The design of an environmentally relevant mixture of persistent organic pollutants for use in in vivo and in vitro studies

References

• Alkhalawi, E., M. Kasper-Sonnenberg, M. Wilhelm, W. Volkel, and J. Wittsiepe. 2016. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and anthropometric measures in the first year of life: results from the Duisburg birth cohort. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 79:1041–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ATSDR. 2005. Toxicological profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp43.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Berg, V., M. Kraugerud, R. Nourizadeh-Lillabadi, P. A. Olsvik, J. U. Skare, P. Alestrom, E. Ropstad, K. E. Zimmer, and J. L. Lyche. 2016. Endocrine effects of real-life mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POP) in experimental models and wild fish. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 79:538–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerregaard-Olesen, C., C. C. Bach, M. Long, M. Ghisari, R. Bossi, B. H. Bech, E. A. Nohr, T. B. Henriksen, J. Olsen, and E. C. Bonefeld-Jorgensen. 2016. Time trends of perfluorinated alkyl acids in serum from Danish pregnant women 2008-2013. Environ. Int. 91:14–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondy, G., C. Armstrong, L. Coady, J. Doucet, P. Robertson, M. Feeley, and M. Barker. 2003. Toxicity of the chlordane metabolite oxychlordane in female rats: clinical and histopathological changes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41:291–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondy, G. S., W. H. Newsome, C. L. Armstrong, C. A. Suzuki, J. Doucet, S. Fernie, S. L. Hierlihy, M. M. Feeley, and M. G. Barker. 2000. trans-Nonachlor and cis-nonachlor toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats: comparison with technical chlordane. Toxicol. Sci. 58:386–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers, W. J., J. S. Nakai, I. Chu, M. G. Wade, D. Moir, A. Yagminas, S. Gill, O. Pulido, and R. Meuller. 2004. Early developmental neurotoxicity of a PCB/organochlorine mixture in rodents after gestational and lactational exposure. Toxicol. Sci. 77:51–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck, R. C., J. Franklin, U. Berger, J. M. Conder, I. T. Cousins, P. De Voogt, A. A. Jensen, K. Kannan, S. A. Mabury, and S. P. Van Leeuwen. 2011. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manage 7:513–541.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bytingsvik, J., S. P. Van Leeuwen, T. Hamers, K. Swart, J. Aars, E. Lie, E. M. Nilsen, O. Wiig, A. E. Derocher, and B. M. Jenssen. 2012. Perfluoroalkyl substances in polar bear mother-cub pairs: A comparative study based on plasma levels from 1998 and 2008. Environ. Int. 49:92–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspersen, I. H., H. E. Kvalem, M. Haugen, A. L. Brantsaeter, H. M. Meltzer, J. Alexander, C. \Thomsen, M. Froshaug, N. M. Bremnes, S. L. Broadwell, B. Granum, M. Kogevinas, and H. K. Knutsen. 2016. Determinants of plasma PCB, brominated flame retardants, and organochlorine pesticides in pregnant women and 3 year old children in The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Environ. Res. 146:136–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darnerud, P. O. 2003. Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife. Environ. Int. 29:841–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darnerud, P. O., S. Atuma, M. Aune, R. Bjerselius, A. Glynn, K. P. Grawe, and W. Becker. 2006. Dietary intake estimations of organohalogen contaminants (dioxins, PCB, PBDE and chlorinated pesticides, e.g. DDT) based on Swedish market basket data. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44:1597–1606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darnerud, P. O., S. Lignell, M. Aune, M. Isaksson, T. Cantillana, J. Redeby, and A. Glynn. 2015. Time trends of polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congeners in serum of Swedish mothers and comparisons to breast milk data. Environ. Res. 138:352–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dearth, M. A., and R. A. Hites. 1991. Complete analysis of technical chlordane using negative ionization mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:245–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to the presence of non dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in feed and food. Efsa J. 284:1–137. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/284.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2006. Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the commission related to hexachlorobenzene as undesirable substance in animal feed. Efsa J. 402:1–49. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/402.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2008. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain on Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts. Efsa J. 653:1–131. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/653.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• EPA. 2008. Toxicological review of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). http://nepis.epa.gov
   Google Scholar
• Frederiksen, M., K. Vorkamp, M. Thomsen, and L. E. Knudsen. 2009. Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs-a review of levels and sources. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 212:109–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromberg, A., K. Granby, A. Højgård, S. Fagt, and J. C. Larsen. 2011. Estimation of dietary intake of PCB and organochlorine pesticides for children and adults. Food Chem. 125:1179–1187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber, R., N. J. Smit, J. H. Van Vuren, S. M. Nakayama, Y. B. Yohannes, Y. Ikenaka, M. Ishizuka, and V. Wepener. 2016. Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides in an apex aquatic predator from a premier conservation area. Sci. Total Environ. 550:522–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granum, C., S. Anchersen, C. Karlsson, V. Berg, I. Olsaker, S. Verhaegen, and E. Ropstad. 2015. Steroidogenic differential effects in neonatal porcine Leydig cells exposed to persistent organic pollutants derived from cod liver oil. Reprod. Toxicol. 57:130–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug, L. S., S. Huber, G. Becher, and C. Thomsen. 2011. Characterisation of human exposure pathways to perfluorinated compounds-comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure. Environ. Int. 37:687–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug, L. S., S. Salihovic, I. E. Jogsten, C. Thomsen, B. Van Bavel, G. Lindstrom, and G. Becher. 2010b. Levels in food and beverages and daily intake of perfluorinated compounds in Norway. Chemosphere 80:1137–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug, L. S., C. Thomsen, and G. Becher. 2009. A sensitive method for determination of a broad range of perfluorinated compounds in serum suitable for large-scale human biomonitoring. J. Chromatogr. A 1216:385–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug, L. S., C. Thomsen, A. L. Brantsaeter, H. E. Kvalem, M. Haugen, G. Becher, J. Alexander, H. M. Meltzer, and H. K. Knutsen. 2010a. Diet and particularly seafood are major sources of perfluorinated compounds in humans. Environ. Int. 36:772–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health-Canada. 2007. Non-Carcinogen Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) Values from Health Canada. http://www.popstoolkit.com/tools/HHRA/TDI_HealthCanada.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Holm, A., S. R. Wilson, P. Molander, E. Lundanes, and T. Greibrokk. 2004. Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in human plasma by large volume injection capillary column switching liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Sep. Sci. 27:1071–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzer, J., O. Midasch, K. Rauchfuss, M. Kraft, R. Reupert, J. Angerer, P. Kleeschulte, N. Marschall, and M. Wilhelm. 2008. Biomonitoring of perfluorinated compounds in children and adults exposed to perfluorooctanoate-contaminated drinking water. Environ. Health Persp. 116:651–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen, A., J. L. Lyche, A. Polder, J. Aaseth, and M. A. Skaug. 2017. Increased blood levels of persistent organic pollutants (POP) in obese individiuals after weight loss- A review. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 20:22–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karrman, A., I. Ericson, B. Van Bavel, P. O. Darnerud, M. Aune, A. Glynn, S. Lignell, and G. Lindstrom. 2007. Exposure of perfluorinated chemicals through lactation: levels of matched human milk and serum and a temporal trend, 1996-2004, in Sweden. Environ. Health Persp. 115:226–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karrman, A., B. Van Bavel, U. Jarnberg, L. Hardell, and G. Lindstrom. 2006. Perfluorinated chemicals in relation to other persistent organic pollutants in human blood. Chemosphere 64:1582–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelce, W. R., C. R. Stone, S. C. Laws, L. E. Gray, J. A. Kemppainen, and E. M. Wilson. 1995. Persistent DDT metabolite p,p’-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature 375:581–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khezri, A., T. W. Fraser, R. Nourizadeh-Lillabadi, J. H. Kamstra, V. Berg, K. E. Zimmer, and E. Ropstad. 2017. A mixture of persistent organic pollutants and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid induces similar behavioural responses, but different gene expression profiles in zebrafish larvae. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18(2).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutsen, H. K., H. E. Kvalem, C. Thomsen, M. Froshaug, M. Haugen, G. Becher, J. Alexander, and H. M. Meltzer. 2008. Dietary exposure to brominated flame retardants correlates with male blood levels in a selected group of Norwegians with a wide range of seafood consumption. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 52:217–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodavanti, P. R. S., K. Senthil Kumar, and B. G. Loganathan. 2008. Organohalogen pollutants and human health. In International Encyclopedia of Public Health, edited by H. K. Heggenhougen, 686–693. Oxford: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kortenkamp, A., T. Backhaus, and M. Faust. 2009. State of the Art Report on Mixture Toxicity. Final Report. Executive Summary. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/effects/pdf/report_mixture_toxicity.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kortenkamp, A., R. Evans, O. Martin, M. Faust, and T. Backhaus. 2014. Risk of combination effects between decabromodiphenyl ether and other polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Norwegian Environment Agency home page http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/no/Publikasjoner/2014/Juli-2014/Risk-of-Combination-Effects-Between-Decabromodiphenyl-Ether-and-Other-Polybrominated-Diphenyl-Ethers/
   Google Scholar
• Kvalem, H. E., H. K. Knutsen, C. Thomsen, M. Haugen, H. Stigum, A. L. Brantsaeter, M. Froshaug, N. Lohmann, O. Papke, G. Becher, J. Alexander, and H. M. Meltzer. 2009. Role of dietary patterns for dioxin and PCB exposure. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 53:1438–1451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwack, S. J., K. B. Kim, H. S. Kim, K. S. Yoon, and B. M. Lee. 2009. Risk assessment of soybean-based phytoestrogens. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 72:1254–1261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, C. 2012. Perfluorinated compounds. In Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology, ed A. Luch, Vol. 3, 47–86. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag AG.
