88
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Part one: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment in humans

Pathology of primary liver cancer

&
Pages 315-355 | Published online: 20 Oct 2009

References

  • Abelev , G. I. 1968 . Production of embryonal serum α‐globulin by hepatomas: Review of experimental and clinical data . Cancer Res. , 28 : 1344 – 1350 .
  • Ahmed , M. N. , Huang , S. N. and Spence , L. 1971 . Australia antigen and hepatitis. An electron microscopic study . Arch. Pathol. , 92 : 66 – 72 .
  • Akeyama , T. , Kamada , T. , Korzumi , T. and Abe , H. 1972 . The localization of the Australia antigen in the liver by immunofluorescence . J. Clin. Pathol. , 25 : 1071 – 1074 .
  • Allen , R. A. and Lisa , J. R. 1949 . Combined liver cell and bile duct carcinoma . Am. J. Pathol. , 25 : 647 – 655 .
  • Alpert , M. E. 1972 . Alpha‐1‐feto protein—A serological marker of human hepatoma and embryonal carcinoma . Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. , 35 : 415 – 420 .
  • Alpert , M. E. , Hutt , M. S. R. and Davidson , C. S. 1969 . Primary hepatoma in Uganda: A prospective clinical and epidemiologic study of forty‐six patients . Am. J. Med. , 46 : 794 – 802 .
  • Alpert , M. E. , Hershberg , R. , Schur , P. H. and Isselbacher , K. J. 1971a . Feto protein in human hepatoma—Improved detection in serum and quantitative studies using a new sensitive technique . Gastroenterology , 61 : 137 – 148 .
  • Alpert , M. E. , Hutt , M. S. R. , Wogan , G. N. and Davidson , C. S. 1971b . Association between aflatoxin content of food and hepatoma frequency in Uganda . Cancer , 28 : 253 – 260 .
  • Anderson , W. A. D. 1971 . Pathology , St. Louis : Mosby .
  • Anthony , P. P. 1974 . Carcinoma of the liver in man . Int. Pathol. , 15 : 29 – 44 .
  • Anthony , P. P. , Vogel , C. L. , Sadikali , F. , Barker , L. F. and Peterson , M. R. 1972 . Hepatitis‐associated antigen and antibody: Correlation of serological testing with histopathology . Br. Med. J. , 1 : 403 – 406 .
  • Anthony , P. P. , Vogel , C. L. and Barker , L. F. 1973 . Liver cell dysplasia: A premalignant condition . J. Clin. Pathol. , 26 : 217 – 223 .
  • Asamer , H. , Judmaier , G. , Stühlinger , W. , Platzer , S. , Födisch , H. J. , Spath , P. and Huber , H. 1973 . Die Differenzierung chronischer Hepatitisformen mit immunologischen Methoden . Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. , 85 : 485 – 489 .
  • Baines , G. F. 1965 . Jaundice in a patient taking norethisterone compound tablets . Lancet , i : 108 – 109 .
  • Balázs , M. , Lapis , K. , Korényi‐Both , A. and Sáfrány , L. 1970 . Electron microscopic study of cholestasis in human biopsy specimens . Morphol. Igazsagugyi Orv. Sz. , 10 : 3 – 10 . (Hungarian with Russian, English, and German summaries)
  • Bartók , I. and Decastello , A. 1975 . Hepatitis B antigen in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer . Orv. Hetil. , 116 : 1323 – 1326 . (Hungarian with Russian, German, and English summaries)
  • Bauer , K. H. 1963 . Das Krebsproblem , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Bearcroft , W. G. 1962 . Electron microscopic studies on the liver in infective hepatitis . J. Pathol. Bacteriol. , 83 : 382 – 388 .
  • Beard , J. W. , Hillman , E. A. , Beard , D. , Lapis , K. and Heine , U. 1975 . Neoplastic response of the avian liver to host infection with strain MC29 leukosis virus . Cancer Res. , 35 : 1603 – 1627 .
  • Becker , F. F. 1974 . Hepatoma‐Nature's model tumor. A review . Am. J. Pathol. , 74 : 179 – 200 .
  • Begg , C. F. and Berry , W. H. 1953 . Isolated nodules of regenerative hyperplasia of the liver . Am. J. Clin. Pathol. , 23 : 447 – 463 .
  • Benacerraf , B. 1963 . “ Functions of the Kupffer cells ” . In The Liver, Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology , Edited by: Rouiller , C. 2 – 37 . New York : Academic .
  • Benz , E. J. and Baggenstoss , A. H. 1953 . Focal cirrhosis of the liver: Its relationship to the so‐called hamartoma (adenoma, benign hepatoma) . Cancer , 6 : 743 – 755 .
  • Berman , C. 1951 . Primary Carcinoma of Liver. A Study in Incidence, Clinical Manifestations, Pathology and Etiology , London : Lewis .
  • Bernhard , W. 1958 . Electron microscopy of tumor cells and viruses . Cancer Res. , 18 : 491 – 509 .
  • Bersohn , I. , MacNab , G. M. and Pyzikowska , J. 1974 . The prevalence of hepatitis B (Australia) antigen in southern Africa . S. Afr. Med. J. , 48 : 941 – 944 .
  • Beswick , I. P. and Scott , G. B. 1958 . The histogenesis of primary hepatic carcinoma . J. Clin. Pathol. , 11 : 1 – 6 .
  • Bhagwat , A. G. and Ross , R. C. 1971 . Hepatic intramitochondrial crystalloids . Arch. Pathol. , 91 : 70 – 77 .
  • Bianchi , L. and Gudat , F. 1975 . Core‐ und Hüllenantigen des Dane‐Partikels im Lebergewebe. Beziehungen zu den Verlaufsformen der Hepatitis B . Leber Magen Darm , 5 : 180 – 195 .
  • Biava , C. 1964a . Mallory alcoholic hyalin: A heretofore unique lesion of hepatocellular ergastoplasm . Lab. Invest. , 13 : 301 – 320 .
  • Biava , C. 1964b . Studies on cholestasis. I. A re‐evaluation of the fine structure of normal human bile canaliculi . Lab. Invest. , 13 : 840 – 864 .
  • Biava , C. and Mukhlova‐Montiel , M. 1965 . Electron microscopic observations on Councilman like acidophilic bodies and other forms of acidophilic changes in human liver cells . Am. J. Pathol. , 46 : 775 – 802 .
  • Block , J. B. 1974 . Angiosarcoma of the liver following vinyl chloride exposure . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 229 : 53 – 54 .
  • Blumberg , B. S. , Larouzé , B. , Thomas , W. , Werner , B. , Hesser , J. E. , Millman , I. , Saimot , G. and Payet , M. 1975 . The relation of infection with the hepatitis B agent to primary hepatic carcinoma . Am. J. Pathol. , 81 : 669 – 682 .
  • Bodin , F. , Scotto , J. , Homberg , J.‐C. , Lichtenstein , H. , Roudier , M. and Huguet , C. 1974 . Association hépatome‐antigène Australie. Un cas étudié en microscopie électronique et en immunofluorescence . Nouv. Presse Med. , 3 : 2487 – 2489 .
  • Broders , A. C. 1920 . Squamous‐cell epithelioma of the lip. A study of five hundred and thirty‐seven cases . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 74 : 656 – 664 .
  • Brown , D. B. , Delor , C. J. , Greider , M. and Frajola , W. J. 1957 . The electron microscopy of human liver . Gastroenterology , 32 : 103 – 118 .
  • Brzosko , W. J. , Madalinski , K. , Krawczynski , K. and Nowoslawski , A. 1973 . Duality of hepatitis B antigen and its antibody. I. Immunofluorescence studies . J. Infect. Dis. , 127 : 424 – 428 .
  • Büki , B. , Szalay , F. and Magyar , I. 1972 . Examination of autoantibodies, Australia antigens and antibodies in chronic liver diseases . Magy. Belorv. Arch. , 25 : 227 – 235 . (Hungarian with Russian, English, and German summaries)
  • Bulkley , B. H. , Heizer , W. D. and Goldfinger , S. E. 1970 . Distinctions in chronic active hepatitis based on circulating hepatitis‐associated antigen . Lancet , ii : 1323 – 1326 .
  • Büngeler , W. and Eder , M. 1960 . Das primäre Leberkarzinom . Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. , 85 : 959 – 965 .
  • Butler , W. H. and Barnes , J. M. 1964 . Toxic effects of groundnut meal containing aflatoxin to rats and guinea‐pigs . Br. J. Cancer , 17 : 699 – 710 .
  • Caesar , R. 1961 . Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an menschlichen Amyloid bei verschiedenen Grundkrankheiten . Pathol. Microbiol. (Basel) , 24 : 387 – 396 .
  • Cameron , H. M. 1976 . “ The pathology of liver cell cancer ” . In Liver Cell Cancer , Edited by: Cameron , H. M. , Linsell , D. A. and Warwick , G. P. 17 – 43 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Camilleri , J. P. , Amat , C. , Chousterman , M. , Petite , J. P. , Duboust , A. , Boddaert , A. and Paraf , A. 1977 . Immunohistochemical patterns of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in patients with hepatitis, renal homografts recipients and normal carriers . Virchows Arch. [Pathol. Anat.] , 376 : 329 – 341 .
