Benzidine dihydrochloride: Toxicological assessment in mice during chronic exposures

References

• American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists . 1971–1976 . Color Index, , 3d ed. vols. 1–6 , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
   Google Scholar
• Boeniger , M. 1978 . An investigation of the metabolic reduction of benzidine azo dyes to benzidine and its metabolites, and their possible relationship to carcinoma of the bladder in man , Cincinnati, Ohio : U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . (unpublished)
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , M. C. , King , J. R. and Holder , C. L. 1976 . Benzidine and its congeners: Analytical chemical properties and trace analysis in five substrates . Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. , 4 : 205 – 223 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cranmer , M. F. 1976 . Advances in animal care technology at the National Center for Toxicological Research . Lab. Animal Sci. , 26 : 355 – 373 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frith , C. H. and Dooley , K. 1976 . Brief communication: Hepatic cytologic and neoplastic changes in mice given benzidine dihydrochloride . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 56 : 679
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frith , C. H. , Herrick , S. S. and Konvicka , A. J. 1977 . Computer‐assisted collection and analysis of pathology data . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 58 : 1717 – 1727 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantz , G. M. and Ellis , J. R. , eds. 1976 . “ Dyes—Application and evaluation ” . In Kirk‐Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, , 2d ed. , vol. 7 , 535 New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Genin , V. A. 1977 . Formation of blastomogenic diphenylamino derivatives as a result of the metabolism of direct azo dyes . Vopr. Onkol. , 23 : 50 – 51 . (Rus.)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griswold , D. P. , Casey , A. E. , Weisburger , E. K. and Weisburger , J. H. 1968 . The carcinogenicity of multiple intragastric doses of aromatic and heterocyclic nitro and amino derivatives in young Sprague‐Dawley rats . Cancer Res. , 28 : 924 – 933 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haseman , J. P. 1983 . Patterns of tumor incidence in two‐year cancer bioassay feeding studies in Fischer 344 rats . Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , 3 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jenkins , C. L. 1978 . Economic Impact and Available Substitutes after Regulation of Dyes based on Benzidine, 3,3'‐Dimethylbenzidine and 3,3'‐Dimethoxybenzidine , 1 – 16 . New York : Center for Occupational Hazards . (unpublished)
   Google Scholar
• Kalbach , H. , McCallum , W. F. , Konvicka , A. J. and Holland , M. T. 1977 . Computer recordkeeping in a large rodent colony . Lab. Anim. Sci. , 27 : 660 – 666 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kodell , R. L. , Haskin , M. G. , Shaw , G. S. and Gaylor , D. W. 1983 . Chronic: A SAS procedure for statistical analysis of carcinogenic studies . J. Stat. Comput. Simul. , 16 : 287 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korostaleva , T. A. , Skachkob , A. P. and Shwaydestskiy , I. I. 1974 . Detection of carcinogen‐protein antigens in serum from workers exposed to aniline dyes . Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. , 18 (5) : 21 – 24 . (Rus.)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littlefield , N. A. , Harmon , J. R. and Campbell , H. M. 1980 . Barrier animal facility operations for a large‐scale chronic study (ED01 study) . J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. , 3 : 187 – 192 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littlefield , N. A. 1983 . Benzidine dihydrochloride: Risk assessment . Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , in press
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthews , H. B. Metabolism studies in the dog—Benzidine conger dyes, a preliminary report form the NTP . Presented at the Interagency Collaborative Group on Environmental Carcinogens . Bethesda, Md.. (unpublished)
   Google Scholar
• Mel'nikov , B. N. and Kirillova , M. N. 1969 . Thermal stability of direct dyes in solution . J. Appl. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.) , 42 (11) : 2418 – 2422 .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , K. T. , Crowder , D. M. , Frith , C. H. , Littlefield , N. A. and Coleman , G. 1981 . Spongiform leukoencephalopathy induced in mice by oral benzidine administration . Toxicol. Pathol. , 9 : 4 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Nebert , D. W. and Felton , J. S. 1976 . Importance of genetic factors influencing the metabolism of foreign compounds . Fed. Proc. , 35 : 1133 – 1141 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peto , R. , Pike , M. C. , Day , N. E. , Gray , R. G. , Lee , P. N. , Parrish , S. , Peto , J. , Richards , S. and Wahrendork , J. 1980 . Long‐Term and Short‐Term Screening Assays for Carcinogenesis. A Critical Appraisal , 311 – 385 . Lyon : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Prokoljeva , O. G. 1971 . Induction of hepatic tumors in mice by benzidine . Vopr. Onkol. , 17 : 61 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Rinde , E. 1976 . A specific assay for the detection of trace amounts of the bladder carcinogen benzidine and other aromatic amines , 24 – 109 . New York University . Ph.D. Dissertation,
   Google Scholar
• Rinde , E. and Troll , W. 1975 . Metabolic reduction of benzidine azo dyes to benzidine in the rhesus monkey . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 55 : 181 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffiotti , U. , Cefis , F. , Montesano , R. and Sellakumar , A. R. Induction of bladder cancer in hamsters fed aromatic amines . Bladder Cancer, A Symposium . Edited by: Deichmann , W. B. , Lampe , K. F. , Panalver , R. A. and Soto , A. pp. 129 – 135 . Birmingham, Ala. : Aesculapius .
   Google Scholar
• Sellakumar , A. R. , Montesano , R. and Saffiotti , U. 1969 . Aromatic amines carcinogenicity in hamsters . Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. , 10 : 78 (abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Spitz , S. , Maguigan , W. H. and Dobriner , K. 1950 . The carcinogenic action of benzidine . Cancer , 3 : 789 – 804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , D. W. and Johnson , C. L. 1980 . Data systems support for a large, long‐term carcinogenic (ED01) study . J. Environ. Path. Toxicol. , 3 : 221 – 230 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare . 13‐Week Subchronic Toxicity Studies on Direct Blue 6, Direct Black 38, and Direct Brown 95 Dyes. , DHEW publication (NIH) 78–1358, NCI‐CG‐TR‐108 Washington, D.C. : Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. International Trade Commission . 1977–78 . Synthetic Organic Chemicals—United States Production and Sales , 87 – 132 . USITC Publication 920 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , R. 1970 . The metabolism of azo compounds—A review of the literature . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 8 : 659 – 676 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolff , G. W. 1977 . Some genetic considerations for the design of better mammalian assay systems for the detection of chemical mutagens and carcinogens . J. Environ. Path. Toxicol. , 1 : 79 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavon , M. R. , Hoegg , W. and Bingham , E. 1973 . Benzidine exposure as a cause of bladder tumors . Arch. Environ. Health , 27 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar