References
- Azami‐Conesa, I., M. T. Gómez‐Muñoz, and R. A. Martínez‐Díaz. 2021. A systematic review (1990–2021) of wild animals infected with zoonotic leishmania. Microorganisms 9:1101. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051101.
- Banskota, A. H., Y. Tezuka, I. K. Adnyana, Q. Xiong, K. Hase, K. Q. Tran, K. Tanaka, I. Saiki, and S. Kadota. 2000c. Hepatoprotective effect of Combretum quadrangulare and its constituents. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 23:456–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.23.456.
- Banskota, A. H., Y. Tezuka, K. Q. Tran, K. Tanaka, I. Saiki, and S. Kadota. 2000a. Methyl quadrangularates A-D and related triterpenes from Combretum quadrangulare. Chem. Pharm. Bull 48:496–504. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/np990336q.
- Banskota, A. H., Y. Tezuka, K. Q. Tran, K. Tanaka, I. Saiki, and S. Kadota. 2000b. Thirteen novel cycloartane-type triterpenes from Combretum quadrangulare. J. Nat. Prod 63:57–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/np990336q.
- Barros, N. B., V. Migliaccio, V. A. Facundo, P. Ciancaglini, R. G. Stábeli, R. Nicolete, and I. Silva-Jardim. 2013. Liposomal-lupane system as alternative chemotherapy against cutaneous leishmaniasis: Macrophage as target cell. Exp. Parasitol. 135:337–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.022.
- Boussahel, S., F. Cacciola, S. Dahamna, L. Mondello, A. Saija, F. Cimino, A. Speciale, and M. Cristani. 2018. Flavonoid profile, antioxidant and antiglycation properties of Retama sphaerocarpa fruits extracts. Nat. Prod. Res. 32:1911–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1356835.
- Bruno F, G. Castelli, A. Migliazzo, M. Piazza, A. Galante, V. Lo Verde, S. Calderone, G. Nucatolo, and F. Vitale. 2015. Cytotoxic Screening and In Vitro Evaluation of Pentadecane Against Leishmania infantum Promastigotes and Amastigotes. J. Parasitol. 101:701–5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1645/15-736.
- Carvalho, A. A., L. R. Dos Santos, R. R. S. De Farias, M. H. Chaves, C. M. Feitosa, G. M. Vieira, M. R. S. De Araújo, P. M. P. Ferreira, and C. Do Ó Pessoa. 2018. Phenolic derivatives and antioxidant activity of polar extracts from Bauhinia pulchella. Quim. Nova 41:405–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.2017018.
- Casanova, C., F. E. Colla-Jacques, J. G. Hamilton, R. P. Brazil, and J. J. Shaw. 2015. Distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis chemotype Populations in São Paulo State, Brazil. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 9:1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003620.
- Cavalcanti, P. M. S., M. C. C. Martins, P. H. M. Nunes, F. C. Alves Filho, J. D. P. Silva, and S. M. G. Cavalcanti. 2019. Antidiarrheal effect of extract from the bark of Combretum leprosum in mice. An Acad. Bras. Cienc. 91:e20170932. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170932.
- Chakravarty, J., and S. Sundar. 2010. Drug resistance in leishmaniasis. J. Glob. Infect. Dis. 2:167. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-777x.62887.
- Chávez-Fumagalli, M. A., T. G. Ribeiro, R. O. Castilho, S. O. A. Fernandes, V. N. Cardoso, C. S. P. Coelho, and E. A. F. Coelho. 2015. New delivery systems for amphotericin B applied to the improvement of leishmaniasis treatment. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 48:235–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0138-2015.
- Choudhary, M. I., A. Hussain, A. Adhikari, B. P. Marasini, S. A. Sattar, Atia-Tul-Wahab, N. Hussain, S. A. M. Ayatollahi, and Atta-Ur-Rahman. 2013. Anticancer and α-chymotrypsin inhibiting diterpenes and triterpenes from Salvia leriifolia. Phytochem. Lett 6:139–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2012.11.010.
- Choudhary, M. I., S. Jan, A. Abbaskhan, S. G. Musharraf, and S. A. Sattar. 2008. Cycloartane triterpenoids from Astragalus bicuspis. J. Nat. Prod 71:1557–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/np800161j.
- Cock, I. E. 2015. The medicinal properties and phytochemistry of plants of the genus Terminalia (Combretaceae). Inflammopharmacology 23:203–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-015-0246-z.
- Dawe, A., S. Pierre, E. D. Tasla, and S. Habttemariam. 2013. Phytochemical constituents of Combretum Loefl. (Combretaceae). Pharm. Crop. 4:38–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/2210290601304010038.
- de Freitas, K. S., I. S. Squarisi, N. O. Acésio, H. D. Nicolella, S. D. Ozelin, M. R. S. de Melo, A. P. P. Guissone, G. Fernandes, L. M. Silva, A. A. Da Silva Filho, et al. 2020. Licochalcone A, a licorice flavonoid: Antioxidant, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and chemopreventive potential. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 83:673–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2020.1813228.
- de Morais Lima, G. R., I. R. P. De Sales, M. R. D. C. Filho, N. Z. T. De Jesus, H. De Sousa Falcão, J. M. Barbosa-Filho, A. G. S. Cabral, A. L. Souto, J. F. Tavares, and L. M. Batista. 2012. Bioactivities of the genus Combretum (Combretaceae): A review. Molecules 17:9142–206. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089142.
- de Vries, H. J. C., S. H. Reedijk, and H. D. F. H. Schallig. 2015. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Recent developments in diagnosis and management. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 16:99–109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-015-0114-z.
- Farias, R. R. S., E. T. V. Pereira, M. H. Chaves, and A. A. J. F. Castro. 2015. Prospecção científica e tecnológica das espécies Combretum duarteanum Cambess e Combretum mellifluum Eichler. Rev Gestão Inovação E Tecnol 5:1606–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.7198/s2237-0722201500010001.
- Faustino, C., A. P. Francisco, V. M. S. Isca, and N. Duarte. 2018. Cytotoxic stilbenes and derivatives as promising antimitotic leads for cancer therapy. Curr. Pharm. Des. 24:4270–311. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190111123959.
- Fernandes, F. F. A., M. A. Tomaz, C. Z. El-Kik, M. Monteiro-Machado, M. A. Strauch, B. L. Cons, M. S. Tavares-Henriques, A. C. O. Cintra, V. A. Facundo, and P. A. Melo. 2014. Counteraction of Bothrops snake venoms by Combretum leprosum root extract and arjunolic acid. J. Ethanopharmacol. 155:552–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.056.
- Ferreira, E. L. F., T. S. Mascarenhas, J. P. C. Oliveira, M. H. Chaves, B. Q. Araújo, and A. J. Cavalheiro. 2014. Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activity of extracts of Lecythis pisonis Camb. J. Med. Plant. Res. 8:353–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr2013.5153.
- Forzza, R. C., P. M. Leitman, A. Costa, A. A. J. Carvalho, A. L. Peixoto, B. M. W. Teles, C. Bicudo, D. Zappi, D. P. Costa, E. Lleras, et al. 2010. Catálogo de plantas e fungos do Brasil, vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: Andrea Jakobsson Estúdio: Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro.
- Freire, J. S., B. C. S. Fernandes, J. A. C. Silva, J. R. S. Araújo, P. M. Almeida, J. S. Costa Júnior, J. N. Silva, S. D. L. Freitas, and F. A. Martins. 2020. Phytochemical and antioxidant characterization, cytogenotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of the fractions of the ethanolic extract of in Poincianella bracteosa (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 83:730–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2020.1824136.
- Friedrich, K., F. A. Vieira, R. Porrozzi, R. S. Marchevsky, N. Miekeley, G. Grimaldi Jr., and F. J. R. Paumgartten. 2012. Disposition of antimony in Rhesus monkeys infected with Leishmania braziliensis and treated with meglumine antimoniate. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 75:63–75.
- Fyhrquist, P., E. Salih, S. Helenius, I. Laakso, and R. Julkunen-Tiitto. 2020. HPLC-DAD and UHPLC/QTOF-MS analysis of polyphenols in extracts of the African species Combretum padoides, C. zeyheri and C. psidioides related to their antimycobacterial activity. Antibiotics 9:459. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080459.
- Ganzera, M., E. P. Ellmerer-Müller, and H. Stuppner. 1998. Cycloartane triterpenes from Combretum quadrangulare. Phytochemistry 49:835–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00980-1.
- Ghorbani, M., and R. Farhoudi. 2018. Leishmaniasis in humans: Drug or vaccine therapy? Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 12:25–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S146521.
- Granato, D., F. Shahidi, R. Wrolstad, P. Kilmartin, L. D. Melton, F. J. Hidalgo, K. Miyashita, J. V. Camp, C. Alasalvar, A. B. Ismail, et al. 2018. Antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids contents: Should we ban in vitro screening methods? Food Chem. 264:471–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.012.
- Gutierrez-Rebolledo, G. A., S. Drier-Jonas, and M. A. Jimenez-Arellanes. 2017. Natural compounds and extracts from Mexican medicinal plants with anti- leishmaniasis activity: An update. Asian Pac J Trop Med 10:1105–10.
- Karunaweera, N. D., and M. U. Ferreira. 2018. Leishmaniasis: Current challenges and prospects for elimination with special focus on the South Asian region. Parasitology 145:425–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182018000471.
- Katerere, D. R., A. I. Gray, R. J. Nash, and R. D. Waigh. 2012. Phytochemical and antimicrobial investigations of stilbenoids and flavonoids isolated from three species of Combretaceae. Fitoterapia 83:932–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.04.011.
- Kpemissi, M., K. Eklu-Gadegbeku, V. P. Veerapur, A. Potârniche, K. Adi, S. Vijayakumar, S. M. Banakar, N. V. Thimmaiah, K. Metowogo, and K. Aklikokou. 2019. Antioxidant and nephroprotection activities of Combretum micranthum: A phytochemical, in-vitro and ex-vivo studies. Heliyon 5:e01365. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01365.
- Línzembold, I., D. Czett, K. Böddi, T. Kurtán, S. B. Király, G. Gulyás-Fekete, A. Takátsy, T. Lóránd, J. Deli, A. Agócs, et al. 2020. Study on the synthesis, antioxidant properties, and self-assembly of carotenoid-flavonoid conjugates. Molecules 25:636. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030636.
- Lorenzo, V. P., L. Scotti, J. R. G. S. Almeida, and M. T. Scotti. 2020. AAnnonaceae family alkaloids as agents aganst leishmaniasis: A review and molecular docking evaluation. Curr. Drug Metab. 21:482–92.
- Mapfunde, S., S. Sithole, and S. Mukanganyama. 2016. In vitro toxicity determination of antifungal constituents from Combretum zeyheri. BMC Complement. Altern. Med 16:1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1150-9.
- Mongalo, N. I., L. J. McGaw, T. V. Segapelo, J. F. Finnie, and J. Van Staden. 2016. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, toxicology and pharmacological properties of Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. (Combretaceae) - A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 194:789–802. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.072.
- Moragas-Tellis, C. J., F. Almeida-Souza, M. D. S. D. S. Chagas, P. V. R. D. Souza, J. V. Silva-Silva, Y. J. Ramos, and M. D. Behrens. 2020. The influence of anthocyanidin profile on antileishmanial activity of Arrabidaea chica morphotypes. Molecules 25:1–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153547.
- Narayan, S., R. S. Devi, P. Srinivasan, and C. S. Shyamala Devi. 2005. Pterocarpus santalinus: A traditional herbal drug as a protectant against ibuprofen induced gastric ulcers. Phytother. Res. 19:958–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1764.
- Nascimento, J. M., and G. M. Conceição. 2011. Plantas medicinais e indicações terapêuticas da comunidade quilombola Olho d’agua do Raposo, Caxias, Maranhão, Brasil. Biofar: Revista de Biologia e Farmácia 6:138–51.
- Neitzke-Abreu, H. C., M. S. Venazzi, R. B. de Lima Scodro, P. D. Zanzarini, A. C. B. Da Silva Fernandes, S. M. A. Aristides, and M. V. C. Lonardoni. 2014. Cutaneous leishmaniasis with atypical clinical manifestations: Case report. IDCases 1:60–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2014.07.003.
- Newman, D. J., and G. M. Cragg. 2007. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J. Nat. Prod. 70:461–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/np068054v.
- Olea, R. S. G., and N. F. Roque. 1990. Análise de Misturas de Triterpenos por RMN de 13C. Quim. Nova 13:278–81.
- Osorio, E., G. J. Arango, N. Jiménez, F. Alzate, G. Ruiz, D. Gutiérrez, M. A. Paco, A. Giménez, and S. Robledo. 2007. Antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities in vitro of Colombian Annonaceae. J. Ethnopharmacol. 111:630–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.015.
- Prytzyk, E., A. P. Dantas, K. Salomão, A. S. Pereira, V. S. Bankova, S. L. De Castro, and F. R. A. Neto. 2003. Flavonoids and trypanocidal activity of Bulgarian propolis. J. Ethnopharmacol 88:189–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00210-1.
- Quilles, J. C. Jr, D. Y. Tezuka, C. D. Lopes, F. L. Ribeiro, C. A. Laughton, S. Albuquerque, C. A. Montanari, and A. Leitão. 2019. Dipeptidyl nitrile derivatives have cytostatic effects against Leishmania spp. promastigotes. Exp Parasitol. 200:84–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2019.04.001.
- Ribeiro, T. G., M. A. Chávez-Fumagalli, D. G. Valadares, J. R. Franca, P. S. Lage, M. C. Duarte, and R. O. Castilho. 2014. Antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of Brazilian plants. Exp. Parasitol. 143:60–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2014.05.004.
- Rocha, S. A. S., O. D. Pessoa, F. A. Viana, and E. R. Silveira. 2002. Triterpenos das raízes e frutos do Combretum mellifluum - Combretaceae. Poster presented at Conference 30ª Reunião Anual Da Sociedade Brasileira de Química. Águas de Lindóia, São Paulo, Brasil.
- Rungsimakan, S., and M. G. Rowan. 2014. Terpenoids, flavonoids and caffeic acid derivatives from Salvia viridis L. cvar. blue jeans. Phytochemistry 108:177–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.029.
- Silva, J. D. N., N. B. N. Monção, R. R. S. de Farias, A. M. D. G. L. Citó, M. H. Chaves, M. R. S. Araújo, D. J. B. Lima, C. Pessoa, A. Lima, E. C. D. C. Araújo, et al. 2020. Toxicological, chemopreventive, and cytotoxic potentialities of rare vegetal species and supporting findings for the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 83:525–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2020.1780658.
- Soares Neto, R. L. S., L. S. Cordeiro, and M. I. B. Loiola. 2014. Flora do Ceará, Brasil: Combretaceae. Rodriguesia 65:685–700. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201465308.
- Soares, D. C., C. G. Pereira, M. Â. A. Meireles, and E. M. Saraiva. 2007. Leishmanicidal activity of a supercritical fluid fraction obtained from Tabernaemontana catharinensis. Parasitol. Int 56:135–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2007.01.004.
- Sousa, C. M. D. M., H. R. E. Silva, G. M. Vieira, M. C. C. Ayres, C. L. S. Da Costa, D. S. Araújo, L. C. D. Cavalcante, E. D. S. Barros, P. B. D. M. Araújo, M. S. Brandão, et al. 2007. Fenóis totais e atividade antioxidante de cinco plantas medicinais. Quim. Nova 30:351–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000200021.
- Sousa, H. G., V. T. Uchôa, S. M. G. Cavalcanti, P. M. de Almeida, M. H. Chaves, J. S. Lima Neto, P. H. M. Nunes, J. S. Da Costa Júnior, M. Rai, I. S. Do Carmo, et al. 2021. Phytochemical screening, phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and cytogenotoxicity activities of Combretum leprosum Mart. (Combretaceae). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 84:399–417. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2021.1875345.
- Teles, C. B. G., L. S. Moreira-Dill, A. A. Silva, V. A. Facundo, W. F. de Azevedo Jr, L. H. P. Silva, M. C. M. Motta, R. G. Stábeli, and I. Silva-Jardim. 2015. A lupane-triterpene isolated from Combretum leprosum Mart. fruit extracts that interferes with the intracellular development of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis in vitro. BMC Complement Altern Med 15:165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0681-9.
- Thang, T. D., P. Kuo, G. Hang, N. H. Hung, B. Huang, M. Yang, N. X. Luong, and T. Wu. 2013. Chemical constituents from the leaves of Annona reticulata and their inhibitory effects on NO production. Molecules 18:4477–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18044477.
- Toume, K., T. Nakazawa, T. Ohtsuki, M. A. Arai, T. Koyano, T. Kowithayakorn, and M. Ishibashi. 2011. Cycloartane triterpenes isolated from Combretum quadrangulare in a screening program for death-receptor expression enhancing activity. J. Nat. Prod. 74:249–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/np100784t.
- Treml, J., and K. Šmejkal. 2016. Flavonoids as potent scavengers of hydroxyl radicals. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. F. 15:720–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12204.
- Trinconi, C. T., J. Q. Reimao, A. C. Coelho, and S. R. Uliana. 2016. Efficacy of tamoxifen and miltefosine combined therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the murine model of infection with Leishmania amazonensis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 71:1314–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkv495.
- Ulubelen, A., C. H. Brjbskornt, and N. Özdemir. 1977. Triterpenoids of Salvia horminum, constitution of a new diol. Phytochemistry 16:790–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89266-3.
- Valadares, D. G., M. C. Duarte, J. S. Oliveira, M. A. Chávez-Fumagalli, V. T. Martins, L. E. Costa, J. P. V. Leite, M. M. Santoro, W. C. B. Régis, C. A. P. Tavares, et al. 2011. Leishmanicidal activity of the Agaricus blazei Murill in different Leishmania species. Parasitol. Int. 60:357–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2011.06.001.
- Wanderley, J. L. M., P. E. Thorpe, M. A. Barcinski, and L. Soong. 2013. Phosphatidylserine exposure on the surface of Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes modulates in vivo infection and dendritic cell function. Parasite Immunol. 35:109–19.
- Wyllie, S., S. Patterson, L. Stojanovski, F. R. Simeons, S. Norval, R. Kime, and A. H. Fairlamb. 2012. The anti-trypanosome drug fexinidazole shows potential for treating visceral leishmaniasis. Sci. Transl. Med 4:119re1–119re1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003326.