  • Campion , E. C. , Lubrook , G. , McLeod , G. M. , Marshall , V. R. , Mukherjee , T. and Wangel , A. G. 1972 . Primary hepatoma and hepatitis‐associated antigen in a young white woman . Br. Med. J. , 4 : 149 – 152 .
  • Christopherson , W. M. and Collier , H. S. 1953 . Primary benign liver‐cell tumors in infancy and childhood . Cancer , 6 : 853 – 861 .
  • Coyne , V. E. , Millman , J. , Cerda , J. , Gerstley , B. J. S. , London , T. , Sutnick , A. and Blumberg , B. S. 1970 . The localization of Australia antigen by immunofluorescence . J. Exp. Med. , 131 : 307 – 319 .
  • Creemers , J. and Jadin , J.‐M. 1968 . infrastructure of a human hepatocellular carcinoma . J. Microsc. (Paris) , 7 : 257 – 264 .
  • Cruickshank , A. H. 1961 . The pathology of 111 cases of primary hepatic malignancies collected in the Liverpool region . J. Clin. Pathol. , 14 : 120 – 131 .
  • Davies , J. N. P. 1973 . “ Hepatic neoplasm ” . In The Liver , Edited by: Gall , E. A. and Mostofi , F. K. 361 – 369 . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins .
  • Davies , J. N. P. , Knowelden , J. and Wilson , B. A. 1965 . Incidence rates of cancer in Kyadondo County, Uganda, 1954–1960 . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 35 : 789 – 821 .
  • Del Vecchio‐Blanco , C. , Carrella , M. and Coltorti , M. 1973 . Incidence of hepatitis associated antigen in chronic liver disease in southern Italy . Acta Hepatogastroenterol. , 20 : 138 – 142 .
  • Denison , E. K. , Peters , R. L. and Reynolds , T. B. 1971 . Familial hepatoma with hepatitis‐associated antigen . Ann. Intern. Med. , 74 : 391 – 394 .
  • Doll , R. , Muir , C. and Waterhouse , J. 1970 . Cancer Incidence in Five Continents , vol. 2 , New York : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Economopoulos , P. , Theodoropoulos , G. and Sakellaropoulos , N. 1970 . Alpha fetoprotein in Greece and France . Lancet , i : 1337
  • Edmondson , H. A. 1958 . Tumors of the Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Ducts. Atlas of Tumor Pathology , Washington, D.C. : Armed Forces Institute of Pathology . sect. 7, fasc. 25
  • Eggel , H. 1901 . Ueber das primäre Carcinom der Leber . Beitr. Pathol. Anat. , 30 : 506 – 604 .
  • Elias , H. 1955 . Human hepatocarcinoma and the comparative embryology of the vertebrate liver . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 15 : 1451 – 1462 .
  • Enat , R. , Buschmann , R. J. and Chomet , B. 1973 . Ultrastructure of cytoplasmic hyaline inclusions in a case of human hepatocarcinoma . Gastroenterology , 65 : 802 – 810 .
  • Farber , E. 1974 . Pathogenesis of liver cancer . Arch. Pathol. , 98 : 145 – 148 .
  • Fierz , L. 1969 . Das hepatom IM Sektionsgut des Zürcher Pathologischen Instituts der Jahre 1901–1966 (86,549 Autopsien). Mit einer Methode zur Schätzung epidemiologicher Verhältnisse auf Grund einer Sektionsstatistik . Acta. Hepatosplenol. (Stuttg.) , 15 : 383 – 398 .
  • Filippova , N. A. 1972 . Ultrastructural peculiarities of human hepatocellular cancerous tumors . Vopr. Onkol. , 18 : 55 – 61 .
  • Fox , R. A. , Niazi , S. P. and Sherlock , S. 1969 . Hepatitis‐associated antigen in chronic liver disease . Lancet , ii : 609
  • Freudenberg , K. 1952 . Die scheinbare Zunahme der Krebssterblichkeit . Arch. Hyg. , 136 : 129 – 138 .
  • Gall , E. A. 1956 . “ Tumors of the liver ” . In Diseases of the Liver , Edited by: Schiff , L. 543 – 564 . Philadelphia : Lippincott .
  • Garancis , J. C. , Tang , T. , Panares , R. and Jurevics , I. 1969 . Hepatic adenoma. Biochemical and electron microscopic study . Cancer , 24 : 560 – 568 .
  • Geddes , E. W. and Falkson , G. 1970 . Malignant hepatoma in the Bantu . Cancer , 25 : 1271 – 1278 .
  • Gerber , M. A. , Hadziyannis , S. , Vissoulis , C. , Schaffner , F. , Paronetto , F. and Popper , H. 1974 . Electron microscopy and immunoelectronmicroscopy of cytoplasmic hepatitis B antigen in hepatocytes . Am. J. Pathol. , 75 : 489 – 502 .
  • Ghadially , F. N. and Parry , E. W. 1966 . Ultrastructure of a human hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding nonneoplastic liver . Cancer , 19 : 1989 – 2001 .
  • Gibson , J. B. 1971 . Parasites, liver disease and liver cancer . IARC Sci. Publ. , 1 : 42 – 50 .
  • Gustafson , E. G. 1937 . An analysis of 62 cases of primary carcinoma of the liver based on 24,000 necropsies at Bellevue Hospital . Ann. Intern. Med. , 11 : 889 – 900 .
  • Hadziyannis , S. J. , Merikas , G. E. and Afroudakis , A. P. 1970 . Hepatitis associated antigen in chronic liver disease . Lancet , ii : 100
  • Hadziyannis , S. J. , Moussouros , A. , Vissoulis , C. and Afroudakis , A. P. 1972 . Cytoplasmic localisation of Australia antigen in the liver . Lancet , i : 976 – 979 .
  • Hadziyannis , S. J. , Gerber , M. A. , Vissoulis , C. and Popper , H. 1973 . Cytoplasmic hepatitis B antigen in “groundglass”; hepatocytes of carriers . Arch. Pathol. , 96 : 327 – 330 .
  • Hamperl , H. 1970 . The classification of liver tumors . Recent Results Cancer Res. , 26 : 4 – 14 .
  • Haraszti , A. and Vadnay , I. 1977 . Primary cancer of the liver . Magy. Onkol. , 21 : 207 – 215 . (Hungarian with Russian and English summaries)
  • Hersh , T. , Hollinger , F. B. , Goyal , R. K. , Grubb , M. N. and Melnick , J. L. 1971 . Australia antigen and antibody and alpha‐fetoglobulin in hepatoma patients . Int. J. Cancer , 8 : 259 – 263 .
  • Higgins , G. M. 1970 . The pathologic anatomy of primary hepatic tumors . Recent Results Cancer Res. , 26 : 15 – 37 .
  • Higginson , J. 1956 . Primary carcinoma of the liver in Africa . Br. J. Cancer , 10 : 609 – 622 .
  • Higginson , J. 1963 . The geographical pathology of primary liver cancer . Cancer Res. , 23 : 1624 – 1633 .
  • Higginson , J. 1970 . The epidemiology of primary carcinoma of the liver . Recent Results Cancer Res. , 26 : 38 – 52 .
  • Higginson , J. and Oettlé , A. G. 1960 . Cancer incidence in the Bantu and “Cape Colored”; races of South Africa: Report of a cancer survey in the Transvaal (1953–55) . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 24 : 589 – 671 .
  • Hirayama , C. , Tominaga , K. , Irisa , T. and Nakamura , M. 1972 . Serum gamma‐globulins and hepatitis‐associated antigen in blood donors, chronic liver disease and primary hepatoma . Digestion , 7 : 257 – 265 .
  • Honjo , I. and Mizumoto , R. 1974 . Primary carcinoma of the liver . Am. J. Surg. , 128 : 31 – 36 .
  • Huang , S. N. 1971 . Hepatitis‐associated antigen hepatitis. An electron microscopic study of virus‐like particles in liver cells . Am. J. Pathol. , 64 : 483 – 500 .
  • Huang , S. N. , Millman , J. , O'Connell , A. , Aronoff , A. , Gault , H. and Blumberg , B. S. 1972 . Virus‐like particles in Australia antigen‐associated hepatitis . Am. J. Pathol. , 67 : 453 – 470 .
  • Hutt , M. S. R. 1971 . Epidemiology of human primary liver cancer . IARC Sci. Publ. , 1 : 21 – 29 .
  • Johnson , F. L. , Feagler , J. R. , Lerner , K. G. , Majerus , P. W. , Siegel , M. , Hartman , J. R. and Thomas , E. D. 1972 . Association of androgenic‐anabolic steroid therapy with development of hepatocellular carcinoma . Lancet , ii : 1273 – 1276 .
  • Kaboth , V. , Schober , A. , Arndt , H. J. , Vido , I. , Selmair , H. , Gallasch , E. , Verma , P. , Thomssen , R. and Creutzfeldt , W. 1970 . Australia (SH)‐Antigen‐Befunde bei Leberkranken und Blutspendern . Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. , 95 : 2157 – 2165 .
  • Keeley , A. F. , Iseri , O. A. and Gottlieb , L. S. 1972 . Ultrastructure of hyaline cytoplasmic inclusions in a human hepatoma: Relationship to Mallory's alcoholic hyaline . Gastroenterology , 62 : 280 – 293 .
  • Kendrey , G. 1965 . Actual problems of primary liver tumors Budapest Dissertation (in Hungarian)
  • Kendrey , G. and László , B. 1976 . Hepatitis B virus, cirrhosis and primary carcinoma of the liver. An electron microscopic study . Z. Krebsforsch. , 88 : 97 – 100 .
  • Kew , M. C. , Geddes , E. W. , MacNab , F. M. and Bersohn , I. 1974 . Hepatitis‐B antigen and cirrhosis in Bantu patients with primary liver cancer . Cancer , 34 : 539 – 541 .
  • Khoo , S. K. and MacKay , I. R. 1973 . Carcinoembryonic antigen in serum in diseases of the liver and pancreas . J. Clin. Pathol. , 26 : 470 – 475 .
  • Klion , F. M. and Schaffner , F. 1966 . The ultrastructure of acidophilic Councilman‐like bodies in the liver . Am. J. Pathol. , 48 : 755 – 767 .
  • Krassnitzky , O. , Pesendorfer , F. and Wewaika , F. 1970 . Australia‐SH‐Antigen und Lebererkrankungen . Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. , 95 : 249 – 253 .
  • Krawczynski , K. , Nazarewicz , T. , Brzosko , W. J. and Nowoslawski , A. 1972 . Cellular localization of hepatitis‐associated antigen in livers of patients with different forms of hepatitis . J. Infect. Dis. , 126 : 372 – 377 .
  • Kubo , Y. , Okuda , K. , Hashimoto , M. , Nagasaki , Y. , Ebata , H. , Nakajima , Y. , Musha , H. , Sakuma , K. and Ohtake , H. 1977 . Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma . Gastroenterology , 72 : 1217 – 1220 .
  • Lapis , K. , Schaff , Zs. and Sáfrány , L. 1971 . Ultrastructure of primary liver cancer . Orvostudomany , 22 : 163 – 190 . (Hungarian)
  • Lapis , K. , Beard , D. and Beard , J. W. 1973 . MC29 virus induced liver tumours in chicken. I. Light microscopic morphology and histogenesis of virus induced liver tumours . Orvostudomany , 24 : 229 – 259 . (Hungarian)
  • Lapis , K. , Beard , D. and Beard , J. W. 1974 . Transplantable hepatoma established from MC29 virus derived liver cancer. II . Orvostudomany , 25 : 151 – 160 . (Hungarian)
  • Larouze , B. , Blumberg , B. S. , London , W. T. , Lustbader , E. D. , Sankale , M. and Payet , M. 1977 . Forecasting the development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma by the use of risk factors: Studies in West Africa . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 58 : 1557 – 1561 .
  • Laurance , D. J. R. and Neville , A. M. 1972 . Foetal antigens and their role in the diagnosis and clinical management of human neoplasms: A review . Br. J. Cancer , 26 : 335
  • Lee , F. I. 1966 . Cirrhosis and hepatoma in alcoholics . Gut , 7 : 77 – 85 .
  • Lesna , M. , Watson , A. J. , Douglas , A. P. , Hamlyn , A. N. and James , O. F. W. 1976 . Evaluation of paracetamol‐induced damage in liver biopsies . Virchows Arch. [Pathol. Anat.] , 370 : 333 – 344 .
  • Linsell , D. A. and Higginson , J. 1976 . “ The geographic pathology of liver cell cancer ” . In Liver Cell Cancer , Edited by: Cameron , H. M. , Linsell , D. A. and Warwick , G. P. 1 – 16 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Loewenstein , M. S. and Zamcheck , N. 1977 . Carcinoembryonic antigen and the liver . Gastroenterology , 72 : 161 – 166 .
  • LoGerfo , P. , Krupey , J. and Hansen , H. J. 1971 . Demonstration of an antigen common to several varieties of neoplasia . N. Engl. J. Med. , 285 : 138 – 141 .
  • Ma , M. H. and Blackburn , C. R. B. 1973 . Fine structure of primary liver tumors and tumor‐bearing livers in man . Cancer Res. , 33 : 1766 – 1774 .
  • MacDonald , R. A. 1957 . Primary carcinoma of the liver: A clinicopathologic study of one hundred and eight cases . Arch. Intern. Med. , 99 : 266 – 279 .
  • MacSween , R. N. M. 1974 . A clinicopathological review of 100 cases of primary malignant tumours of the liver . J. CIin. Pathol. , 27 : 669 – 682 .
  • MacSween , R. N. M. and Scott , A. R. 1973 . Hepatic cirrhosis: A clinico‐pathological review of 520 cases . J. Clin. Pathol. , 26 : 936 – 942 .
  • Magee , P. N. 1971 . Liver carcinogens in the human environment . IARC Sci. Publ. , 1 : 110 – 120 .
  • Mason , J. B. and Speese , J. 1933 . Tumor of liver of adrenal origin . Ann. Surg. , 97 : 150 – 153 .
  • Masseyeff , R. , Prince , A. M. , Leblanc , L. and Szmuness , W. 1972 . Detection of HAA in the serum of patients with primary carcinoma of the liver . Am. J. Dis. Child , 123 : 412 – 413 .
  • Mathews , J. D. and MacKay , I. R. 1970 . Australia antigen in chronic hepatitis in Australia . Br. Med. J. , 1 : 259 – 261 .
  • McBride , C. M. 1976 . Primary carcinoma of the liver . Surgery , 80 : 323 – 327 .
  • Nagasue , N. , Inokuchi , K. , Kobayashi , M. and Saku , M. 1977 . Hepatoportal arteriovenous fistula in primary carcinoma of the liver . Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. , 145 : 504 – 508 .
  • Nett , A. E. and Gilbert , J. A. L. 1966 . Primary carcinoma of the liver in Alberta . Can. Med. Assoc. J. , 95 : 45 – 49 .
  • Nishioka , K. , Hirayama , T. , Sekine , T. , Okochi , K. , Hayumi , M. , Juei‐Low , S. , Chen‐Hui , L. and Tong Min , L. 1973 . Australia antigen and hepatocellular carcinoma . Gann Monogr. , 14 : 167 – 175 .
  • Norkin , S. A. and Campagna‐Pinto , D. 1968 . Cytoplasmic hyaline inclusions in hepatoma . Arch. Pathol. , 86 : 25 – 32 .
  • Nowoslawski , A. , Madalinski , K. , Brzosko , W. J. and Krawczynski , K. 1970 . Cellular localisation of Australia antigen in the liver of patients with lymphoproliferative disorders . Lancet , i : 494 – 497 .
  • Obata , H. , Hayashi , N. and Ajiki , K. 1974 . Epidemiological study of hepatitis B antigen and antibody in east Java, Indonesia . Acta Hepatol. lap. , 15 : 378 – 384 .
  • O'Conor , G. T. , Tatarinov , Y. S. , Abelev , G. I. and Uriel , J. 1970 . A collaborative study for the evaluation of a serologic test for primary liver cancer . Cancer , 25 : 1091 – 1098 .
  • O'Conor , G. T. , Tralka , T. S. , Henson , E. and Vogel , C. L. 1972 . Ultrastructural survey of primary liver cell carcinomas from Uganda . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 48 : 587 – 603 .
  • Ohbayashi , A. , Okochi , K. and Mayumi , M. 1972 . Familial clustering of asymptomatic carriers of Australia antigen and patients with chronic liver disease or primary liver cancer . Gastroenterology , 62 : 618 – 625 .
  • Ohlsson , E. G. H. and Nordén , J. G. 1965 . Primary carcinoma of the liver: A study of 121 cases . Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. , 64 : 430 – 440 .
  • Okuda , K. 1976 . “ Clinical aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma—Analysis of 134 cases ” . In Hepatocellular Carcinoma , Edited by: Okuda , K. and Peters , R. L. 387 – 436 . New York : Wiley .
  • Ong , G. B. and Chan , P. K. W. 1976 . Primary carcinoma of the liver . Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. , 143 : 31 – 38 .
  • Pack , G. T. and Islami , A. H. 1970 . Metastatic cancer to and from the liver . Recent Results Cancer Res. , 26 : 72 – 84 .
  • Patton , R. B. and Horn , R. C. 1964 . Primary liver carcinoma. Autopsy study of 60 cases . Cancer , 17 : 757 – 768 .
  • Peers , F. G. and Linsell , C. A. 1973 . Dietary aflatoxins and liver cancer—A population based study in Kenya . Br. J. Cancer , 27 : 473 – 484 .
  • Popper , H. and Schaffner , F. 1957 . Liver: Structure and Function , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Popper , H. and Schaffner , F. 1961 . Die Leber. Struktur und Funktion , Stuttgart : Thieme .
  • Postmann , B. , Galbraith , R. M. , Eddleston , A. L. W. F. , Zuckerman , A. J. and Williams , R. 1976 . Detection of HBsAg in fixed liver tissue—Use of a modified immunofluorescent technique and comparison with histochemical methods . Gut , 17 : 1 – 9 .
  • Prates , M. D. 1961 . Cancer and cirrhosis of the liver in the Portuguese East African with special reference to the specific age and sex rates in Lourenco Marques . Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum , 17 : 718 – 739 .
  • Prates , M. D. and Torres , F. O. 1965 . A cancer survey in Lourenco Marques, Portuguese East Africa . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 35 : 729 – 757 .
  • Primack , A. , Vogel , C. L. and Barker , L. F. 1973 . Immunological studies in Ugandan patients with hepatocellular carcinoma . Br. Med. J. , 1 : 16 – 19 .
  • Prince , A. M. , Szmuness , W. , Michon , J. , Demaille , J. , Diebolt , G. , Linhard , J. , Quenum , C. and Sankale , M. 1975 . A case control study of the association between primary liver cancer and hepatitis B infection in Senegal . Int. J. Cancer , 16 : 376 – 383 .
  • Purves , L. R. , Bersohn , I. and Geddes , E. W. 1970 . Serum alpha feto protein and primary cancer of the liver in man . Cancer , 25 : 1261 – 1270 .
  • Reed , W. D. , Eddleston , A. L. W. F. , Stern , R. B. , Williams , R. , Zuckerman , A. J. , Bowes , A. and Earl , P. M. 1973 . Detection of hepatitis B antigen by radioimmunoassay in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in Great Britain . Lancet , i : 690 – 693 .
  • Rostock , K. J. and Claus , R. 1973 . Primäre Leberkarzinome‐eine klinische Studie . Dtsch. Z. Verdau. Stoffwechselkr. , 33 : 193 – 198 .
  • Rubin , E. , Krus , S. and Popper , H. 1962 . Pathogenesis of postnecrotic cirrhosis in alcoholics . Arch. Pathol. , 73 : 288 – 299 .
  • Ruebner , B. H. , Gonzalez‐Licea , A. and Slusser , R. J. 1967 . Electron microscopy of some human hepatomas . Gastroenterology , 53 : 18 – 30 .
  • Sáfrány , L. , Balázs , M. and Márton , I. 1969 . Primary liver cancer. Clinical and pathologic observations on the basis of 74 cases . Orv. Hetil. , 110 : 457 – 463 . (Hungarian with Russian, English, and German summaries)
  • Sagebiel , R. W. , McFarland , R. B. and Taft , E. B. 1963 . Primary carcinoma of the liver and cirrhosis . Am. J. Clin. Pathol. , 40 : 516 – 520 .
  • Schaff , Zs. , Lapis , K. and Sáfrány , L. 1971 . The ultrastructure of primary hepatocellular cancer in man . Virchows Arch. [Pathol. Anat.] , 352 : 340 – 358 .
  • Shanmugaratnam , K. 1956 . Primary carcinomas of the liver and biliary tract . Br. J. Cancer , 10 : 232 – 246 .
  • Sherlock , S. 1970 . The immunology of liver disease . Am. J. Med. , 49 : 693 – 706 .
  • Sherlock , S. , Niazi , S. P. , Fox , R. A. and Sheuer , P. J. 1970 . Chronic liver disease and primary liver cell cancer with hepatitis‐associated (Australia) antigen in serum . Lancet , i : 1243
  • Shikata , T. 1976 . “ Primary liver carcinoma and liver cirrhosis ” . In Hepatocellular Carcinoma , Edited by: Okuda , K. and Peters , R. L. 53 – 71 . New York : Wiley .
  • Shikata , T. , Yamazaki , S. and Uzawa , T. 1974 . Development of hepatocellular carcinoma from chronic hepatitis with mild fibrosis . Acta Hepatol. Jap. , 15 : 756 – 762 .
  • Shulman , N. R. 1970 . Hepatitis‐associated antigen . Am. J. Med. , 49 : 669 – 692 .
  • Simons , M. J. , Yap , E. H. , Yu , M. , Seah , C. S. , Chew , B. K. , Fung , W. P. , Ayo , T. and Shanmugaratnam , K. 1971 . Australia antigen in Singapore Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma . Lancet , i : 1149
  • Simons , M. J. , Yap , E. H. and Shanmugaratnam , K. 1972 . Australia antigen in Singapore Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and comparison groups: Influence of technique sensitivity on differential frequencies . Int. J. Cancer , 10 : 320 – 325 .
  • Smetana , K. , Györkey , F. , Györkey , P. and Busch , H. 1972 . Studies on nucleoii and cytoplasmic fibrillar bodies in human hepatocellular carcinomas . Cancer Res. , 32 : 925 – 932 .
  • Steiner , P. E. 1960 . Cancer of the liver and cirrhosis in trans‐Saharan Africa and the U.S.A. . Cancer , 13 : 1085 – 1166 .
  • Steiner , P. E. and Higginson , J. 1959 . Cholangiolocellular carcinoma . Cancer , 12 : 753 – 759 .
  • Strausz , J. and Lapis , K. 1977 . Fine structure of cytoplasmic deposits observed in primary human liver carcinoma . Morphol. Igazsagugyi Orv. Sz. , 17 : 118 – 124 . (Hungarian with Russian, English, and German summaries)
  • Templeton , A. C. , Hutt , M. S. R. and Dodge , O. G. 1972 . Cryptogenic metastases in Uganda Africans . J. Bone Joint Surg. [Br.] , 54 : 125 – 129 .
  • Terés , J. , Guardia , J. , Bruguera , M. and Rodes , J. 1971 . Hepatitis‐associated antigen and hepatocellular carcinoma . Lancet , ii : 215
  • Theron , J. J. , Pepler , W. J. and Liebenberg , N. V. D. W. 1962 . Virus‐like particles in the cells of a primary carcinoma of the liver . Nature (Lond.) , 194 : 489 – 490 .
  • Thomas , L. B. , Popper , H. , Berk , P. D. , Selikoff , I. and Falk , H. 1975 . Vinyl chloride‐induced liver disease from idiopathic portal hypertension (Banti's syndrome) to angiosarcomas . N. Engl. J. Med. , 292 : 17 – 22 .
  • Toker , C. and Trevino , N. 1966 . Ultrastructure of human primary hepatic carcinoma . Cancer , 19 : 1594 – 1606 .
  • Tong , M. J. , Sun , S. C. , Schaeffer , B. T. , Chang , N. K. , Lo , K. J. and Peters , R. L. 1971 . Hepatitis‐associated antigen and hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan . Ann. Intern. Med. , 75 : 687 – 691 .
  • Trichopoulos , D. , Violaki , M. , Sparros , L. and Xirouchaki , E. 1975 . Letter: Epidemiology of hepatitis B and primary hepatic carcinoma . Lancet , ii : 1038 – 1039 .
  • Tuyns , A. J. and Obradovic , M. 1975 . Unexpected high incidence of primary liver cancer in Geneva, Switzerland . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 54 : 61 – 64 .
  • Van Rensburg , S. J. , van der Watt , J. J. , Purchase , I. F. H. , Coutinho , P. L. and Markham , R. 1974 . Primary liver cancer rate and aflatoxin intake in a high cancer area . S. Afr. Med. J. , 48 : 2508a – 2508d .
  • Vedder , E. B. 1927 . Incidence of cancer in Filipinos . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 88 : 1627 – 1629 .
  • Velasco , M. , Sorensen , R. , Daiber , A. , Carmona , A. and Katz , R. 1971 . Primary carcinoma of the liver associated with Australia antigen . Lancet , i : 1183
  • Vischer , T. L. 1970 . Australia antigen and autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis . Br. Med. J. , 2 : 695 – 698 .
  • Vogel , C. L. , Anthony , P. P. , Mody , N. and Barker , L. F. 1970 . Hepatitis‐associated antigen in Ugandan patients with hepatocellular carcinoma . Lancet , ii : 621 – 624 .
  • Vogel , C. L. , Primack , A. , Mclntire , K. R. , Carbone , P. P. and Anthony , P. P. 1974 . Serum alpha‐fetoprotein in 184 Ugandan patients with hepatocellular carcinoma . Cancer , 33 : 959 – 964 .
  • Waterhouse , J. , Muir , C. , Correa , P. and Powell , J. 1976 . Cancer Incidence in Five Continents , vol. 3 , Lyon : International Agency for Research on Cancer .
  • Wilkins , L. and Ravitch , N. M. 1952 . Adrenocortical tumor arising in the liver of a three‐year‐old boy with signs of virilism and Cushing's syndrome. Report of a case and cure after partial resection of the right lobe of the liver . Pediatrics , 9 : 671 – 681 .
  • Wöckel , W. and Altrock , H. 1968 . Zur Häufigkeit der Leberzirrhose und des Leberkrebses im Obduktionsgut . Dtsch. Gesundheitsw. , 23 : 165 – 169 .
  • Woyke , S. , Domagaka , W. and Olszewski , W. 1974 . Ultrastructure of hepatoma cells detected in peritoneal fluid . Acta Cytol. (Baltimore) , 18 : 130 – 136 .
  • Wright , R. 1972 . Chronic hepatitis . Br. Med. Bull. , 28 : 120 – 124 .
  • Wright , R. , McCollum , R. W. and Klatskin , G. 1969 . Australia‐antigen in acute and chronic liver disease . Lancet , ii : 117 – 121 .
  • Zuckerman , A. J. 1972 . Hepatitis‐associated Antigen and Viruses , Amsterdam : North‐Holland .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.