References
- Almeida, T. S., M. R. Arantes, J. J. L. Neto, T. M. Souza, I. P. Pessoa, J. L. Medeiros, P. M. S. Tabosa, T. B. Moreira, D. F. Farias, and A. F. U. Carvalho. 2020. Evaluation of seeds ethanolic extract of Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. using in vitro and in vivo toxicological methods. J. Toxicol. Enviton. Health A 83:135–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2020.1731035.
- Aung, T. N., Z. Qu, R. D. Kortschak, and D. L. Adelson. 2017. Understanding the effectiveness of natural compound mixtures in cancer through their molecular mode of action. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18:656. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030656.
- Aydın, M., E. Özdemir, Z. Altun, S. Kılıç, and S. Aktaş. 2021. Evaluation of liposomal and microbubbles mediated delivery of doxorubicin in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models for breast cancer. Eur. J. Breast Health 17:274–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2021.6255.
- Bacic, A., G. Fincher, and B. Stone. 2009. Chemistry, biochemistry, and biology of (1-3) beta glucans and related polysaccharides.
- Barbosa, A. M., R. M. Steluti, R. F. H. Dekker, M. S. Cardoso, and M. L. Corradi da Silva. 2003. Structural characterization of Botryosphaeran: A (1–>3;1–>6)-beta-D-glucan produced by the ascomyceteous fungus, Botryosphaeria sp. Carbohydr. Res. 338:1691–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(03)00240-4.
- Bhattacharya, S., K. Calar, C. Evans, M. Petrasko, and P. de la Puente. 2020. Bioengineering the oxygen-deprived tumor microenvironment within a three-dimensional platform for studying tumor-immune interactions. Front Bioeng. Biotechnol. 8:1040. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.01040.
- Bohn, J. A., and J. N. BeMiller. 1995. (1→3)-β-d-Glucans as biological response modifiers: A review of structure-functional activity relationships. Carbohydr. Polym. 28:3–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(95)00076-3.
- Brix, N., D. Samaga, C. Belka, H. Zitzelsberger, and K. Lauber. 2021. Analysis of clonogenic growth in vitro. Nat. Protoc. 16:4963–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-021-00615-0.
- Carloto, A. C. M., B. B. T. da S, A. C. J. Rodrigues, T. F. Silva, F. Tomiotto-Pellissier, D. L. Bidóia, M. D. Gonçalves, J. P. Assolini, R. F. H. Dekker, A. M. Barbosa-Dekker, et al. 2022. Botryosphaeran, [(1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-D-glucan], induces apoptosis-like death in promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis, and exerts a leishmanicidal effect on infected macrophages by activating NF-kB and producing pro-inflammatory molecules. Chem. Biol. Interact. 351:109713. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109713.
- Chaicharoenaudomrung, N., P. Kunhorm, and P. Noisa. 2019. Three-dimensional cell culture systems as an in vitro platform for cancer and stem cell modeling. World J. Stem Cells 11:1065–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v11.i12.1065.
- Chaichian, S., B. Moazzami, F. Sadoughi, H. Haddad Kashani, M. Zaroudi, and Z. Asemi. 2020. Functional activities of beta-glucans in the prevention or treatment of cervical cancer. J. Ovarian Res. 13:24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-020-00626-7.
- Choromanska, A., J. Kulbacka, J. Harasym, R. Oledzki, A. Szewczyk, and J. Saczko. 2018. High- and low-molecular weight oat beta-glucan reveals antitumor activity in human epithelial lung cancer. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 24:583–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-017-0278-3.
- Corradi da Silva, S. M., N. Izeli, P. F. Martinez, I. R. Silva, C. J. L. Constantino, M. S. Cardoso, A. M. Barbosa, R. F. H. Dekker, and S. G. V. J. da. 2005. Purification and structural characterisation of (1→3;1→6)-β--glucans (botryosphaerans) from grown on sucrose and fructose as carbon sources: A comparative study. Carbohydrate Polymers 61 (1):10–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.01.002.
- Dekker, R. F. H., and A. M. Barbosa-Dekker. 2020. Botryosphaeran. In Polysaccharides of microbial origin: Biomedical applications, ed. J. Oliveira, H. Radhouani, and R. L. Reis, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Eilenberger, C., S. R. A. Kratz, M. Rothbauer, E.-K. Ehmoser, P. Ertl, and S. Küpcü. 2018. Optimized alamar blue assay protocol for drug dose-response determination of 3D tumor spheroids. MethodsX 5:781–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2018.07.011.
- Elje, E., M. Hesler, E. Rundén-Pran, P. Mann, E. Mariussen, S. Wagner, M. Dusinska, and Y. Kohl. 2019. The comet assay applied to HepG2 liver spheroids. Mutat. Res. 845:403033. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.03.006.
- Filiz, A. K., Z. Joha, and F. Yulak. 2021. Mechanism of anti-cancer effect of β-glucan on SH-SY5Y cell line. Bangladesh J. Pharmacol. 16:122–28.
- Franco, E. S., M. E. B. Melo, G. C. G. Militao, R. E., T. Rocha, L. T. G. A. Silva, B. J. A. Jatoba, P. B. N. Silva, A. L. B. D. Santana, A. A. R. Silva, and T. G. Silva. 2015. Evaluation of the acute toxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of Chresta martii (Asteraceae). J. Toxicol. Enviton. Health A 78:1083–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2014.1004007.
- Franken, N. A. P., H. M. Rodermond, J. Stap, J. Haveman, and C. van Bree. 2006. Clonogenic assay of cells in vitro. Nat. Protoc. 1:2315–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.339.
- Friedrich, J., R. Ebner, and L. A. Kunz-Schughart. 2007. Experimental anti-tumor therapy in 3-D: Spheroids–old hat or new challenge? Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 83:849–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09553000701727531.
- Friedrich, J., C. Seidel, R. Ebner, and L. A. Kunz-Schughart. 2009. Spheroid-based drug screen: Considerations and practical approach. Nat. Protoc. 4:309–24.
- Goodridge, H. S., C. N. Reyes, C. A. Becker, T. R. Katsumoto, J. Ma, A. J. Wolf, N. Bose, A. S. H. Chan, A. S. Magee, M. E. Danielson, et al. 2011. Activation of the innate immune receptor dectin-1 upon formation of a “phagocytic synapse. Nature 472:471–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10071.
- Jafaar, Z. M. T., L. M. Litchfield, M. M. Ivanova, B. N. Radde, N. Al-Rayyan, and C. M. Klinge. 2014. β-D-glucan inhibits endocrine-resistant breast cancer cell proliferation and alters gene expression. Int. J. Oncol. 44:1365–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2294.
- Jensen, C., and Y. Teng. 2020. Is it time to start transitioning from 2D to 3D cell culture? Front Mol. Biosci. 7:33. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2020.00033.
- Kagimura, F. Y., M. A. A. da Cunha, A. M. Barbosa, R. F. H. Dekker, and C. R. M. Malfatti. 2015. Biological activities of derivatized D-glucans: A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 72:588–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.008.
- Kapara, A., K. A. Findlay Paterson, V. G. Brunton, D. Graham, M. Zagnoni, and K. Faulds. 2021. Detection of estrogen receptor alpha and assessment of fulvestrant activity in MCF-7 tumor spheroids using microfluidics and SERS. Anal. Chem. 93:5862–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00188.
- Kerche-Silva, L. E., I. M. S. Cólus, M. Malini, M. P. Mori, R. F. H. Dekker, and A. M. Barbosa-Dekker. 2017. In vitro protective effects of botryosphaeran, a (1→3;1→6)-β-d-glucan, against mutagens in normal and tumor rodent cells. Mutat. Res. 814:29–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.12.003.
- Kiyomi, A., R. Miyakawa, J. Matsumoto, K. Yamazaki, S. Imai, B. Yuan, T. Hirano, and M. Sugiura. 2020. Potent antitumor activity of cepharanthine against triple-negative breast cancer spheroids compared with tetrandrine. Oncol Lett 20:331. doi:https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.12191.
- Lin, S.-R., C.-H. Chang, C.-F. Hsu, M.-J. Tsai, H. Cheng, M. K. Leong, P.-J. Sung, J.-C. Chen, and C.-F. Weng. 2020. Natural compounds as potential adjuvants to cancer therapy: Preclinical evidence. Br. J. Pharmacol. 177:1409–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14816.
- Lopes, J. L., V. S. T. Quinteiro, J. Wouk, M. L. Darido, R. F. H. Dekker, A. M. Barbosa-Dekker, V. Vetvicka, M. A. A. Cunha, L. C. Faccin-Galhardi, and A. Orsato. 2021. Sulfonated and carboxymethylated β-glucan derivatives with inhibitory activity against Herpes and Dengue viruses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22:11013. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011013.
- Lothong, M., W. Sakares, P. Rojsitthisak, C. Tanikawa, K. Matsuda, V. Yodsurang, and D. Gullberg. 2021. Collagen XVII inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation and growth through deactivation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. PLoS ONE 16:e0255179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255179.
- Malini, M., M. S. Camargo, L. C. Hernandes, C. G. Vargas-Rechia, E. A. Varanda, A. M. Barbosa, R. F. H. Dekker, S. T. Matsumoto, L. M. G. Antunes, and I. M. S. Cólus. 2016. Chemopreventive effect and lack of genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the exopolysaccharide botryosphaeran on human lymphocytes. Toxicol. Vitro 36:18–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2016.06.008.
- Malini, M., S. M. F. de, O. M. T. de, L. M. G. Antunes, F. S. G. de, A. M. Barbosa, R. F. H. Dekker, and C. I. M. de S. 2015. Modulation of gene expression and cell cycle by botryosphaeran, a (1→3)(1→6)-β-d-glucan in human lymphocytes. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 77:214–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.03.010.
- Mendes, S. F., O. Dos Santos, A. M. Barbosa, A. F. D. Vasconcelos, G. Aranda-Selverio, N. K. Monteiro, R. F. H. Dekker, M. Sá Pereira, A. M. F. Tovar, M. P. A. de S, et al. 2009. Sulfonation and anticoagulant activity of botryosphaeran from Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 grown on fructose. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 45:305–09. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.06.004.
- Mikhail, A. S., S. Eetezadi, C. Allen, and X. He. 2013. Multicellular tumor spheroids for evaluation of cytotoxicity and tumor growth inhibitory effects of nanomedicines in vitro: A Comparison of docetaxel-loaded block copolymer micelles and Taxotere®. PLoS ONE 8:e62630. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062630.
- Mitra, S., and R. Dash. 2018. Natural products for the management and prevention of breast cancer. Evid-Based Complement Altern. Med. 2018:8324696. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8324696.
- Nath, S., and G. R. Devi. 2016. Three-dimensional culture systems in cancer research: Focus on tumor spheroid model. Pharmacol. Ther. 163:94–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.013.
- Noel, B., S. K. Singh, J. W. Lillard, and R. Singh. 2020. Role of natural compounds in preventing and treating breast cancer. Front Biosci. Sch. Ed 12:137–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.2741/s544.
- Pereira, P. M. R., N. Berisha, B. Nvsdk, R. Fernandes, J. P. C. Tomé, C. M. Drain, and R. Moreno-Sanchez. 2017. Cancer cell spheroids are a better screen for the photodynamic efficiency of glycosylated photosensitizers. PLOS ONE 12:e0177737. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177737.
- Pinto, B., A. C. Henriques, P. M. A. Silva, and H. Bousbaa. 2020. Three-dimensional spheroids as in vitro preclinical models for cancer research. Pharmaceutics 12:1186. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121186.
- Proietti De Santis, L., A. S. Balajee, C. Lorenti Garcia, G. Pepe, A. M. Worboys, and F. Palitti. 2003. Inhibition of p53, p21 and Bax by pifithrin-alpha does not affect UV induced apoptotic response in CS-B cells. DNA Repair (Amst.) 2:891–900.
- Queiroz, E. A. I. F., Z. B. Fortes, M. A. A. da Cunha, A. M. Barbosa, N. Khaper, and R. F. H. Dekker. 2015. Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of three fungal exocellular β-glucans in MCF-7 breast cancer cells is mediated by oxidative stress, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the Forkhead transcription factor, FOXO3a. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 67:14–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2015.08.003.
- Rajendran, V., and M. V. Jain. 2018. In vitro tumorigenic assay: Colony forming assay for cancer stem cells. Meth. Mol. Biol. Clifton NJ 1692:89–95.
- Ramos, A. A., T. Almeida, B. Lima, and E. Rocha. 2019. Cytotoxic activity of the seaweed compound fucosterol alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil in colon cells using 2D and 3D culturing. J. Toxicol. Enviton. Health A 82:537–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2019.1634378.
- Ruiz-Herrera, J., and L. Ortiz-Castellanos. 2019. Cell wall glucans of fungi. A review. Cell Surf. 5:100022. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100022.
- Sacchelli, B. A. L., L. C. Faccin-Galhardi, V. Y. Ito, J. L. Lopes, R. F. H. Dekker, A. M. Barbosa-Dekker, and A. Orsato. 2019. Botryosphaeran and sulfonated derivatives as novel antiviral agents for Herpes simplex and Dengue fever. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 138:334–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.084.
- Sadeghi, F., F. Peymaeei, M. Falahati, E. Safari, S. Farahyar, S. Roudbar Mohammadi, and M. Roudbary. 2020. The effect of Candida cell wall beta-glucan on treatment-resistant LL/2 cancer cell line: In vitro evaluation. Mol. Biol. Rep. 47:3653–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05459-7.
- Sergioli, G., C. Militello, L. Rundo, L. Minafra, F. Torrisi, G. Russo, K. L. Chow, and R. Giuntini. 2021. A quantum-inspired classifier for clonogenic assay evaluations. Scientific Reports 11 (1):2830. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82085-8.
- Silva, V. D. O., N. O. D. Moura, L. J. R. D. Oliveira, A. P. Peconick, and L. J. Pereira. 2017. Promising effects of beta-glucans on metabolism and on the immune responses. Review Am. J. Immunol. 13:62–72.
- Steimbach, L., A. V. Borgmann, G. G. Gomar, L. V. Hoffmann, R. Rutckeviski, D. P. de Andrade, and F. R. Smiderle. 2021. Fungal beta-glucans as adjuvants for treating cancer patients – A systematic review of clinical trials. Clin Nutr 40:3104–13.
- Steluti, R. M., E. C. Giese, M. M. Piggato, A. F. G. Sumiya, L. G. Covizzi, A. E. Job, M. S. Cardoso, M. D. L. Corradi da Silva, R. F. H. Dekker, and A. M. Barbosa. 2004. Comparison of Botryosphaeran production by the ascomyceteous fungus Botryosphaeria sp., grown on different carbohydrate carbon sources, and their partial structural features. J. Basic Microbiol. 44:480–86.
- Sun, Y.-S., Z. Zhao, Z.-N. Yang, F. Xu, L. H-j, Z.-Y. Zhu, W. Shi, J. Jiang, -P.-P. Yao, and H.-P. Zhu. 2017. Risk factors and preventions of breast cancer. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 13:1387–97.
- Sung, H., J. Ferlay, R. L. Siegel, M. Laversanne, I. Soerjomataram, A. Jemal, and F. Bray. 2021. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71:209–49.
- Tatongjai, J., and N. Lumdubwong. 2010. Physicochemical properties and textile utilization of low- and moderate-substituted carboxymethyl rice starches with various amylose content. Carbohydr. Polym. 2:377–84.
- Theis, T. V., V. A. Queiroz Santos, P. Appelt, M. B.-D. Aneli, V. Vetvicka, F. H. D. Robert, and M. A. A. Cunha. 2019. Fungal exocellular (1-6)-β-d-glucan: Carboxymethylation, characterization, and antioxidant activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20:2337.
- Vetvicka, V., and J. Vetvickova. 2018. Glucans and cancer: Comparison of commercially available β-glucans – Part IV. Anticancer Res. 38:1327–33.
- Vetvicka, V., and J. Vetvickova. 2020. Anti-infectious and anti-tumor activities of β-glucans. Anticancer Res. 40:3139–45.
- Vinci, M., S. Gowan, F. Boxall, L. Patterson, M. Zimmermann, W. Court, C. Lomas, M. Mendiola, D. Hardisson, and S. A. Eccles. 2012. Advances in establishment and analysis of three-dimensional tumor spheroid-based functional assays for target validation and drug evaluation. BMC Biol. 10:29.
- Vogel, H. J. 1956. A convenient growth medium for Neurospora (medium N). Microb. Genet. Bull. 13:42–43.
- Weng, B. B.-C., Y.-C. Lin, H. C-w, M.-Y. Kao, S.-H. Wang, L. D-y, T.-Y. Lai, L.-S. Kan, and R.-Y.-Y. Chiou. 2011. Toxicological and immunomodulatory assessments of botryosphaeran (β-glucan) produced by Botryosphaeria rhodina RCYU 30101. Food Chem. Toxicol. 49:910–16.
- Wiater, A., R. Paduch, A. Choma, M. Pleszczyńska, M. Siwulski, J. Dominik, G. Janusz, M. Tomczyk, and J. Szczodrak. 2012. Biological study on carboxymethylated (1→3)-α-D-glucans from fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 51:1014–23.
- Xie, L., M. Shen, Z. Wang, and J. Xie. 2021. Structure, function and food applications of carboxymethylated polysaccharides: A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 118:539–57.
- Xu, J., W. Liu, W. Yao, X. Pang, D. Yin, and X. Gao. 2009. Carboxymethylation of a polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma lucidum enhances its antioxidant activities in vitro. Carbohydr. Polym. 78:227–34.
- Xu, H., S. Zou, and X. Xu. 2017. The β-glucan from Lentinus edodes suppresses cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. Oncotarget 8:86693–709.
- Zanoni, M., S. Pignatta, C. Arienti, M. Bonafè, and A. Tesei. 2019. Anticancer drug discovery using multicellular tumor spheroid models. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 14:289–301.
- Zhang, X., T. Li, S. Liu, Y. Xu, M. Meng, X. Li, Z. Lin, Q. Wu, Y. Xue, and Y. Pan, et al. 2020. β-glucan from Lentinus edodes inhibits breast cancer progression via the Nur77/HIF-1α axis. Biosci. Rep. 40 1–12 . BSR20201006.