47
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Vinyl chloride: How many unknown problems?

Pages 47-73 | Received 05 Mar 1975, Accepted 10 Mar 1975, Published online: 20 Oct 2009

References

  • 1974 . Aerosol products growth rate slumps . C & E News , May 20
  • Agee , J. L. 1975 . Vinyl chloride. Pesticide products containing vinyl chloride . Fed. Register. , 40 : 3494
  • 1964 . Vinyl chloride . Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. , 24 : 421 AIHA Hygienic Guide Series
  • Albright , L. F. 1967a . Manufacture of vinyl chloride . Chem. Eng. , 74 : 219
  • Albright , L. F. 1967b . Polymerization of vinyl chloride . Chem. Eng. , 74 : 145
  • Albright , L. F. 1967c . Vinyl chloride polymerization by emulsion, bulk and solution processes . Chem. Eng. , 74 : 85
  • Albright , L. F. 1967d . Vinyl chloride polymerization by suspension processes yields polyvinyl chloride resins . Chem. Eng. , 74 : 145
  • Albright , L. F. 1967e . Vinyl chloride processes . Chem. Eng. , 74 : 123
  • 1971 . “ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ” . In Vinyl chloride. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Value, , 3rd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio
  • Anghelescu , M. O. , Dobrinescu , E. , Hagi‐Paraschiv‐Dossios , L. , Dobrinescu , Gh. and Ganea , V. 1969 . Clinico‐pathogenic considerations of Raynaud's phenomenon in the employees of the vinyl polychloride industry . Med. Interna , 21 : 473
  • 1974 . Angiosarcoma of the liver in vinyl chloride/polyvinyl chloride workers . J. Occup. Med. , 16 : 809
  • Antonyuzhenko , V. A. 1968 . Occupational poisoning by vinyl chloride . Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. , 12 : 50
  • Antonyuzhenko , V. A. , Golova , I. A. and Aliyeva , N. K. 1972a . The state of the analyzer functions during chronic occupational intoxication with certain substances having a narcotic effect . Gig. Truda , 9 : 19
  • Antonyuzhenko , V. A. , Golova , I. A. and Aliyeva , N. K. 1972b . The state of the analyzer functions in chronic occupational poisoning with some narcotic substances . Gig. Truda , 16 : 19
  • Arena , J. M. 1970 . Poisoning, , 2nd ed. , Springfield, III. : Charles C Thomas .
  • Arkhipov , A. S. , Marchenko , E. N. , Filatova , V. S. , Egorov , Yu. L. , Novoselova , T. I. and Martynova , A. P. 1973 . Technical progress in the chemical industry and industrial hygiene . Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. , 8 : 1
  • Autian , J. 1964 . Toxicity, untoward reactions, and related considerations in medical uses of plastics . J. Pharm. Sci. , 53 : 1289
  • Baretta , E. D. , Stewart , R. D. and Mutchler , J. E. 1969 . Monitoring exposures to vinyl chloride vapor: Breath analysis and continuous air sampling . Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. , 30 : 537
  • Basalaev , A. V. 1970 . Experience with the use of large‐frame photo‐fluorography in examining skeletal bone of persons occupationally dealing with unsaturated hydrocarbons of the ethylene series (olefins) and their chlorine derivatives (vinyl chloride, trichlorethylene) . Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. , 14 : 34
  • Basalaev , A. V. , Vazin , A. N. and Kochetkov , A. G. 1972 . On the pathogenesis of changes developing due to a long‐term exposure to the effect of vinyl chloride . Gig. Truda , 16 : 24
  • 1974 . Battle lines drawn on vinyl chloride issue . C & E News , Feb. 25
  • Bernstein , I. L. 1972 . Medical hazards of aerosols . Postgrad. Med. , 25 : 62
  • Bischoff , F. 1972 . Organic polymer biocompatibility and toxicology . Clin. Chem. , 18 : 869
  • Block , J. B. 1974 . Angiosarcoma of the liver following vinyl chloride exposure . JAMA , 229 : 53
  • Boettner , E. A. and Weiss , B. 1967 . An analytical system for identifying the volatile pyrolysis products of plastics . Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. , 28 : 535
  • Brand , K. G. , Buoen , L. C. and Brand , I. 1967 . Carcinogenesis from polymer implants: New aspects from chromosomal and transplantation studies during premalignancy . J. Nat. Cancer Inst. , 39 : 663
  • 1974 . Carcinogens; better late than never . Med. World News , May 24
  • Carlson , J. W. 1974 . Respiratory protection against exposure to vinyl chloride . Fed. Register , 39 : 45012
  • Carr , C. J. , Krantz , J. C. Jr. and Sauerwald , M. D. 1947 . Anesthesia 27. Narcosis with vinyl chloride . Anesthesiology , 8 : 359
  • Carr , C. J. , Burgison , R. M. , Vitch , J. F. and Krantz , J. C. Jr. 1949 . Anesthesia 34. Chemical constitution of hydro‐carbons and cardiac automaticity . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. , 97 : 1
  • Chatelain , A. and Motillon , P. 1967 . An acroosteolysis syndrome of occupational origin and of recent verification in France . J. Radiol. Electrol. , 48 : 277
  • Clapp , J. J. , Kay , C. M. and Young , Li . 1969 . Observations on the metabolism of ally! Compounds in the rat . Biochem. J. , 114 : 6P
  • 1974 . Company, government tighten safety on job exposure to vinyl chloride . Chemecology , March
  • 1974 . Conflicting views on vinyl chloride coalesce . C & E News , July 22
  • Cook , W. A. , Giever , P. M. , Dinman , B. D. and Magnuson , H. J. 1971 . Occupational acroosteolysis. 2. An industrial hygiene study . Arch. Environ. Health , 22 : 74
  • Creech , J. L. Jr. and Johnson , M. N. 1974 . Angiosarcoma of liver in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride . J. Occup. Med. , 16 : 150
  • Danziger , H. 1960 . Accidental poisoning by vinyl chloride . Canad. M.A.J. , 82 : 828
  • Deese , D. E. and Joyner , R. E. 1969 . Vinyl acetate: A study of chronic human exposure . Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. , 30 : 449
  • DeHaan , R. L. 1971 . Toxicity of tissue culture media exposed to polyvinyl chloride tubing . Nature New Biology , 231 : 85
  • Dinman , B. D. , Cook , W. A. , Whitehouse , W. M. , Magnuson , H. J. and Ditcheck , T. 1971 . Occupational acroosteolysis. 1. An epidemiological study . Arch. Environ. Health , 22 : 61
  • Dodson , V. N. , Dinman , B. D. , Whitehouse , W. M. , Nasr , A. N. M. and Magnuson , H. J. 1971 . Occupational acroosteolysis. 3. A clinical study . Arch. Environ. Health , 22 : 83
  • Dyachuk , I. A. 1970a . A contribution to the hygienic evaluation of PVC floor tiles for apartments . Gig. Sanit. , 35 : 424
  • Dyachuk , I. A. 1970b . Hygienic assessment of polyvinyl chloride tiles for covering floors in apartments . Gig. Sanit. , 35 : 91
  • 1974 . Economic impact study on proposed vinyl chloride standard available . Employment Safety Health Guide , Sept. 4
  • 1975 . Eight angiosarcoma cases show up at vinyl chloride plant in Canada . Employment Safety and Health Guide , Feb. 17
  • 1974 . EPA asks emission data on vinyl chloride . C & E News , June 10
  • 1974 . EPA is expected to act on HRG's vinyl chloride petition in about a month . Pesticide Chem. News , 2 ( 7 ) March 13
  • Esposito , G. G. and Swann , M. H. 1967 . Identification of aerosol propellants in paint products by gas chromatography . J. Paint Tech. , 39 : 338
  • 1974 . Evidence mounts linking vinyl chloride and cancer . C & E News , Feb. 18
  • Fairhall , L. T. 1969 . Industrial toxicology, , 2nd ed. , New York : Hafner .
  • Falk , H. , Creech , J. L. Jr. , Heath , C. W. Jr. , Johnson , M. N. and Key , M. M. 1974 . Hepatic disease among workers at a vinyl chloride polymerization plant . JAMA , 230 : 59
  • 1974 . FDA requested to suspend pesticides containing vinyl chloride as a propellant . Pesticide Chem. News , 2 ( 7 ) Feb. 27
  • 1974 . Field information memorandum on states’ adoption of emergency standards . Employment Safety Health Guide , August 6
  • Filatova , V. S. 1966 . Hygienic evaluation of new technological processes in chemical industries . Gig. Sanit. , 10 : 3
  • Filatova , V. S. and Gronsberg , E. Sh. 1957 . Sanitary‐hygienic conditions of work in the production of polyvinyl resins and measures of improvement . Gig. Sanit. , 22 : 38
  • Filatova , V. S. , Gronsberg , E. Sh. , Amirnova , N. A. , Stulova , E. A. and Oreshkevich , I. V. 1965 . Occupational hygiene and health condition of workers engaged in the production of latex polyvinyl chloride . Gig. Truda , 9 : 9
  • 1974a . Final environmental impact statement on vinyl chloride filed . Employment Safety Health Guide , Sept. 24
  • 1974b . Final environmental impact statement on proposed vinyl chloride standard released . Employment Safety Health Guide , Oct. 1
  • 1974 . Firms challenge restrictive vinyl chloride standards . Chemecology , Nov.
  • Flinn , F. B. 1946 . Industrial exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons . Amer. J. Med. , 1 : 388
  • Foris , A. and Lehman , J. G. 1967 . Gas chromatographic separation of halocarbons on Porapak Q porons polymer beads . Separation Sci. , 4 : 225
  • Fregert , S. and Rorsman , H. 1963 . Hypersensitivity to epoxy resins used as plasticizers and stabilizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins . Acta Dermato‐Venereologica , 43 : 10
  • Gabor , S. , Lecca‐Radu , M. and Manta , I. 1962 . Certain biochemical indexes of the blood in workers exposed to toxic substances (benzene, chlorobenzine, vinylchloride) . Prom. Toklsikol. i Kliniska Prof. Zabolevanii Khim. Etiol. Sb. , : 221 – 223 .
  • Gabor , S. , Lecca‐Radu , M. , Perda , N. , Abrudean , S. , Ivanof , L. , Anea , Z. and Valaczkay , C. 1964 . Biochemical changes In workers occupied in vinyl chloride synthesis and polymerization . Igiena (Bucharest) , 13 : 409
  • Gallant , R. W. 1966 . Physical properties of hydrocarbons. Part 6, Chlorinated ethylenes . Hydrocarbon Processing and Petroleum Refining , 45 : 153
  • Gavruseyko , O. M. and Filatova , V. S. 1959 . Hygienic evaluation of certain types .of drying units used in chemical industry . Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. , 2 : 32
  • Gitsios , C. T. 1971 . Acroosteolysis in PVC workers . The Medical Bull. (Esso) , 31 : 49
  • Gothe , R. , Calleman , C. J. , Ehrenberg , L. and Wachmeister , C. A. 1974 . Trapping with 3,4‐dichlorobenzenethiol of reactive metabolites formed in vitro from the carcinogen vinyl chloride . Ambio , 3 : 234
  • Grigorescu , I. and Tiba , G. 1966 . Vinyl chloride: Industrial toxicological aspects . Rev. Chim. (Bucharest) , 17 : 499
  • Guess , W. L. and Haberman , S. 1967 . Toxicity profiles of vinyl and polyolefinic plastics and their additives . Tech. Pap. Reg. Tech. Conf. Soc. Plast. Eng., N.Y. Sect. , : 15 – 23 .
  • Guess , W. L. , Haberman , S. , Rowan , D. F. , Bower , R. K. and Autian , J. 1967 . Characterization of subtle toxicity of certain plastic components used in manufacture of polyvinyls . Amer. J. Hosp. Pharm. , 24 : 494
  • Harris , D. K. and Adams , W. G. F. 1967 . Acroosteolysis occurring in men engaged in the polymerization of vinyl chloride . Brit. Med. J. , 2 : 712
  • 1974 . Hearings under way on vinyl chloride rules . C & E News , July 1
  • 1974 . How hazardous to health is vinyl chloride? . JAMA , 228 : 1355
  • 1974 . How surgeon's probe led to vinyl hazard findings . AMA Med. News , May 27
  • 1974 . Industry claims emergency OSHA standards for vinyl chloride unnecessary . Pesticide Chem. News , 2 ( 19 ) Feb. 20
  • 1974 . Industry scores vinyl chloride impact statement . Employment Safety Health Guide , August 13
  • 1974 . Interim food additive order for PVC would set limits . Food Chem. News , April 1 : 5
  • losaki , H. 1958 . Vinyl chloride finding increased use in Japanese aerosols . Aerosol Age , 3 : 22
  • Jaeger , R. J. and Rubin , R. J. 1972 . Migration of a phthalate ester plasticizer from polyvinyl chloride blood bags into stored human blood and its localization in human tissues . N. Eng. J. Med. , 287 : 1114
  • Jensen , S. , Lange , R. , Jernelov , A. and Palmork , K. H. 1971a . Chlorinated byproducts from vinyl chloride production: A new source of marine pollution . FAO Fisheries Reports , 99 : 170
  • Jensen , S. , jernelov , A. , Lange , R. and Palmork , K. H. 1971b . “ Chlorinated by‐products from vinyl chloride production: A new source of marine pollution ” . In Marine pollution and sea life , Edited by: Ruivo , M. 242 – 244 . London : Fishery News (Books) Ltd .
  • Juhe , S. and Lange , C.E. 1972 . Sklerodermieartige Hautveranderungen, Raynaud‐Syndrom und Akoosteolysen bei Arbeitern der PVC‐herstellenden Industrie (Scleroderma‐like skin changes, Raynaud's syndrome and acroosteolysis in men engaged in the industrial polymerization of vinyl chloride (PVC)) . Dtsch. Med. Wschr. , 97 : 1922
  • Juhe , S. , Lange , C. E. , Stein , G. and Veltman , G. 1973 . Uber die sogenannte Vinylchlorid‐Krankheit (The so‐called vinyl chloride illness) . Dtsch. Med. Wschr. , 98 : 2034
  • Kalmanovich , F. L. 1968a . Sanitary chemical features of polyvinyl chloride coatings for floors . Gig. Sanit. , 33 : 107
  • Kalmanovich , F. L. 1968b . Sanitary chemical characteristics of polyvinyl chloride floor coverings . Gig. Sanit. , 33 : 274
  • Key , M. M. 1968 . Occupational dermatitis from plastics . JMA Georgia , 57 : 421
  • Key , M. M. 1974 . NIOSH recommended standard for occupational exposure to vinyl chloride . March 11 Memorandum to John H. Stender, Asst. Sec. of Labor
  • Kogan , A. Kh. and Raikhlin , N. T. 1961 . Dynamics of morphological changes in the connective tissue capsules developing around the plastic implants during the malignization process . Arkhiv Patologi. , 23 : 62
  • Kogan , A. Kh. and Tugarinova , V. N. 1959 . Blastomogenic action of poly (vinyl chloride) . Vopr. Onkol. , 5 : 540
  • Kotulski , B. 1965 . Characteristics and purification of waste waters from production of vinyl resins . Gaz. Woda Tech. Sanit. , 39 : 46
  • Kramer , C. G. and Mutchler , J. E. 1972 . The correlation of clinical and environmental measurements for workers exposed to vinyl chloride . Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. , 33 : 19
  • Krantz , J. C. Jr. , Carr , C. J. , Musser , R. and Harne , W. G. 1936 . The effect of chlorinated ethylenes on the perfused leg vessels of the frog . Arch. Intern. Pharmacodynamie , 52 : 369
  • Kudryavtseva , O. F. 1970 . Characteristics of electrocardiographic changes in patients with vinyl chloride poisoning . Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. , 14 : 54
  • Kuebler , H. 1958 . Vinyl chloride as an aerosol propellant . Aerosol Age , 3 : 26
  • Kuebler , H. 1964 . The physiological properties of aerosol propellants . Aerosol Age , 9 : 44
  • Lange , C.‐E. , Juhe , S. , Stein , G. and Veltman , G. 1974 . Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid‐Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose? (The so‐called vinyl chloride sickness—an occupation‐related systemic sclerosis?) . Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. , 32 : 1
  • Lee , F. I. and Harry , D. S. 1974 . Angiosarcoma of the liver in a vinyl‐chloride worker . Lancet , 1 : 1316
  • Lehmann , K. B. and Flury , F. 1938 . Toxicology and hygiene of industrial solvents , 1 – 166 . Baltimore, Md. : Williams and Wilkins Co. . part 1
  • Leong , B. K. J. and Torkelson , T. R. 1970 . Effects of repeated inhalation of vinyl bromide in laboratory animals with recommendations for industrial handling . Amer, Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. , 31 : 1
  • Lester , D. , Greenberg , L. A. and Adams , W. R. 1963 . Effects of single and repeated exposures of humans and rats to vinyl chloride . Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. , 24 : 265
  • Little , K. and Parkhouse , J. 1962 . Tissue reactions to polymers . Lancet , 1 : 857
  • 1974 . Machinists union poll shows vinyl chloride respiratory not available . Employment Safety and Health Guide , Dec. 11
  • Makk , L. , Creech , J. L. Jr. , Whelan , J. G. and Johnson , M. N. 1974 . Liver damage and angiosarcoma in vinyl chloride workers . JAMA , 230 : 64
  • Maltoni , C. Cancer detection and prevention . Proc. 2nd Intl. Symp. Cancer Detection and Prevention . April 9–12 , Bologna. Occupational carcinogenesis. Advances in tumour prevention, detection, and characterization , vol. 2 ,
  • Maltoni , C. and Lefemine , G. 1974a . Carcinogenicity bioassays of vinyl chloride. 1. Research plan and early results . Environ. Res. , 7 : 387
  • Maltoni , C. and Lefemine , G. 1974b . Le Potenzialita dei saggi sperimentali nella predizione dei rischi oncongeni ambientali. Un esempio: il cloruro di vinile (The potential of experimental stages of the prediction of the ambient oncogenic risks. An example: Vinyl chloride) . Lincei‐Rend. Sc. fs. mat. enat. , 56 : 1
  • Manucuso , T. F. Cancer and vinyl chloride‐polymerization implications, problems and uses . Presentation to the Industrial Union Dept. Feb. , AFL‐CIO .
  • Markowitz , S. S. , McDonald , C. J. , Fethiere , W. and Kerzner , M. S. 1972 . Occupational acroosteolysis . Arch. Dermatol. , 106 : 224
  • Marsteller , H. J. , Lelbach , W. K. , Mueller , R. , Juhe , S. , Rohner , H. G. and Veltman , G. 1973 . Chronic‐toxic liver damage in PVC production workers . Dtsch. Med. Wschr. , 98 : 2311
  • Mastromatteo , E. , Fisher , A. M. , Christie , H. and Danziger , H. 1960 . Acute inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride to laboratory animals . Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. , 21 : 394
  • McCord , C.T. 1970 . A new occupational disease is born . J. Occup. Med. , 12 : 234
  • McDonald , A. , Shrader , S. A. and Stull , D. R. 1959 . Vapor pressures and freezing points of 30 organics . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 4 : 311
  • Meshkova , O. V. , Dmitrieva , V. N. and Bezuglgy , V. D. 1971 . Polargraphic analysis of waste waters of polyvinyl chloride production . Soviet Chem. Indust. , 4 : 252
  • Meyerson , L. B. and Meier , G. C. 1972 . Cutaneous lesions of acroosteolysis . Arch. Dermatol. , 106 : 224
  • Misgeld , V. , Stolpmann , H. J. and Schulte , S. 1973 . Intoxication by vinyl chloride polymers and/or their additives . Z. Haut‐Geschl. Kv. , 48 : 425
  • 1974 . More trouble brewing for vinyl chloride . C & E News , Sept. 2
  • Morris , G. E. 1953 . Vinyi plastics. Their dermatological and chemical aspects . Arch Ind. Occup. Med. , 3 : 535
  • Morris , H. E. 1954 . Integrated pollution control . Petro. Refiner , 33 : 229
  • 1974 . New tests link vinyl chloride to liver cancer . Employment Safety and Health Guide , April 23
  • 1971 . “ NFPA Committee on Chemicals and Explosives ” . In Manual of hazardous chemical reactions, , 4th ed. , Boston, Mass. : National Fire Protection Association, Intl .
  • 1974 . NIOSH proposes standard for vinyl chloride . Employment Safety and Health Guide , April 12
  • 1974 . NIOSH recommends zero exposure limit for vinyl chloride . Employment Safety and Health Guide , March 26
  • Nitti , G. , Petruzzellis , V. and Fasano , V. 1970 . Rheographic observations on workers belonging to the plastic materials industry . Securitas , 55 : 683
  • O'Mara , M. M. , Crider , L. B. and Daniel , R. L. 1971 . Combustion products from vinyl chloride monomer . Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. , 32 : 153
  • Oppenheimer , B. S. , Oppenheimer , E. T. and Stout , A. P. 1952 . Sarcomas induced in rodents by imbedding various plastic films . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 79 : 366
  • Oppenheimer , B. S. , Oppenheimer , E. T. , Stout , A. P. and Danishefsky , I. 1953 . Malignant tumors resulting from embedding plastics in rodents . Science , 118 : 305
  • Oppenheimer , B. S. , Oppenheimer , E. T. , Danishefsky , I. , Stout , A. P. and Eirich , F. R. 1955 . Further studies of polymers as carcinogenic agents in animals . Cancer Res. , 15 : 333
  • 1974 . OSHA asked to reopen vinyl chloride hearing for cross‐examination on economic impact study . Employment Safety Health Guide , Sept. 9
  • 1974 . OSHA to issue permanent and temporary vinyl chloride standards . Pesticide Chem. News , 2 ( 10 ) March 27
  • Patty , F. A. 1962 . Industrial hygiene and toxicology , vol. 2 , 1303 – 1305 . New York : Interscience Publishers .
  • Patty , F. A. , Yant , W. P. and Waite , C. P. 1930 . Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial organic compounds. 5. Vinyl chloride . Publ. Health Reports , 45 : 1963
  • Pegum , J. S. 1966 . Contact dermatitis from plastics containing trearyl phosphates . Brit. J. Dermatol. , 78 : 626
  • 1974 . Permanent vinyl chloride standard proposed . Employment Safety and Health Guide , May 21
  • Popov , L. A. and Yablochkin , V. D. 1967 . Characteristics of gases released by polyvinyl chloride film . Gig. Sanit. , 32 : 114
  • 1974 . Public hearings on proposed permanent standard for vinyl chloride . Employment Safety Health Guide , August 6
  • Pushin , G. A. 1965 . Lesions in the liver and bile ducts in workers producing some kinds of plastics . Soviet Med. , 28 : 132
  • 1974 . PVC makers hit with health hazard suit . C & E News , Sept. 2
  • Quarles , J. 1974 . Vinyl chloride . Fed. Register , 39 : 26480
  • Radeva , M. and Dinoeva Sr. 1970 . Investigation of the blastomogenic action of polyvinyl chloride resin used in the food industry . Onkol. Inform. Biuletin Prilozhenie , 3 : 24
  • Raikhlin , N. T. and Kogan , A. Kh. 1961 . The development and malignant transformation of connective tissue capsules forming around implants of plastic material . Vopr. Onkol. , 7 : 13
  • Rannug , U. , Johansson , A. , Ramel , C. and Wachtmeister , C. A. 1974 . The mutagenicity of vinyl chloride after metabolic activation . Ambio , 3 : 194
  • Rumyantseva , Ye. P. and Goryacheva , L. A. 1968 . Glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex in patients with chronic intoxication with certain unsaturated chlorinated hydrocarbons . Gig. Truda , 12 : 16
  • Russell , F. E. , Simmers , M. H. , Hirst , A. E. and Pudenz , R. H. 1959 . Tumors associated with embedded polymers . J. Nat. Cancer Inst. , 23 : 305
  • Schotter , W. 1969 . Toxicology of vinyl chloride . Chem. Tech. (Leipzig) , 21 : 708
  • Scott , R. J. and Terrill , R. R. 1962 . Vinyl chloride‐fluorocarbon mixtures as aerosol propellants . Aerosol Age , 7 : 18
  • Shabad , L. M. 1967 . Plastic carcinogenesis, some experimental data and its possible importance for clinic and prophylaxis of cancer . Unio Intl. Contre Cancer , 7 : 188
  • Shelley , P. G. and Sills , E. J. 1969 . Monomer storage and protection . Eng. Chem. Processing , 65 : 29
  • Slepak , N. I. and Teplyakova , R. V. 1974 . Hygienic assessment of artificial leather upholstery made of poly vinyl . Gig. Sanit. , 29 : 17
  • Smirnova , N. A. and Granik , N. P. 1970 . Long‐term side effects of acute occupational poisoning by certain hydrocarbons and their derivatives . Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. , 14 : 50
  • Smyth , H. F. Jr. and Weil , C. S. 1966 . Chronic oral toxicity to rats of a vinyl chloride‐vinylacetate copolymer . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 9 : 501
  • Stankevich , K. I. 1962 . Experimental findings on the blastomogenic effect of coumarone and polychloravinyl plates . Vreach. Delo , 11 : 108
  • Stankevich , K. I. , Ovdienko , T. L. , Tomachevskaya , L. A. , Fainzilber , I. D. and Rozhko , G. M. 1968 . Hygienić aspects of some polymeric materials used in housing construction . Vreach Delo , 5 : 105
  • Stark , G. W. V. 1969 . Toxic gases from PVC in household fires . Rubber Plastic Age , 50 : 283
  • Stender , J. 1974a . Exposure to vinyl chloride . Fed. Register , 39 : 35890 – 35898 .
  • Stender , J. 1974b . Vinyl chloride, proposed standard . Fed. Register , 39 : 16896 – 16900 .
  • Stulova , E. A. 1973 . Characteristics of the state of thermoregulation in chronic vinyl chloride poisoning . Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. , 17 : 53
  • Suciu , I. , Drejman , I. and Valaskai , M. 1963 . Investigation of the diseases produced by vinyl chloride . Med. Interna , 15 : 967
  • Suciu , I. , Drejman , I. and Valaskai , M. 1967 . A study of the diseases caused by vinyl chloride . Med. Lavoro , 58 : 261
  • 1975 . System reduces VCM content in PVC resins and ventilates dry‐blend workplace . Modern Plastics , Jan. : 98
  • Tabershaw , I. R. and Gaffey , W. R. 1974 . Mortality study of workers in the manufacture of vinyl chloride and its polymers . J. Occup. Med. , 16 : 509
  • 1971 . Threshold Limit Values for 1971 . Occup. Hazards , 33 : 35
  • Torkelson , T. R. , Oyen , F. and Rowe , V. K. 1961 . The toxicity of vinyl chloride as determined by repeated exposure of laboratory animals . Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. , 22 : 354
  • Train , R. E. 1974 . Vinyl chloride . Fed. Register , 39 : 14753
  • Trevethick , R. A. and Adam , J. A. 1969 . Overview of industrial hygiene standards and their application . Trans. Soc. Occup. Med. , 19 : 112
  • Tribukh , S. L. , Tikhomirova , N. P. , Levin , S. V. and Kozlov , L. A. 1949 . Working conditions and measures for their sanitation in the production and utilization of vinyl chloride plastics . Gig. Sanit. , 10 : 38
  • Tsuchiya , Y. and Sumi , K. 1967 . Thermal decomposition products of polyvinyl chloride . J. Appl. Chem. , 17 : 364
  • Van Houten , R. W. , Cutworth , A. L. and Irvine , C. H. 1974 . Evaluation and reduction of air contamination produced by thermal cutting and sealing of PVC packaging material . Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. , 35 : 218
  • Vazin , A. N. and Plokhova , E. I. 1968a . Creation of an experimental model of “toxic angioneurosis” developing from the chronic action of vinyl chloride vapors on an organism . Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. , 12 : 47
  • Vazin , A. N. and Plokhova , E. I. 1968b . On the pathogenesis of an affection developing secondarily to a chronic exposure of the organism to the action of vinyl chloride . Farmakil. Toksikol. , 31 : 369
  • Vazin , A. N. and Plokhova , E. I. 1969a . Changes in adrenaline‐like substances in rabbit blood following chronic exposure to vinyl chloride fumes . Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. , 13 : 46
  • Vazin , A. N. and Plokhova , E. I. 1969b . Changes of cardiac activity in rats chronically exposed to the effect of vinyl chloride, vapours . Farmakol. Toksikol. , 32 : 220
  • Vazin , A. N. and Plokhova , E. I. 1970 . Changes in the rate of inculation of conditional reflexes in rats on prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride vapor in concentrations approaching the maximum permissible concentration . Gig. Sanit. , 35 : 434
  • 1974 . Vinyl chloride cancer controversy continues . C & E News , June 10
  • 1974 . Vinyl chloride hearings begin; industry fights OSHA proposal . Employment Safety and Health Guide , July 1
  • 1974 . Vinyl chloride issue focus of U.K. group . C & E News , May 27
  • 1974 . Vinyl chloride monitors move on market . C & E News , Dec. 16
  • 1974 . Vinyl chloride no menace near plants, EPA says . C & E News , June 17
  • 1974 . Vinyl chloride studies continued: Comments on environmental impact statement . Employment Safety and Health Guide , June 4
  • Viola , P. L. 1970 . Pathology of vinyl chloride . Med. Lavoro , 61 : 174
  • Viola , P. L. , Bigotti , A. and Caputo , A. 1971 . Oncogenic response of rat skin, lungs, and bones to vinyl chloride . Cancer Res. , 31 : 516
  • Von Oettingen , W. F. 1955 . The halogenated aliphatic, olefinic, cyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic‐aromatic hydrocarbons including the halogenated insecticides, their toxicity and potential dangers , Publ. Health Ser. Pub. no. 144 195 – 197 . Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office .
  • Williams , F. W. and Umstead , M. E. 1968 . Determination of trace contaminants in air by concentration on porous polymer beads . Anal. Chem. , 40 : 2232
  • Wilson , R. H. , McCormick , W. E. , Tatum , C. F. and Creech , J. F. 1967 . Occupational acroosteolysis. Report of 31 cases . JAMA , 201 : 577
  • 1974 . Witholding of vinyl chloride data hinted . C & E News , May 20

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.