153
Views
131
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Part one: Introduction

Ozone: An overview of its toxicity in man and animals

Pages 181-204 | Published online: 20 Oct 2009

References

  • Abraham , W. M. , Januszkiewicz , A. J. , Mingle , M. , Welker , M. , Wanner , A. and Sackner , M. A. 1980 . Sensitivity of bronchoprovocation and tracheal mucous velocity in detecting airway responses to O3 . J. Appl. Physiol. Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. , 48 : 789 – 793 .
  • Alpert , S. M. , Schwartz , B. B. , Lee , S. D. and Lewis , T. R. 1971 . Alveolar protein accumulation. A sensitive indicator of low level oxidant toxicity . Arch. Intern. Med. , 128 : 69 – 73 .
  • Amdur , M. O. , Ugro , V. and Underhill , D. W. 1978 . Respiratory response of guinea pigs to ozone alone and with sulfur dioxide . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 39 : 958 – 961 .
  • Amoruso , M. A. , Witz , G. and Goldstein , B. D. 1981 . Decreased superoxide anion radical production of rat alveolar macrophages following inhalation of ozone or nitrogen dioxide . Life Sci. , 28 : 2215 – 2221 .
  • Aranyi , C. , Vana , S. C. , Thomas , P. T. , Bradof , J. N. , Fenters , J. D. , Graham , J. A. and Miller , F. J. 1983 . Effects of subchronic exposure to a mixture of O3, SO2, and (NH4)2SO4 on host defenses of mice . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 12 : 55 – 71 .
  • Bloch , W. N. , Miller , F. and Lewis , T. R. 1971 . Pulmonary hypertension in dogs exposed to ozone , 10 Cincinnati, Ohio : Biological Research Branch, Air Pollution Control Office .
  • Boatman , E. S. , Sato , S. and Frank , R. 1974 . Acute effects of ozone on cat lungs. II . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 110 : 157 – 169 .
  • Boorman , G. A. , Schwartz , L. W. and Dungworth , D. L. 1980 . Pulmonary effects of prolonged ozone insult in rats. Morphometric evaluation of the central acinus . Lab. Invest. , 43 : 108 – 115 .
  • Brinkman , R. , Lamberts , H. and Venlnga , T. 1964 . Radiomimetic toxicity of ozonized air . Lancet , 1 : 133 – 136 .
  • Buckley , R. D. , Hackney , J. D. , Clark , K. and Posin , C. 1975 . Ozone and human blood . Arch. Environ. Health , 30 : 40 – 43 .
  • Calabrese , E. J. and Moore , G. S. 1980 . Does the rodent model adequately predict the effects of ozone induced changes to human erythrocytes? . Med. Hypotheses. , 6 : 505 – 507 .
  • Castleman , W. L. , Dungworth , D. L. and Tyler , W. S. 1973 . Cytochemically detected alterations of lung acid phosphatase reactivity following ozone exposure . Lab. Invest. , 29 : 310 – 319 .
  • Castleman , W. L. , Tyler , W. S. and Dungworth , D. L. 1977 . Lesions in respiratory bronchioles and conducting airways of monkeys exposed to ambient levels of ozone . Exp. Mol. Pathol. , 26 : 384 – 400 .
  • Castleman , W. L. , Dungworth , D. L. , Schwartz , L. W. and Tyler , W. S. 1980 . Acute respiratory bronchiolitis: An ultrastructural and autoradiographic study of epithelial cell injury and renewal in rhesus monkeys exposed to ozone . Am. J. Pathol. , 98 : 811 – 840 .
  • Chow , C. K. 1983 . “ Influence of dietary vitamin E on susceptibility to ozone exposure ” . In Biomedical Effects of O3 and Photochemical Oxidants , 75 – 93 . Princeton, N.J. : Princeton Scientific .
  • Chow , C. K. and Kaneko , J. J. 1979 . Influence of dietary vitamin E on the red cells of ozone‐exposed rats . Environ. Res. , 19 : 49 – 55 .
  • Chow , C. K. and Tappel , A. L. 1972 . An enzymatic protective mechanism against lipid peroxidation damage to lungs of ozone‐exposed rats . Lipids , 7 : 518 – 524 .
  • Chow , C. K. and Tappel , A. L. 1973 . Activities of pentose shunt and glycolytic enzymes in lungs of ozone‐exposed rats . Arch. Environ. Health , 26 : 205 – 208 .
  • Chow , C. K. , Dillard , C. J. and Tappel , A. L. 1974 . Glutathione peroxidase system and lysozyme in rats exposed to ozone or nitrogen dioxide . Environ. Res. , 7 : 311 – 319 .
  • Chow , C. K. , Cross , C. E. and Kaneko , J. J. 1977 . Lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoenzyme pattern in lung, erythrocytes, and plasma of ozone‐exposed rats and monkeys . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 3 : 877 – 884 .
  • Chow , C. K. , Plopper , C. G. , Chiu , M. and Dungworth , D. L. 1981 . Dietary vitamin E and pulmonary biochemical and morphological alterations of rats exposed to 0.1 ppm ozone . Environ. Res. , 24 : 315 – 324 .
  • Christensen , E. and Giese , A. C. 1954 . Changes in absorption spectra of nucleic acids and their derivatives following exposure to ozone and ultraviolet radiations . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 51 : 208 – 216 .
  • Clark , K. W. , Posin , C. I. and Buckley , R. D. 1978 . Biochemical Response of Squirrel Monkeys to Ozone . J. Tox. Environ. Health , 4 : 741 – 753 .
  • Coffin , D. L. and Gardner , D. E. 1972 . Interaction of biological agents and chemical air pollutants . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 15 : 219 – 235 .
  • Coffin , D. L. , Gardner , D. E. , Holzman , R. S. and Wolock , F. J. 1968a . Influence of ozone on pulmonary cells . Arch. Environ. Health , 16 : 633 – 636 .
  • Coffin , D. L. , Blommer , E. J. , Gardner , D. E. and Holzman , R. 1968b . “ Effect of air pollution on alteration of susceptibility to pulmonary infections ” . In Proc. 3rd Ann. Conf. Atmospheric Contaminants in Confined Spaces , AMRL‐TR‐67–200 71 – 80 . Dayton, Ohio : Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright‐Patterson AFB .
  • Costa , D. L. , Kutzman , R. S. , Lehmann , J. R. , Popenoe , E. A. and Drew , R. T. 1983 . “ A subchronic multi‐dose ozone study in rats ” . In Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology Edited by: Lee , S. D. , Mustafa , M. G. and Mehlman , M. A. Vol. V , in press
  • DeLucia , A. J. , Hogue , P. M. , Mustafa , M. G. and Cross , C. E. 1972 . Ozone interaction with rodent lung, effect on sulfhydryls and sulfhydryl‐containing enzyme activities . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 80 : 559 – 566 .
  • DeLucia , A. J. , Mustafa , M. G. , Hussain , M. Z. and Cross , C. E. 1975b . Ozone interaction with rodent lung. III. Oxidation of reduced glutathione and formation of mixed disulfides between protein and nonprotein sulfhydryls . J. Glin. Invest. , 55 : 794 – 802 .
  • Dillard , C. J. , Urribarri , N. , Reddy , K. , Fletcher , B. , Taylor , S. , de Lumen , B. , Langberg , S. and Tappel , A. L. 1972 . Increased lysosomal enzymes in lungs of ozone‐exposed rats . Arch. Environ. Health , 25 : 426 – 431 .
  • Dimeo , M. J. , Glenn , M. G. , Holtzman , M. J. , Sheller , J. R. , Nadel , J. A. and Boushey , H. A. 1981 . Threshold concentration of ozone causing an increase in bronchial reactivity in humans and adaptation with repeated exposures . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 124 : 245 – 248 .
  • Donovan , D. H. , Williams , S. J. , Charles , J. M. and Menzel , D. B. 1977 . Ozone toxicity: Effect of dietary vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids . Toxicol. Lett. , 1 : 135 – 139 .
  • Dorsey , A. P. , Morgan , D. L. and Menzel , D. B. 1983 . “ Filterabllity of erythrocytes from ozone‐exposed mice ” . In Third Int. Congress on Toxicol San Diego, Calif. in press
  • Dowell , A. R. , Lohrbauer , L. A. , Hurst , D. and Lee , S. D. 1970 . Rabbit alveolar macrophage damage caused by in vivo ozone inhalation . Arch. Environ. Health , 21 : 121 – 127 .
  • Dubeau , H. and Chung , Y. S. 1979 . Ozone response in wild type and radiation‐sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Mol. Gen. Genet. , 176 : 393 – 398 .
  • Dubeau , H. and Chung , Y. S. 1982 . Genetic effects of ozone induction of point mutations and genetic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Mut. Res. , 102 : 249 – 259 .
  • Dumelin , E. E. , Dillard , C. J. and Tappel , A. L. 1978a . Effect of vitamin E and ozone on pentane and ethane expired by rats . Arch. Environ. Health , 33 : 129 – 134 .
  • Dumelin , E. E. , Dillard , C. J. and Tappel , A. L. 1978b . Breath ethane and pentane as measures of vitamin E protection of Macaca radiata against 90 days of exposure to ozone . Environ. Res. , 15 : 38 – 43 .
  • Dungworth , D. L. , Cross , C. E. , Gillespie , J. R. and Plopper , C. G. 1975a . “ The effects of ozone on animals ” . In Ozone Chemistry and Technology. A Review of the Literature: 1961–1974 , Edited by: Murphy , J. S. and Orr , J. R. 29 – 54 . Philadelphia : Franklin Institute .
