References
- Aas, C. F., J. H. Vold, R. Gjestad, S. Skurtveit, A. G. Lim, K. V. Gjerde, E. M. Loberg, K. A. Johansson, and L. T. Fadnes. 2021. Sunstance use and symptoms of mental health disorders: A prospective cohort of patients with severe substance use disorders in Norway. Subst. Abuse Treat Prev. Policy 16 (1):20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-021-00354-1.
- Alsuhaibani, R., D. C. Smith, R. Lowrie, S. Aljhani, and V. Paudyal. 2021. Scope, quality and inclusivity of international clinical guidelines on mental health and substance abuse in relation to dual diagnosis, social and community outcomes: A systematic review. BMC Psychiat 21 (1):209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03188-0.
- Anderson, C. A. 1989. Temperature amnd aggression: Ubiquitous effects of heat on occurrence of human violence. Psychol. Bull 106 (1):74–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.74.
- Asher, L., A. Fekadu, and C. Hanlon. 2018. Global mental health and schizophrenia. Curr. Opin. Psychiatr 31 (3):193–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000404.
- Asher, G. N., J. Gerkin, and B. N. Gaynes. 2017. Complementary therapies for mental health disorders. Med. Clin. North Am 101 (5):847–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.04.004.
- Bell, M. I., J. M. Samet, and F. Dominici. 2004. Time-series studies of particulate matter. Annu. Rev. Public Health 25 (1):247–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.102802.124329.
- Booth, B. M., M. A. Walton, K. L. Barry, R. M. Cunningham, S. T. Chermack, and F. C. Blow. 2011. Substance use, depression and mental health functioning in patients seeking acute medical care in an inner-city ED. J. Behav. Health Serv. Res 38 (3):358–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-010-9227-6.
- Borroni, E., A. C. Pesatori, V. Bollati, M. Buoli, and M. Carugno. 2022. Air pollution exposure and depression: A comprehensive updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Pollut 292:118245. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118245.
- Braithwaite, I., S. Zhang, J. B. Kirkbride, D. P. J. Osborn, and J. F. Hayes. 2019. Air pollution (particulate matter) exposure and associations with depression, anxiety, bipolar, psychosis and suicide risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect 127 (12):126002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4595.
- Brown, C. S. 2001. Depression and anxiety disorders. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am 28 (2):241–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-8545(05)70199-6.
- Bundo, M., E. de Schrijver, A. Federspiel, A. Toreti, E. Xoplaski, J. Luterbacher, O. H. Franco, T. Muller, and A. M. Vicedo-Cabrera. 2021. Ambient temperature and mental health hospitalizations in Bern, Switzerland: A 45-year time-series study. PLos One 16 (10):e0258302. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258302.
- Buoli, M., S. Grassi, G. S. Carnevali, F. Mucci, S. Iodice, L. Cantone, L. Pergoli, and V. Bollati. 2018. Is there a link between air pollution and mental disorders? Environ. Int 118:154–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.044.
- Chen, C. C., P. S. Chen, and C. Y. Yang. 2019. Relationship between fine particulate air pollution and life expectancy in humans in Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 82 (14):826–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2019.1658386.
- Chen, C., C. Liu, R. Chen, W. Wang, W. Li, H. Kan, and C. Fu. 2018. Ambient air pollution and daily hospital admissions for mental disorders in Shanghai, China. Sci. Total Environ 613 (Supplement C):324–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.098.
- Chiu, H. F., Y. H. Weng, Y. W. Chiu, and C. Y. Yang. 2017. Short-term effects of ozone air pollution on hospital admissions for myocardial infarction: A time-stratified case-crossover study in Taipei. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 80 (5):251–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2017.1321092.
- Dantzer, R., and K. W. Kelley. 2007. Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior. Brain Behav. Immun 21 (2):153–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2006.09.006.
- Ding, P. H., G. S. Wang, B. Y. Chen, and G. H. Wan. 2016. Urban air pollution in Taiwan before and after the installation of a mass rapid transit system. J. Environ. Qual 45 (5):1731–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.08.0432.
- Dominici, F., R. D. Peng, M. L. Bell, L. Pham, A. McDermott, and J. M. Samet. 2006. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. J. Am. Med. Assoc 295 (10):1127–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.10.1127.
- Dores, A. K., G. H. Fick, F. P. MacMaster, J. V. A. Williams, A. G. M. Bulloch, and S. B. Patten. 2021. Outdoor air pollution and depression in Canada: A population-based cross-sectional study from 2011 to 2016. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18 (5):2450. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052450.
- Fan, S. J., J. Heinrich, M. S. Bloom, T. Y. Zhao, T. X. Shi, W. R. Feng, Y. Sun, J. C. Shen, Z. C. Yang, B. Y. Yang, et al. 2020. Ambient air pollution and depression: A systematic review with meta-analysis up to 2019. Sci. Total Environ 701:134721. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134721.
- Fergusson, D. M., J. M. Boden, and L. J. Horwood. 2009. Tests of causal links between alcohol abuse or dependence and major depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiat 66 (3):260–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.543.
- Fogarty, F., G. McCombe, K. Brown, T. V. Amelsvoort, M. Clarke, and W. Cullen. 2021. Physical health among patients with common mental health disorders in primary care in Europe: A scoping review. Irish J. Psychol. Med 38 (1):76–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2020.2.
- Gao, Q., E. Zang, R. Dubrow, S. R. Lowe, H. Chen, Y. Zeng, L. Shi, and K. Chen. 2022. Long-term ozone exposure and cognitive impairment among Chinese older adults: A cohort study. Environ. Int 160:107072. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.107072.
- Gladka, A., J. Rymaszewska, and T. Zatonski. 2018. Impact of air pollution on depression and suicide. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 31 (6):711–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01277.
- Gonzalez-Pina, R., and C. Paz. 1997. Brain monoamine changes in rats after short periods of ozone exposure. Neurochem. Res 22 (1):63–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027329405112.
- Gu, X., T. Guo, Y. Si, J. Wang, W. Zhang, F. Deng, L. Chen, C. Wei, S. Lin, X. Guo, et al. 2020. Association between ambient air pollution and daily hospital admissions for depression in 75 Chinese cities. Am. J. Psychiat 177 (8):735–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19070748.
- Hasler, G. 2010. Pathophysiology of depression: Do we have any solid evidence of interest to clinicians? World Psychiat 9 (3):155–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00298.x.
- Hu, Q., Y. Feng, and M. Xu. 2021. Are there heterogeneous impacts of air pollution on mental health? Front. Public Health 9:780022. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.780022.
- Janes, H., L. Sheppard, and T. Lumley. 2005. Case-crossover analyses of air pollution exposure data: Referent selection strategies and their implication for bias. Epidemiology 16 (6):717–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000181315.18836.9d.
- Katsouyanni, K., G. Touloumi, C. Spix, J. Schwartz, F. Balducci, S. Medina, G. Rossi, B. Wojtyniak, J. Sunyer, L. Bacharova, et al. 1997. Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: Results from time series data from the APHEA project. Br. Med. J 314 (7095):1658–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7095.1658.
- Kuo, H. W., S. S. Tsai, M. M. Tiao, and C. Y. Yang. 2007. Epidemiologic features of chronic kidney disease in Taiwan. Am. J. Kidney Dis 49 (1):46–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.10.007.
- Liu, Q., W. Wang, X. Gu, F. Deng, X. Wang, H. Lin, X. Guo, and S. Wu. 2021. Association between particulate matter air pollution and risk of depression and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int 28 (8):9029–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12357-3.
- Lukassen, J., and M. P. Beaudel. 2005. Alcohol dependence and depression among heavy drinkers in Canada. Soc. Sci. Med 61 (8):1658–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.019.
- Mittleman, M. A. 2005. Optimal referent selection strategies in case-crossover studies: A settled issue. Epidemiology 16 (6):15–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000183170.92955.25.
- Ng, F., M. Berk, O. Dean, and A. I. Bush. 2008. Oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: Evidence base and therapeutic implications. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol 11 (6):851–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145707008401.
- Oudin, A., D. O. Astrom, P. Asplund, S. Steingrimsson, Z. Szabo, and H. K. Carlsen. 2018. The association between daily concentrations of air pollution and visits to a psychiatric emergency unit: A case-crossover study. Environ. Health 17 (1):4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0348-8.
- Pacheco, J. P., H. T. Giacomin, W. W. Tam, T. B. Ribeiro, C. Arab, I. M. Bezerra, and G. C. Pinasco. 2017. Mental health problems among medical students in Brazil: A systematic review and meta- analysis. Braz. J. Psychiat 39 (4):369–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2223.
- Qiu, H., X. Zhu, L. Wang, J. Pan, X. Pu, X. Zeng, L. Zhang, Z. Peng, and L. Zhou. 2019. Attributable risk of hospital admissions for overall and specific mental disorders due to particulate matter pollution: A time-series study in Chengdu, China. Environ. Res 170:230–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.019.
- Rehm, J., and K. D. Shield. 2019. Global burden of disease and the impact of mental and additive disorders. Curr. Psychiat. Rep 21 (2):10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-0997-0.
- Rotton, J., and J. Frey. 1984. Psychological costs of air pollution, atmospheric conditions, seasonal trends, and psychiatric emergencies. Popul. Environ 7 (1):3–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01257469.
- Saragih, I. D., S. I. Tonapa, I. S. Saragih, S. Advani, S. O. Batubara, I. Suarilah, and C. J. Lin. 2021. Global prevalence of mental health problems among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Nurs. Stud 121:104002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104002.
- Sporinova, B., B. Manns, M. Tonelli, B. Hemmelgarn, F. MacMaster, N. Mitchell, F. Au, Z. Ma, R. Weaver, and A. Quinn. 2019. Association of mental health disorders with health care utilization and costs among adults with chronic disease. JAMA New Open 2 (8):e199910. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.9910.
- Strahilevitz, M., A. Strahilevitz, and J. E. Miller. 1979. Air pollutants and the admission rate of psychiatric patients. Am. J. Psychiat 136:205–07.
- Szyszkowicz, M. 2007. Air pollution and emergency department visits for depression in Edmonton, Canada. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 20 (3):241–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/v10001-007-0024-2.
- Szyszkowicz, M., T. Kousha, M. Kingsbury, and I. Colman. 2016. Air pollution and emergency department visits for depression: A multi-city case-crossover study. Environ. Health Insight 10:155–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.4137/EHI.S40493.
- Szyszkowicz, M., B. H. Rowe, and I. Colman. 2009. Air pollution and daily emergency department visits for depression. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 22 (4):355–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/v10001-009-0031-6.
- Szyszkowicz, M., E. M. Thomson, I. Colman, and B. H. Rowe. 2018. Ambient air pollution exposure and emergency department visits for substance abuse. PLoS ONE 13:e0199826. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199826.
- Szyszkowicz, M., J. B. Willey, E. Grafstein, B. H. Rowe, and I. Colman. 2010. Air pollution and emergency department visits for suicide attempts in Vancouver, Canada. Environ. Health Insight 4:79–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.4137/EHI.S5662.
- Szyszkowicz, M., R. Zemek, I. Colman, W. Gardner, T. Kousha, and M. Smith-Doiron. 2020. Air pollution and emergency department visits for mental disorders among youth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (12):4190. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124190.
- Thomson, E. M. 2013. Neurobehavioral and metabolic impacts of inhaled pollutants: A role for the hypothalamic-pitutary-adrenal axis? Endocr. Disrupt 1 (1):e27489. doi:https://doi.org/10.4161/endo.27489.
- Tsai, S. S., Y. W. Chiu, Y. H. Weng, and C. Y. Yang. 2020. Association between ozone air pollution levels and hospitalizations for depression in Taipei: A time-stratified case-crossover study. J. Toxicol Environ. Health A 83 (17–18):596–603. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2020.1801544.
- Tsai, S. S., Y. W. Chiu, Y. H. Weng, and C. Y. Yang. 2021. Relationship between fine particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for depression: A case-crossover study in Taipei. J. Toxicol Environ. Health A 84 (17):702–09. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2021.1932652.
- Vert, C., G. Sanchez-Benavides, D. Martinez, X. Gotsens, N. Gramunt, M. Cirach, J. L. Molinuevo, J. Sunyer, M. J. Nieuwenhuijsen, M. Crous-Bou, et al. 2017. Effect of long-term exposure to air pollution on anxiety and depression in adults: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health 220 (6):1074–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.06.009.
- Vigo, D., G. Thornicroft, and R. Atun. 2016. Estimating the true global burden of mental illness. Lancet Psychiat 3 (2):171–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00505-2.
- Walker, L. S. 2017. Association between lifetime headache and history of suicide attempts in the elderly. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol 41:132–39.
- Wang, F., H. Liu, H. Li, J. Liu, X. Guo, J. Yuan, Y. Hu, J. Wang, and L. Lu. 2018. Ambient concentrations of particulate matter and hospitalization for depression in 26 Chinese cities: A case-crossover study. Environ. Int 114:115–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.012.
- World Health Organization (WHO). 2016. Ambient air pollution: A global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. Geneva: WHO.
- Xue, T., T. Zhu, Y. Zheng, and Q. Zhang. 2019. Declines in mental health associated with air pollution and temperature variability in China. Nat. Commun 10 (1):3609. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11660-5.
- Yang, C. Y., Y. H. Weng, and Y. W. Chiu. 2019. Relationship between ozone air pollution and daily suicide mortality: A time-stratified case-crossover study in Taipei. J. Toxicol Environ. Health A 82 (4):261–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2019.1589109.
- Yen, I. H., E. H. Yelin, P. Katz, M. D. Eisner, and P. D. Blanc. 2006. Perceived neighbourhood problems and quality of life, physical functioning, and depressive symptoms among adults with asthma. Am. J. Public Health 96 (5):873–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.059253.
- Zeger, S. L., D. Thomas, F. Dominici, J. M. Samet, J. Schwartz, D. Dockery, and A. Cohen. 2000. Exposure measurement error in time-series studies of air pollution: Concepts and consequences. Environ. Health Perspect 108 (5):419–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108419.
- Zhang, X., X. Chen, and X. Zhang. 2018. The impact of exposure to air pollution on cognitive performance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115 (37):9193–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809474115.
- Zhao, T., I. Markevych, M. Romanos, D. Nowak, and J. Heinrich. 2018. Ambient ozone exposure and mental health: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Environ. Res 165:459–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.04.015.
- Zhou, Y. M., S. J. An, E. J. Tang, C. Xu, Y. Cao, X. L. Liu, C. Y. Yao, H. Xiao, Q. Zhang, F. Liu, et al. 2021b. Association between short-term ambient air pollution exposure and depression outpatient visits in cold season: A time-series analysis in northwestern China. J. Toxicol Environ. Health A 84 (9):389–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2021.1880507.
- Zhou, Y. M., Y. N. Fan, C. Y. Yao, C. Xu, X. L. Liu, X. Li, W. J. Xie, Z. Chen, X. Y. Jia, T. T. Xia, et al. 2021a. Association between short-term ambient air pollution and outpatient visits of anxiety: A hospital-based study in northwestern China. Environ. Res 197:111071. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111071.