameters of healthy elderly women. Med. Sci. Sports. Exercise. 39: 2152–2159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolland, Y., Pillard, F. 2009. Validated treatments and therapeutic perspectives regarding physical activities. J. Nutr. Health Aging. 13: 742–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz Comellas, A., Pera, G., Baena Díez, J. M., Mundet Tudurí, X., Alzamora Sas, T., Elosua, R., Torán Monserrat, P., Heras, A., Forés Raurell, R., Fusté Gamisans, M., and Fàbrega Camprubí, M. 2012. Validation of a Spanish short version of the Minnesota leisure time physical activity questionnaire (VREM). Rev. Esp. Salud Publica. 86: 495–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santagostino, A., Garbaccio, G., Pistorio, A., Bolis, V., Camisasca, G., Pagliaro, P., and Girotto, M. 1999. An Italian national multicenter study for the definition of reference ranges for normal values of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in healthy adults. Haematologica. 84: 499–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De La Fuente, J. R., and Grant, M. 1993. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption- II. Addiction 88: 791–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröcksnadel, K., Wirleitner, B., Winkler, C., and Fuchs, D. 2006. Monitoring tryptophan metabolism in chronic immune activation. Clin. Chim. Acta. 364: 82–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheikh, J. L., and Yesavage, J. A. 1986. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin. Gerontol. 5: 165–172.
   Google Scholar
• Shimizu, K., Kimura, F., Akimoto, T., Akama, T., Tanabe, K., Nishijima, T., Kuno, S., and Kono, I. 2008. Effect of moderate exercise training on T-helper cell subpopulations in elderly people. Exercise. Immunol. Rev. 14: 24–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinkai, S., Kohno, H., Kimura, K., Komura, T., Asai, H., Inai, R., Oka, K., Kurokawa, Y., and Shephard, R. 1995. Physical activity and immune senescence in men. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise 27: 1516–1526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, R. J., Lowder, T. W., Spielmann, G., Bigley, A. B., LaVoy, E. C., and Kunz, H. 2012. Exercise and the aging immune system. Ageing Res. Rev. 11: 404–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strasser, B., Geiger, D., Schauer, M., Gatterer, H., Burtscher, M., and Fuchs, D. 2016a. Effects of exhaustive aerobic exercise on tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism in trained athletes. PLoS One 11: e0153617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strasser, B., Gostner, J.M., Fuchs, D. 2016b. Mood, food and cognition: Role of tryptophan and serotonin. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 19: 55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terra, R., Gonçalves da Silva, S. A., Salerno Pinto, V., and Lourenço Dutra, P. M. 2012. Effect of exercise on the immune system: Response, adaptation and cell signaling. Rev. Bras. Med. Esporte. 18: 208–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theofylaktopoulou, D., Midttun, Ø., Ulvik, A., Ueland, P. M., Tell, G. S., Vollset, S. E., Nygård, O., and Eussen, S. J. 2013. A community-based study on determinants of circulating markers of cellular immune activation and kynurenines: The Hordaland Health Study. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 173: 121–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilz, G. P., Domej, W., Diez-Ruiz, A., Weiss, G., Brezinschek, R., Brezinschek, H. P., Hüttl, E., Pristautz, H., Wachter, H., and Fuchs, D. 1993. Increased immune activation during and after physical exercise. Immunobiology 188: 194–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touil, N., Hadef, R., Lemnouer, A., Zrara, A., Sbai, A. I., Belfquih, B., Mrani, S., Benkirane, A., Ouaaline, M., and Mrabet, M. 2012. Range-reference determination of lymphocyte subsets in Moroccan blood donors. Afr. Health. Sci. 12: 334–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unal, M., Erdem, S., and Deniz, G. 2005. The effects of chronic aerobic and anaerobic exercises n lymphocyte subgroups. Acta Physiol. Hung. 92: 163–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valdiglesias, V., Sánchez-Flores, M., Maseda, A., Marcos-Pérez, D., Millán-Calenti, J. C., Pásaro, E., Lorenzo-López, L., and Laffon, B. 2015. Lymphocyte subsets in a population of nonfrail elderly individuals. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 78: 790–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskopf, D., Weinberger, B., and Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. 2009. The aging of the immune system. Transplant. Int. 22: 1041–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widner, B., Laich, A., Sperner-Unterweger, B., Ledochowski, M., and Fuchs, D. 2002. Neopterin production, tryptophan degradation, and mental depression–what is the link? Brain Behav. Immun. 16: 590–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widner, B., Werner, E. R., Schennach, H., Wachter, H., and Fuchs, D. 1997. Simultaneous measurement of serum tryptophan and kynurenine by HPLC. Clin. Chem. 43: 2424–2426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, J. A., Ceddia, M. A., Wolters, B. W., Evan, J. K., Lu, Q., and McAuley, E. 1999. Effects of 6 months of moderate aerobic exercise training on immune function in the elderly. Mech. Ageing Dev. 109: 1–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, J. A., Wilund, K. R., Martin, S. A., and Kistler, B. M. 2012. Exercise, inflammation and aging. Aging Dis. 3: 130–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, J., Greer, J. M., Hull, R., O’Sullivan, J. D., Henderson, R. D., Read, S. J., and McCombe, P. A. 2010. The effect of ageing on human lymphocyte subsets: Comparison of males and females. Immun. Ageing. 7: 4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar