676
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Hand-to-mouth and other hand-to-face touching behavior in a quasi-naturalistic study under controlled conditions

, &

References

  • Ballinger, B. R. 1970. The prevalence of nail-biting in normal and abnormal populations. Br. J. Psychiat 117 (539):445–46. doi:10.1192/bjp.117.539.445.
  • Cal/EPA. 2008. Proposition 65 interpretive guideline no. 2008-001: Guideline for hand-to-mouth transfer of lead through exposure to fishing tackle products. Sacramento: California Environmental Protection Agency.
  • Cal/EPA. 2011. Proposition 65 interpretive guideline no. 2011-001: Guideline for hand-to-mouth transfer of lead through exposure to consumer products. Sacramento: California Environmental Protection Agency.
  • Cherrie, J. W., S. Semple, Y. Christopher, A. Saleem, G. W. Hughson, and A. Philips. 2006. How important is inadvertent ingestion of hazardous substances at work? Ann. Occup. Hyg. 50:693–704. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mel035.
  • Chuang, H. Y., M. L. Lee, K. Y. Chao, J. D. Wang, and H. Hu. 1999. Relationship of blood lead levels to personal hygiene habits in lead battery workers: Taiwan, 1991-1997. Am. J. Ind. Med. 35 (6):595–603. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199906)35:6<595::aid-ajim7>3.0.co;2-5.
  • Coleman, J., and J. E. McCalley. 1948. Nail-biting among college students. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 43:517–25. doi:10.1037/h0062313.
  • Elder, N. C., W. Sawyer, H. Pallerla, S. Khaja, and M. Blacker. 2014. Hand hygiene and face touching in family medicine offices: A cincinnati area research and improvement group (CARInG) network study. J. Am. Board. Family Med 27 (3):339–46. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2014.10.015.
  • Fauci, A. S., H. C. Lane, and R. R. Redfield. 2020. Covid-19 – Navigating the uncharted. N. Engl. J. Med. 382 (13):1268–69. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2002387.
  • Gorman, N., M., . A. Davis, M. van Tongeren, H. Cowie, and S. Semple. 2014. Inadvertent ingestion exposure: Hand- and object-to-mouth behavior among workers. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 26 (1):9–16. doi:10.1038/jes.2014.71.
  • Hatta, T., and S. J. Dimond. 1984. Differences in face touching by Japanese and British people. Neuropsychologia 22 (4):531–34. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(84)90050-2.
  • Hendley, J. O., R. P. Wenzel, and J. M. Gwaltney Jr. 1973. Transmission of rhinovirus colds by self-inoculation. N. Engl. J. Med. 288 (26):1361–64. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-88-4-463.
  • Johnston, J. D., D. Eggett, M. J. Johnson, and J. C. Reading. 2014. The influence of risk perception on biosafety level-2 laboratory workers’ hand-to-face contact behaviors. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 11 (9):625–32. doi:10.1080/15459624.2014.887206.
  • Joubert, C. E. 1995. Associations of social personality factors with personal habits. Psychol. Rep 76 (3_suppl):1315–21. doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.3c.1315.
  • Kwok, Y. L., J. Gralton, and M. L. McLaws. 2015. Face touching: A frequent habit that has implications for hand hygiene. Am. J. Infect. Control 43 (2):112–14. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2014.10.015.
  • Nicas, M., and D. Best. 2008. A study quantifying the hand-to-face contact rate and its potential application to predicting respiratory tract infection. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 5 (6):347–52. doi:10.1080/15459620802003896.
  • Pennington, L. A. 1945. The incidence of nail-biting among adults. Am. J. Psychiat 102 (2):241–44. doi:10.1176/ajp.102.2.241.
  • Rothan, H. A., and S. N. Byrareddy. 2020. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J. Autoimmun. 109:102433. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433.
  • Rusin, P., S. Maxwell, and C. Gerba. 2002. Comparative surface-to-hand and fingertip-to-mouth transfer efficiency of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and phage. J. Appl. Microbiol. 93 (4):585–92. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01734.x.
  • Sahmel, J., E. I. Hsu, H. J. Avens, E. M. Beckett, and K. D. Devlin. 2015. Estimation of hand-to-mouth transfer efficiency of lead. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 59:210–20. doi:10.1093/annhyg/meu088.
  • Williams, T. I., R. Rose, and S. Chisholm. 2007. What is the function of nail biting: An analog assessment study. Behav. Res. Ther 45 (5):989–95. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.013.
  • Xue, J., V. Zartarian, J. Moya, N. Freeman, P. Beamer, K. Black, N. Tulve, and S. Shalat. 2007. A meta-analysis of children’s hand-to-mouth frequency data for estimating non-dietary ingestion exposure. Risk. Anal 27 (2):411–20. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00893.x.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.