   Google Scholar
• Liem, A. K., P. Furst, and C. Rappe. 2000. Exposure of populations to dioxins and related compounds. Food Addit. Contam. 17:241–259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindstrom, A. B., M. J. Strynar, and E. L. Libelo. 2011. Polyfluorinated compounds: past, present, and future. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45:7954–7961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martignoni, M., G. M. Groothuis, and R. De Kanter. 2006. Species differences between mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human CYP-mediated drug metabolism, inhibition and induction. Expert. Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2:875–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montano, M., K. E. Zimmer, E. Dahl, V. Berg, I. Olsaker, J. U. Skaare, A. J. Murk, E. Ropstad, and S. Verhaegen. 2011. Effects of mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) derived from cod liver oil on H295R steroidogenesis. Food Chem. Toxicol. 49:2328–2335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrema, E. J., F. M. Rubino, G. Brambilla, A. Moretto, A. M. Tsatsakis, and C. Colosio. 2013. Persistent organochlorinated pesticides and mechanisms of their toxicity. Toxicology 307:74–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NFA-Sweden. 2012. Market basket 2010 - chemical analysis, exposure estimation and health-related assessment of nutrients and toxic compounds in Swedish food baskets. https://www.livsmedelsverket.se/globalassets/rapporter/2010/2012_livsmedelsverket_7_market_basket_2010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• NICNAS. 2013. PBDE congenors in penta and octa FactSheet. https://www.nicnas.gov.au/communications/publications/information-sheets/existing-chemical-info-sheets/pbde-congenors-in-penta-and-octa-factsheet.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson, H., A. Karrman, H. Westberg, A. Rotander, B. Van Bavel, and G. Lindstrom. 2010. A time trend study of significantly elevated perfluorocarboxylate levels in humans after using fluorinated ski wax. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44:2150–2155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, G. W., J. M. Burris, D. J. Ehresman, J. W. Froehlich, A. M. Seacat, J. L. Butenhoff, and L. R. Zobel. 2007. Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemical production workers. Environ. Health Persp. 115:1298–1305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polder, A., M. B. Muller, J. L. Lyche, R. H. Mdegela, H. E. Nonga, F. P. Mabiki, T. J. Mbise, J. U. Skaare, M. Sandvik, E. Skjerve, and E. Lie. 2014. Levels and patterns of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) from four different lakes in Tanzania: geographical differences and implications for human health. Sci. Total Environ. 488-489:252–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polder, A., C. Thomsen, G. Lindstrom, K. B. Loken, and J. U. Skaare. 2008. Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from Northern and Southern Norway. Chemosphere 73:14–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Säll, L. 2010. Exploration of management options for Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Paper for the 8th meeting of the UNECE CLRTAP Task Force on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Montreal. http://www.unece.org/unece/search?q=HBCD⊕Search
   Google Scholar
• Schecter, A., J. Colacino, D. Haffner, K. Patel, M. Opel, O. Papke, and L. Birnbaum. 2010a. Perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticide contamination in composite food samples from Dallas, Texas, USA. Environ. Health Persp. 118:796–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schecter, A., D. Haffner, J. Colacino, K. Patel, O. Papke, M. Opel, and L. Birnbaum. 2010b. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples. Environ. Health Persp. 118:357–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schecter, A., O. Papke, K. C. Tung, J. Joseph, T. R. Harris, and J. Dahlgren. 2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the U.S. population: current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 47:199–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqi, M. A., R. H. Laessig, and K. D. Reed. 2003. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): new pollutants-old diseases. Clin. Med. Res. 1:281–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sruthi, S. N., M. S. Shyleshchandran, S. P. Mathew, and E. V. Ramasamy. 2017. Contamination from organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in agricultural soils of Kuttanad agroecosystem in India and related potential health risk. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 24:969–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suvorov, A., and L. Takser. 2008. Facing the challenge of data transfer from animal models to humans: the case of persistent organohalogens. Environ. Health 7:58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen, C., H. Stigum, M. Froshaug, S. L. Broadwell, G. Becher, and M. Eggesbo. 2010. Determinants of brominated flame retardants in breast milk from a large scale Norwegian study. Environ. Int. 36:68–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornkvist, A., A. Glynn, M. Aune, P. O. Darnerud, and E. H. Ankarberg. 2011. PCDD/F, PCB, PBDE, HBCD and chlorinated pesticides in a Swedish market basket from 2005-levels and dietary intake estimations. Chemosphere 83:193–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullah, S., T. Alsberg, and U. Berger. 2011. Simultaneous determination of perfluoroalkyl phosphonates, carboxylates, and sulfonates in drinking water. J. Chromatogr. A 1218:6388–6395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNEP. 2008a. The 12 initial POPs under the Stockholm Convention. http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/The12InitialPOPs/tabid/296/Default.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP. 2008b. Chemicals proposed for listing under the Convention. http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ChemicalsProposedforListing/tabid/2510/Default.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP. 2008c. Listing of POPs in the Stockholm Convention. http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP. 2008d. The new POPs under the Stockholm Convention. http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/TheNewPOPs/tabid/2511/Default.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP. 2008e. What are POPs? http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/tabid/673/Default.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP. 2010a. The 9 new POPs. An introduction to the nine chemicals added to the Stockholm Convention by the Conference of the Parties at its fourth meeting. http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/POPsReviewCommittee/Guidance/tabid/345/Default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• UNEP. 2010b. Hexabromocyclododecane draft risk profile. http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-POPRC5WG-ASSES-HBCD-draftRP.En.doc
   Google Scholar
• UNEP. 2011a. Report of the Fifth Expert Group Meeting on the assessment of the production and use of DDT and its Alternatives for Disease Vector Control. http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/DDT/ProgressReport/tabid/132/Default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• UNEP. 2011b. Stockholm Convention factsheet. http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Media/Factsheets/tabid/527/language/en-US/Default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• UNEP. 2013. Proposal to list decabromodiphenyl ether (commercial mixture, c-decaBDE) in Annexes A, B and/or C to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/POPsReviewCommittee/POPRCRecommendations/tabid/243/Default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, U. K. 2010. Inventories of PCBs. PCBs Elimination Network (PEN) magazine. http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/PCBs/PCBsEliminationNetworkPEN/PENmagazine/tabid/738/Default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Walton, K., J. L. Dorne, and A. G. Renwick. 2001. Uncertainty factors for chemical risk assessment: interspecies differences in the in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism of human CYP1A2 substrates. Food Chem. Toxicol. 39:667–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J., H. F. Berntsen, K. E. Zimmer, C. Frizzell, S. Verhaegen, E. Ropstad, and L. Connolly. 2016b. Effects of defined mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on multiple cellular responses in the human hepatocarcinoma cell line, HepG2, using high content analysis screening. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 294:21–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J., H. F. Berntsen, K. E. Zimmer, S. Verhaegen, C. Frizzell, E. Ropstad, and L. Connolly. 2016a. Do persistent organic pollutants interact with the stress response? Individual compounds, and their mixtures, interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor. Toxicol. Lett. 241:121–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WWF. 2006. Chain of Contamination: the Food Link (Factsheet). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPS). http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?80900/Chain-of-contamination.
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, K., S.-J. Kwack, H. S. Kim, and B. M. Lee. 2014. Estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals: molecular mechanisms of action on putative human diseases. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 17:127–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer, K. E., M. Montano, I. Olsaker, E. Dahl, V. Berg, C. Karlsson, A. J. Murk, J. U. Skaare, E. Ropstad, and S. Verhaegen. 2011. In vitro steroidogenic effects of mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) extracted from burbot (Lota lota) caught in two Norwegian lakes. Sci. Total Environ. 409:2040–2048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar