156
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Natural tissue concentrations in adult Ambystoma maculatum and larval DNA damage from exposure to arsenic and chromium

, , &
Pages 512-524 | Received 07 Feb 2018, Accepted 19 Mar 2018, Published online: 04 Apr 2018

References

  • Adeyemi, J. A., A. C. Martins-Junior, and J. F. Barbosa. 2015. Teratogenicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) co-exposed to arsenic and atrazine. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology : CBP 172-173:7–12. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.04.001.
  • Adlassnig, W., S. Sassmann, A. Grawunder, M. Puschenreiter, A. Horvath, and M. Koller-Peroutka. 2013. Amphibians in metal-contaminated habitats. Salamandra 49:149–58.
  • Ahmed, M. K., G. K. Kindu, M. H. Al-Mamun, S. K. Sarkar, M. S. Akter, and M. S. Khan. 2013. Chromium (VI) induced acute toxicity and genotoxicity in freshwater stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 92:64–70. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.008.
  • Albers, P. H., and R. M. Prouty. 1987. Survival of spotted salamander eggs in temporary woodland ponds of coastal Maryland. Environmental Pollution 46 (1):45–61. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(87)90144-8.
  • ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2007. Toxicological profile for arsenic. Department of health and human services. Atlanta, GA, USA: Public Health Service, US.
  • Bantle, J. A., and T. D. Sabourin 1991. Standard guide for conducting the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX). ASTM E1439-12 Standard Guide for Conducting the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012, doi:10.1520/E1439-12
  • Barbosa, J. F. 2017. Toxicology of metals and metalloids: Promising issues for future studies in environmental health and toxicology. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A 80:137–44. doi:10.1080/15287394.2016.1259475.
  • Bashor, B., J. George, M. Kranz, and D. Borowski. 2010. Public health assessment: Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) kingston fossil plant coal ash release. Atlanta: Public Health Assessment.
  • Bhattacharya, P., A. H. Welch, K. G. Stollenwerk, M. J. McLaughlin, J. Bundschuh, and G. Panaullah. 2007. Arsenic in the environment: Biology and chemistry. Sciences Total Environment 379:109–20. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.037.
  • Blocher, D., and D. Pohlit. 1982. DNA double strand breaks in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells at low doses of X-rays. II. Can cell death be attributed to double trand breaks? International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine 42:329–38. doi:10.1080/09553008214551241.
  • Bommarito, T., D. W. Sparling, and R. S. Halbrook. 2010. Toxicity of coal-tar pavement sealants and ultraviolet radiation to Ambystoma maculatum. Ecotoxicology 19:1147–56. doi:10.1007/s10646-010-0498-8.
  • Burger, J., and J. Snodgrass. 2001. Metal levels in southern leopard frogs from the Savannah River Site: Location and body compartment effects. Environmental Research 86:157–66. doi:10.1006/enrs.2001.4245.
  • Chakraborty, T., and M. De. 2009. Clastogenic effects of inorganic arsenic salts on human chromosomes in vitro. Drug Chemical Toxicogical 32:169–73. doi:10.1080/01480540802594509.
  • Chang, H. R., D. A. Tsao, and W. C. Tseng. 2011. Hexavalent chromium inhibited the expression of RKIP of heart in vivo and in vitro. Toxicogical in Vitro 25:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2010.06.012.
  • Chang, J. S., M. B. Gu, and K. W. Kim. 2009. Effects of arsenic on p53 mutation and occurrence of teratogenic salamanders: Their potential as ecological indicators for arsenic contamination. Chemosphere 75:948–54. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.002.
  • Chen, T. H., J. A. Gross, and W. H. Karasov. 2009. Chronic exposure to pentavalent arsenic of larval leopard frogs (Rana pipiens): Bioaccumulation and reduced swimming performance. Ecotoxicology 18:587–93. doi:10.1007/s10646-009-0316-3.
  • Clark, K. L., and B. D. LaZerte. 1987. Intraspecific variation in hydrogen ion and aluminum toxicity in Bufo americanus and Ambystoma maculatum. Canada Journal Fisheries Aquat Sciences 44 (9):1622–28. doi:10.1139/f87-196.
  • Cohen, S. M., A. Chowdhury, and L. L. Arnold. 2016. Inorganic arsenic: A non-genotoxic carcinogen. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China) 49:28–37. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2016.04.015.
  • DeMali, H. M., S. E. Trauth, and J. L. Bouldin. 2016. Metals, parasites, and environmental conditions affecting breeding populations of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) in Northern Arkansas, USA. Bulletin Environment Contamination Toxicogical 96:732–37. doi:10.1007/s00128-016-1752-4.
  • Dhalla, N. S., R. M. Temsah, and T. Netticadan. 2000. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Hypertension 18:655–73. doi:10.1097/00004872-200018060-00002.
  • Douglas, M. E., and B. L. Monroe, Jr. 1981. A comparative study of topographical orientation in Ambystoma (Amphibia: Caudata). Copeia 1981:460–63. doi:10.2307/1444239.
  • Egan, R. S., and P. W. C. Paton. 2004. Within-pond parameters affecting oviposition by wood frogs and spotted salamanders. Wetlands 24:1–13. doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0001:WPAOBW]2.0.CO;2.
  • Fairbairn, D. W., P. L. Olive, and K. L. O’Niell. 1995. The comet assay: A comprehensive review. Mutation Research 339:37–59. doi:10.1016/0165-1110(94)00013-3.
  • Fernando, V. A. K., J. Weerasena, G. P. Lakraj, I. C. Perera, C. D. Dangalle, S. Handunnetti, S. Premawansa, and M. R. Wijesinghe. 2016. Lethal and sub-lethal effects on the Asian common toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus from exposure to hexavalent chromium. Aquatic Toxicology 177:98–105. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.017.
  • Gardner, S., G. Cline, N. Mwebi, and J. Rayburn. 2017. Developmental and interactive effects of arsenic and chromium to developing Ambystoma maculatum embryos: Toxicity, teratogenicity, and whole-body concentrations. Journal Toxicogical Environment Health A 80:91–104. doi:10.1080/15287394.2016.1253514.
  • Gardner, S. T., A. T. Wood, R. Lester, P. E. Onkst, N. Burnham, D. H. Perygin, and J. Rayburn. 2016. Assessing differences in toxicity and teratogenicity of three phthalates, Diethyl phthalate, Di-npropyl phthalate, and Di-n-butyl phthalate, using Xenopus laevis embryos. Journal Toxicogical Environment Health A 79:71–82. doi:10.1080/15287394.2015.1106994.
  • Gomez-Mestre, I., J. C. Touchon, and K. M. Warkentin. 2006. Amphibian embryo and parental defenses and a larval predator reduce egg mortality from water mold. Ecology 87:2570–81. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2570:AEAPDA]2.0.CO;2.
  • Goodarzi, F., F. E. Huggins, and H. Sanei. 2008. Assessment of elements, speciation of As, Cr, and Ni and emitted Hg for a Canadian power plant burning bituminous coal. International Journal Coal Geological 74:1–12. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2007.09.002.
  • Gyori, B. M., G. Venkatachalam, P. S. Thiagarajan, D. Hsu, and M. V. Clement. 2014. OpenComet: An automated tool for comet assay image analysis. Redox Biology 2:457–65. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.020.
  • Haidara, M. A., H. Z. Yassin, M. Rateb, H. Ammar, and M. A. Zorkani. 2006. Role of oxidative stress in development of cardiovascular complications in diabetes mellitus. Current Vascular Pharmacology 4:215–27. doi:10.2174/157016106777698469.
  • Harrison, R. G. 1970. Harrison stages and description of normal development of the spotted salamander, Ambystoma punctatum (Linn). Yale Journal Biologic Medica 42:44–66.
  • Hatch, A. C., and G. A. Burton, Jr. 1998. Effects of photoinduced toxicity of fluoranthene on amphibian embryos and larvae. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:1777–85. doi:10.1002/etc.v17:9.
  • Heuring, W. L., and A. Mathis. 2014. Landmark learning by juvenile salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum). Behavioural Processes 108:173–76. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.015.
  • Hopkins, W. A., M. T. Mendonca, C. L. Rowe, and J. D. Congdon. 1998. Elevated trace element concentrations in southern toads, Bufo terrestris, exposed to coal combustion waste. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35:325–29. doi:10.1007/s002449900383.
  • Hu, H., H. Liu, J. Chen, A. Li, H. Yao, F. Low, and L. Zhang. 2015. Speciation transformation of arsenic during municipal solid waste incineration. Proceedings Combust Institute 35:2883–90. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.052.
  • Hu, Y., L. Su, and E. T. Snow. 1998. Arsenic toxicity is enzyme specific and its effects on ligation are not caused by the direct inhibition of DNA repair enzymes. Mutation Research 408:203–18. doi:10.1016/S0921-8777(98)00035-4.
  • Ireland, P. H. 1991. Separate effects of acid-derived anions and cations on growth of larval salamanders of Ambystoma maculatum. Copeia 1:132–37. doi:10.2307/1446255.
  • Jabeen, G., and M. Javed. 2011. Evaluation of arsenic toxicity to biota in River Ravi (Pakistan) aquatic ecosystem. International Journal Agricultural Biologic 13:929–34.
  • Jackson, P., L. M. Pederson, Z. O. Kyjovska, N. R. Jacobsen, A. T. Saber, K. S. Hougaard, U. Vogell, and H. Wallin. 2013. Validation of freezing tissues and cells for analysis of DNA strand break levels by comet assay. Mutagenesis 28:699–707. doi:10.1093/mutage/get049.
  • Kalinina, E. V., N. N. Chernov, and M. D. Novichkova. 2014. Role of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and glutaredoxin in regulation of redox dependent processes. Biochemistry (Moscow) 79:1562–83. doi:10.1134/S0006297914130082.
  • Kassie, F., W. Parzefall, and S. Knasmüller. 2000. Single cell gel electrophoresis assay: A new technique for human biomonitoring studies. Mutation Research 463:13–31. doi:10.1016/S1383-5742(00)00041-7.
  • Keen, W. H., and E. E. Schroeder. 1975. Temperature selection and tolerance in three species of Ambystoma larvae. Copeia 1975:523–30. doi:10.2307/1443653.
  • Kimbrough, D. E., Y. Cohen, A. M. Winer, L. Creeiman, and C. Mabuni. 1998. A critical assessment of chromium in the environment. Critical Reviews Environment Sciences Technological 29 (1):1–46. doi:10.1080/10643389991259164.
  • Kumaravel, T. S., B. Vilhar, S. P. Faux, and A. N. Jha. 2009. Comet assay measurements: A perspective. Cell Biology and Toxicology 25:53–64. doi:10.1007/s10565-007-9043-9.
  • Landrot, G., R. Tappero, S. M. Webb, and D. L. Sparks. 2012. Arsenic and chromium speciation in an urban contaminated soil. Chemosphere 88:1196–201. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.069.
  • Lee, Y. H., and R. B. Stuebing. 1990. Heavy metal contamination in the river toad, Bufo juxtasper (Inger), near a copper mine in east Malaysia. Bulletin Environment Contamination Toxicogical 45:272–79. doi:10.1007/BF01700195.
  • Lorenz, K., M. J. Lohse, and U. Quitterer. 2003. Protein kinase C switches the Raf kinase inhibitor from Raf-1 to GRK-2. Nature 426:574–79. doi:10.1038/nature02158.
  • Loumbourdis, N. S., I. Kostaropoulos, B. Theodoropoulou, and D. Kalmanti. 2007. Heavy metal accumulation and metallothionein concentration in the frog Rana ridibunda after exposure to chromium or a mixture of chromium and cadmium. Environmental Pollution 145:787–92. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.011.
  • Madamanchi, A. 2007. Beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in cardiac function and heart failure. McGill Journal of Medica 10:99–104.
  • Magari, S. R., J. Schwartz, P. L. Williams, R. Hauser, T. J. Smith, and D. C. Christiani. 2002. The association of particulate air metal concentrations with heart rate variability. Environmental Health Perspectives 110:875–80. doi:10.1289/ehp.02110875.
  • Manna, P., M. Sinha, and P. Sil. 2008. Arsenic-induced oxidative myocardial injury: Protective role of arjunolic acid. Archives of Toxicology 82:137–49. doi:10.1007/s00204-007-0272-8.
  • Mardirosian, M. N., C. I. Lascano, A. Ferrari, G. A. Bongiovanni, and A. Venturino. 2015. Acute toxicity of arsenic andoxidative stress responses in the embryonic development of the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 34:1009–14. doi:10.1002/etc.2856.
  • Mazzer, P. A., L. Maurmann, and R. N. Bose. 2007. Mechanisms of DNA damage and insight into mutations by chromium (VI) in the presence of glutathione. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 101:44–55. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.08.008.
  • Mercer, T. G., and L. E. Frostick. 2012. Leaching characteristics of CCA-treated wood waste: A UK study. The Science of the Total Environment 427–428:165–74. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.008.
  • Metts, B. S., K. A. Buhlmann, T. D. Tuberville, D. E. Scott, and W. A. Hopkins. 2013. Maternal transfer of contaminants and reduced reproductive success of southern toads (Bufo [Anaxyrus] terrestris) exposed to coal combustion waste. Environmental Science & Technology 47:2846–53. doi:10.1021/es303989u.
  • Metts, B. S., W. A. Hopkins, and J. P. Nestor. 2005. Interaction of an insecticide with larval density in pond-breeding salamanders (Ambystoma). Freshwater Biologic 50:685–96. doi:10.1111/fwb.2005.50.issue-4.
  • Mouchet, F., P. Landois, E. Flahaut, E. Pinelli, and L. Gauthier. 2007. Assessment of the potential in vivo ecotoxicity of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) in water, using the amphibian Ambystoma mexicanum. Nanotoxicology 1:149–56. doi:10.1080/17435390701556080.
  • Naranmandura, H., N. Suzuki, K. Iwata, S. Hirano, and K. T. Suzuki. 2007. Arsenic metabolism and thioarsenicals in hamsters and rats. Chemical Research in Toxicology 20:616–24. doi:10.1021/tx700038x.
  • Olive, P. L., D. Wlodek, and J. P. Banath. 1991. DNA double-strand breaks measured in individual cells subject to gel electrophoresis. Cancer Research 51:4671–76.
  • Palmer, C. D., and P. R. Wittbrodt. 1991. Processes affecting the remediation of chromium-contaminated sites. Environmental Health Perspectives 92:25–40. doi:10.1289/ehp.919225.
  • Pechova, A., and L. Pavlata. 2007. Chromium as an essential nutrient: A review. Veterinary Medica 52:1–18. doi:10.17221/2010-VETMED.
  • Pell, A., A. Marquez, J. F. López-Sánchez, R. Rubio, M. Barbero, S. Stegen, F. Queirolo, and P. Díaz-Palma. 2013. Occurrence of arsenic species in algae and freshwater plants of an extreme arid region in northern Chile, the Loa River Basin. Chemosphere 90:556–64. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.028.
  • Perez-Coll, C. S., and J. Herkovits. 1990. Stage dependent susceptibility to lead in Bufo arenarum embryos. Environmental Pollution 63:239–45. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(90)90157-8.
  • Petranka, J. W., A. W. Rushlow, and M. E. Hopey. 1998. Predation by tadpoles of Rana sylvatica on embryos of Ambystoma maculatum: Implications of ecological role reversals by Rana (predator) and Ambystoma (prey). Herpetologica 54:1–13.
  • Rahman, M. A., B. Hogan, E. Duncan, C. Doyle, R. Krassoi, M. R. Rahman, R. Naidu, R. P. Lim, W. Maher, and C. Hassler. 2014. Toxicity of arsenic species to three freshwater organisms and biotransformation of inorganic arsenic by freshwater phytoplankton (Chlorella sp. CE-35). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 106:126–35. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.03.004.
  • Relyea, R. A., and D. K. Jones. 2009. The toxicity of roundup original max to 13 species of larval amphibians. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28:2004–08. doi:10.1897/09-021.1.
  • Rieuwerts, J. S., K. Mighanetara, C. B. Braungardt, G. K. Rollinson, D. Pirrie, and F. Azizi. 2014. Geochemistry and mineralogy of arsenic in mine wastes and stream sediments in a historic metal mining area in the UK. The Science of the Total Environment 472:226–34. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.029.
  • Roe, J. H., W. A. Hopkins, S. E. DuRant, and J. M. Unrine. 2006. Effects of competition and coal combustion wastes on recruitment and life history characteristics of salamanders in temporary wetlands. Aquatic Toxicology 79:176–84. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.06.007.
  • Rowe, C. L., W. A. Hopkins, and J. D. Congdon. 2002. Ecotoxicological implications of aquatic disposal of coal combustion residues in the United States: A review. Environment Monitoring Assessment 80:207–76. doi:10.1023/A:1021127120575.
  • Rowe, C. L., O. M. Kinney, A. P. Fiori, and J. D. Congdon. 1996. Oral deformities in tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) associated with coal ash deposition: Effects on grazing ability and growth. Freshwater Biologic 36:723–30. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.1996.00123.x.
  • Sexton, O. J., C. Phillips, and J. E. Bramble. 1990. The effects of temperature and precipitation on the breeding migration of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum). Copeia 3:781–87. doi:10.2307/1446443.
  • Shah, P., V. Strezov, K. Prince, and P. F. Nelson. 2008. Speciation of As, Cr, Se, and Hg under coal fired power station conditions. Fuel 87:1859–69. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2007.12.001.
  • Shimizu, M., J. F. Hochadel, B. A. Fulmer, and M. P. Waalkes. 1998. Effect of glutathione and metallothionein gene expression on arsenic-induced cytotoxicity and c-myc expression in vitro. Toxicological Sciences 45:204–11.
  • Shupack, S. I. 1991. The chemistry of chromium and some resulting analytical problems. Environmental Health Perspectives 92:7–11. doi:10.1289/ehp.91927.
  • Silva, J., T. R. O. Freitas, J. R. Marinho, G. Speit, and B. Erdtmann. 2000. An alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay for environmental biomonitoring with native rodents. Genetics and Molecular Biology 23:241–45. doi:10.1590/S1415-47572000000100042.
  • Singh, N. P., M. T. McCoy, R. R. Tice, and E. L. Schneide. 1988. A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Experimental Cell Research 175:184–91. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(88)90265-0.
  • Singha, U., N. Pandey, F. Boro, S. Giri, A. Giri, and S. Biswas. 2014. Sodium arsenite induced changes in survival, growth, metamorphosis, and genotoxicity in the Indian cricket frog (Rana limnocharis). Chemosphere 112:333–39. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.076.
  • Tice, R. R., E. Agurell, D. Anderson, B. Burlinson, A. Hartmann, H. Kobayashi, Y. Miyamae, E. Rojas, J. C. Ryu, and Y. F. Sasaki. 2000. Single cell gel/comet assay: Guidelines for In Vitro and In Vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 35:206–21. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-J.
  • Tice, R. R., and G. H. Strauss. 1995. The single cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay: A potential tool for detecting radiation-induced DNA damage in humans. Stem Cells 13:207–14.
  • Turtle, S. L. 2000. Embryonic survivorship of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) in roadside and woodland vernal pools in southeastern New Hampshire. Journal of Herpetol 34:60–61. doi:10.2307/1565239.
  • Tuulaikhuu, B. A., B. Bonet, and H. Guasch. 2016. Effects of low arsenic concentration exposure on freshwater fish in the presence of fluvial biofilms. The Science of the Total Environment 544:467–75. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.126.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Determination of trace elements by standardized temperature graphite furnace atomic absorption. Method 200.9 (Revision 2.2 MMC version). Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Acid digestion of sludges, solids, and soils, USEPA 3050B, In SW-846 Pt 1. Cincinnati, OH: Office of Solid and Hazardous Wastes, USEPA.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2009. Characterization of coal combustion residues from electric utilities—Leaching and characterization data. EPA-600/R- 09/151. Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development.
  • Venne, L. S., G. P. Cobb, G. Coimbatore, L. M. Smith, and S. T. McMurry. 2006. Influence of land use on metal concentrations in playa sediments and amphibians in the Southern High Plains. Environmental Pollution 144:112–18. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.01.003.
  • Wang, C. H., C. K. Hsiao, C. L. Chen, L. I. Hsu, H. Y. Chiou, S. Y. Chen, Y. M. Hsueh, M. M. Wu, and C. J. Chen. 2007. A review of the epidemiologic literature on the role of environmental arsenic exposure and cardiovascular diseases. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 222:315–26. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.022.
  • Wise, S. S., A. L. Holmes, M. E. Ketterer, W. J. Hartsock, E. Fomchenko, S. Katsifis, W. D. Thompson, and J. P. Wise, Sr. 2004. Chromium is the proximate clastogenic species for lead chromate-induced clastogenicity in human bronchial cells. Mutat Researcher Genetics Toxicogical Environment Mutagen 560:79–89. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.02.009.
  • World Health Organization. 1981. Environmental health criteria 18, Arsenic. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
  • Zamora-Perez, A., G. M. Zu´n˜iga-Gonza´lez, B. C. Go´mez-Meda, M. L. Ramos-Ibarra, C. M. Batista-Gonza´lez, and O. Torres-Bugarı´n. 2004. Induction of micronucleated cells in the shed skin ofsalamanders (Ambystoma sp.) Ttreated with colchicine or cyclophosphamide. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 44:436–40. doi:10.1002/em.20074.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.