References
- Adar, S. D., P. A. Filigrana, N. Clements, and J. L. Peel. 2014. Ambient coarse particulate matter and human health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 8 (3):258–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-014-0022-z.
- Ahmad, O. E., C. Boschi-Pinto, A. D. Lopez, C. J. L. Murray, R. Lozano, and M. Inoue. 2000. Age standardization of rates: A new WHO standard. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Almeida, S. M., A. V. Silva, and S. Sarmento. 2014. Effects of exposure to particles and ozone on hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory diseases in SetuBal, Portugal. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 77 (14–16):837–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2014.887399.
- Atkinson, R. Q., S. Kang, H. R. Anderson, I. C. Mills, and H. A. Walton. 2014. Epidemiological time series studies of PM2.5 and daily mortality and hospital admissions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 69 (7):660–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204492.
- Beckerman, B. S., M. Jerrett, M. Finkelstein, P. Kanaroglou, J. R. Brook, M. A. Arain, M. R. Sears, D. Stieb, J. Balmes, and K. Chapman. 2012. The association between chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and ischemic heart disease. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 75 (7):402–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2012.670899.
- Bourdrel, T., M. A. Bind, Y. Bejot, O. Morel, and J. F. Argacha. 2017. Cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis. 110 (11):634–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2017.05.003.
- Breitner, S., M. Stolzel, J. Cyrys, M. Pitz, G. Wolke, W. Kreyling, H. Kuchenhoff, J. Heinrich, H. R. Wichmann, and A. Peters. 2009. Short-term mortality rates during a decade of improved air quality in Erfurt, Germany. Environ. Health Perspect. 117 (3):448–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11711.
- Cai, Y., S. Hodgson, M. Blangiardo, D. Morley, D. Fecht, D. Vienneau, K. De Hoogh, T. Key, K. Hveem, P. Elliott, et al. 2018. Road traffic noise, air pollution and incident cardiovascular disease: A joint analysis of the HUNT, EPIC-Oxford and UK Biobank cohorts. Environ. Int. 114:191–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.048.
- Chang, C. C., P. S. Chen, and C. Y. Yang. 2015. Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases: A case-crossover study in tropical city. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 78 (4):267–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2014.960044.
- Chang, F. C., H. Y. Sung, S. H. Zhu, and S. T. Chiou. 2013. Impact of the 2009 Taiwan tobacco hazards prevention act on smoking cessation. Addiction 109 (1):140–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12344.
- Chang, S. C., and C. T. Lee. 2007. Evaluation of the trend of air quality in Taipei, Taiwan from 1994 to 2003. Environ. Monit. Assess. 127 (1–3):87–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9262-1.
- Chen, C. C., S. S. Tsai, and C. Y. Yang. 2021. Change in risk of hospital admissions for ischemic heart disease after the implementation of a mass rapid transit system in Taipei. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 84 (6):227–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2020.1855491.
- Chiu, H. F., C. Y. Peng, T. N. Wu, and C. Y. Yang. 2013. Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on ischemic heart disease hospitalizations in Taipei: A case-crossover study. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 13 (5):1563–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2013.01.0013.
- Chou, C. C. K., S. C. Liu, C. Y. Liu, C. J. Lin, and K. H. Chang. 2006. The trend of surface ozone in Taipei, Taiwan, and its cause: Implications for ozone control strategies. Atmos. Environ. 40 (21):3898–908. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.018.
- Clancy, L., P. Goodman, H. Sinclair, and D. W. Dockery. 2002. Effect of air pollution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: An intervention study. Lancet 360 (9341):1210–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11281-5.
- Cohen, A. J., M. Brauer, R. Burnett, H. R. Anderson, J. Frostad, K. Estep, K. Balakrishnan, B. Brunekreef, L. Dandona, and R. Dandona. 2017. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the Global burden of diseases study 2015. Lancet 389 (10082):1907–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6.
- Colvile, R., E. Hutchinson, J. Mindell, and R. Warren. 2001. The transport sector as a source of air pollution. Atmos. Environ. 35 (9):1537–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00551-3.
- Ding, P. H., G. S. Wang, B. Y. Chen, and G. H. Wan. 2016. Urban air pollution in Taiwan before and after the installation of a mass rapid transit system. J. Environ. Qual 45 (5):1731–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.08.0432.
- Fensterer, V., H. Kuchenhoff, V. Maier, H. E. Wichmann, S. Breitner, A. Peters, J. Gu, and J. Cyrys. 2014. Evaluation of the impact of low emission zone and heavy traffic ban in Munich (Germany) on the reduction of PM10 in ambient air. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 11 (5):5094–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110505094.
- Hahad, O., J. Lelieveld, F. Birklein, K. Lieb, A. Daiber, and T. Munzel. 2020. Ambient air pollution increases the risk of cerebrovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders through the induction of inflammation and oxidative stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21 (12):4306. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124306.
- Hayes, R. B., C. Lim, Y. Zhang, K. Cromar, Y. Shao, H. R. Reynolds, D. T. Silverman, R. R. Jones, Y. Park, M. Jerrett, et al. 2020. PM2.5 air pollution and cause-specific cardiovascular disease and mortality. Int. J. Epidemiol. 49 (1):25–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz114.
- Hedley, A. J., C. M. Wong, T. Q. Thach, T. H. Lam, H. R. Anderson, and H. R. Anderson. 2002. Cardiorespiratory and all-cause mortality after restrictions on sulfur content of fuel in Hong Kong: An intervention study. Lancet 360 (9346):1646–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11612-6.
- Hoek, G., R. M. Krishnan, R. Beelen, A. Peters, J. D. Kaufman, J. D. Kaufman, and J. D. Kaufman. 2013. Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio- respiratory mortality: A review. Environ. Health 12 (1):43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-12-43.
- Krcel, P., Y. A. Cipoli, A. C. Targino, L. B. Castro, L. Gidhagen, F. Malucelli, and A. Wolf. 2020. Cyclists exposure to air pollution under different traffic management strategies. Sci. Total Environ. 723:138043. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138043.
- Kwan, S. C., M. Tainio, J. Woodcock, and J. H. Hashim. 2016. Health co- benefits in mortality avoidance from implementation of the mass rapid transit (MRT) system in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Rev. Environ. Health 31 (1):179–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2015-0038.
- Laden, F., J. Schwartz, F. E. Speizer, and D. W. Dockery. 2006. Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: Extended follow-up of the Harvard six cities study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 173 (6):667–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200503-443OC.
- Li, C., Y. Song, L. Tian, and W. Ouyang. 2020. Urban form, air quality, and cardiorespiratory mortality: A path analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (4):1202. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041202.
- Lin, Y. K., T. H. Lin, and S. C. Chang. 2010. The changes in different ozone metrics and their implications following precursor reductions over northern Taiwan from 1994 to 2007. Environ. Monit. Assess. 169 (1–4):143–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1158-4.
- Moore, E., L. Chatzidiakou, M. O. Kuku, R. L. Jones, L. Smeeth, S. Beevers, F. J. Kelley, B. Barratt, and J. K. Quint. 2016. Global association between air pollutants and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations: A systematic review. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 13:1814–27.
- Ni, Y., G. Shi, and J. Qu. 2020. Indoor PM2.5, tobacco smoking and chronic lung diseases: A narrative review. Environ. Res. 181:108910. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108910.
- Pascal, M., M. Corso, O. Chanel, C. Declercq, C. Badaloni, G. Cesaroni, S. Henschel, K. Meister, D. Haluza, P. Martin- Olmedo, et al. 2013. Assessing the public health impacts of urban air pollution in 25 European cities: Results of the APEHkom project. Sci. Total Environ. 449:390–400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.077.
- Pope, C. A., and D. W. Dockery. 2006. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. J. Air Waste Manage Assoc 56 (6):709–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485.
- Pope, C. A., J. Schwartz, and M. Ransom. 1992. Daily mortality and PM10 pollution in Utah valley. Arch. Environ Health 42 (3):211–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1992.9938351.
- Ruckerl, R., A. Schneider, S. Breitner, J. Cyrys, and A. Peters. 2011. Health effects of particulate air pollution: A review of epidemiological evidence. Inhal. Toxicol 23 (10):555–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2011.593587.
- Samoli, E., G. Touloumi, J. Schwartz, H. R. Anderson, C. Schindler, B. Forsberg, M. A. Vigotti, J. Vonk, M. Kosnik, J. Skorkovsky, et al. 2007. Short-term effects of carbon monoxide on mortality: An analysis within the APHEA project. Environ. Health Perspect. 116 (11):1578–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10375.
- Schraufnagel, D. E., J. R. Balmes, S. D. Matteis, B. Hoffman, W. J. Kim, R. Perez-Padilla, M. Rice, A. Sood, A. Vanker, and D. Wuebbles. 2019. Health benefits of air pollution reduction. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc 16 (12):1478–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201907-538CME.
- Shkirkova, K., K. Lamorie-Foote, M. Connor, A. Patel, G. Barisano, H. Baertsch, Q. Liu, T. Morgan, C. Sioutas, and W. J. Mack. 2020. Effects of ambient particulate matter on vascular tissue: A review. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 23 (7):319–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2020.1822971.
- Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation- Metro service chronicles. 2021. Taipei: Taipei rapid transit corporation.
- Targino, A. C., P. Krcel, Y. A. Cipoli, G. Y. Oukaea, and D. A. Monroy. 2020. Bus commuter exposure and the impact of switching from diesel to biodiesel for routes of complex urban geometry. Environ. Pollut. 263:114601. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114601.
- Tian, Y., H. Liu, Y. Wu, Y. Si, J. Song, Y. Cao, M. Li, Y. Wu, X. Wang, L. Chen, et al. 2019. Association between ambient fine particulate pollution and hospital admissions for cause specific cardiovascular disease: Time series study in 184 major Chinese cities. Br. Med. J. 367:16572.
- van Erp, A. M., F. J. Kelly, K. L. Demerjian, C. A. Pope, and A. J. Cohen. 2012. Progress in research to assess the effectiveness of air quality interventions towards improving public health. Air Qual. Atmos. Health 5 (2):217–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-010-0127-y.
- Vodonos, A., Y. A. Awad, and J. Schwartz. 2018. The concentration- response between long-term PM2.5 exposure and mortality: A meta- regression approach. Environ. Res. 166:677–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.021.
- Yin, F., G. He, M. Fan, K. Y. Chiu, M. Fan, C. Liu, A. Xue, T. Liu, P. Pan, Q. Mu, et al. 2017. Particulate air pollution and mortality in 38 of China’s largest cities: Time series analysis. Br. Med. J. 356:j667. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j667.
- Yorifuji, T., S. Kashima, and H. Doi. 2016. Fine-particulate air pollution from diesel emission control and mortality rates in Tokyo: A quasi-experimental study. Epidemiol 27 (6):769–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000546.