  • Dungworth , D. L. , Castleman , W. L. , Chow , C. J. , Mellick , P. W. , Mustafa , M. G. , Tarkington , B. and Tyler , W. S. 1975b . Effects of ambient levels of ozone on monkeys . Fed. Proc. , 34 : 1670 – 1674 .
  • Easton , R. E. and Murphy , S. D. 1967 . Experimental ozone preexposure and histamlne . Arch. Environ. Health , 15 : 160 – 166 .
  • Ehrlich , R. , Findlay , J. C. , Fenters , J. D. and Gardner , D. E. 1977 . Health effects of short‐term inhalation of nitrogen dioxide and ozone mixtures . Environ. Res. , 14 : 223 – 231 .
  • Erdman , H. E. and Hernandez , T. 1982 . Adult toxicity and dominant lethals induced by ozone at specific stages in spermatogenesis in . Drosophila virilis. Env. Mutagen. , 4 : 657 – 666 .
  • Eustis , S. L. , Schwartz , L. W. , Kosch , P. C. and Dungworth , D. L. 1981 . Chronic bronchlolitls in nonhuman primates after prolonged ozone exposure . Am. J. Pathol. , 105 : 121 – 137 .
  • Evans , M. J. , Johnson , L. V. , Stephens , R. J. and Freeman , G. 1976a . Renewal of the terminal bronchiolar epithelium in the rat following exposure of NO2 or O3 . Lab. Invest. , 35 : 246 – 257 .
  • Evans , M. J. , Johnson , L. V. , Stephens , R. J. and Freeman , G. 1976b . Cell renewal in the lungs of rats exposed to low levels of ozone . Exp. Mol. Pathol. , 24 : 70 – 83 .
  • Fletcher , B. L. and Tappel , A. L. 1973 . Protective effects of dietary alphatocopherol in rats exposed to toxic levels of ozone and nitrogen dioxide . Environ. Res. , 6 : 166 – 175 .
  • Folinsbee , L. J. , Drlnkwater , B. L. , Bedi , J. F. and Horvath , S. M. 1978 . “ The influence of exercise on the pulmonary changes due to exposure to low concentrations of ozone ” . In Environmental Stress: Individual Human Adaptations , Edited by: Folinsbee , L. J. , Wagner , J. A. , Borgia , J. F. , Drinkwater , B. L. , Gliner , J. A. and Bedi , J. F . 125 – 145 . New York : Academic .
  • Frager , N. B. , Phalen , R. F. and Kenoyer , J. L. 1979 . Adaptations to ozone in reference to mucociliary clearance . Arch. Environ. Health , 34 : 51 – 57 .
  • Gardner , D. E. 1982 . Use of experimental airborne infections for monitoring altered host defenses . Environ. Health Persp. , 43 : 99 – 107 .
  • Gardner , D. E. , Llling , J. W. , Miller , F. J. and Coffin , D. L. 1974 . The effect of ozone on pentobarbital sleeping time in mice . Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. , 9 : 689 – 700 .
  • Gooch , P. C. , Creasia , D. A. and Brewen , J. G. 1976 . The cytogenetic effect of ozone: Inhalation and in vitro exposures . Environ. Res. , 12 : 188 – 195 .
  • Goldstein , B. D. , Pearson , B. , Lodi , C , Buckley , R. D. and Balchum , O. J. 1968 . The effect of ozone on mouse blood in vivo . Arch. Environ. Health , 16 : 648 – 650 .
  • Goldstein , B. D. , Hamburger , S. J. , Falk , G. W. and Amoruso , M. A. 1977 . Effect of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on the agglutination of rat alveolar macrophages by concanavalin A . Life Sci. , 21 : 1637 – 1644 .
  • Gordon , T. and Amdur , M. O. 1980 . Effects of ozone on respiratory response of guinea pigs to histamine . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 6 : 185 – 195 .
  • Gordon , T. , Taylor , B. F. and Amdur , M. O. 1981 . Ozone inhibition of tissue cholinesterase in guinea pigs . Arch. Environ. Health , 36 : 284 – 288 .
  • Graham , J. A. 1979 . Alteration of hepatic xenobiotic metabolism by ozone , Durham, North Carolina : Duke University . Ph.D. dissertation
  • Graham , J. A. , Menzel , D. B. , Miller , F. J. , Illing , J. W. and Gardner , D. E. 1981 . Influence of ozone on pentobarbital‐induced sleeping time in mice, rats, and hamsters . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 61 : 64 – 73 .
  • Graham , J. A. , Miller , F. J. , Gardner , D. E. , Ward , R. and Menzel , D. B. 1982 . Influence of ozone and nitrogen dioxide on hepatic microsomal enzymes in mice . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 9 : 849 – 856 .
  • Guerrero , R. R. , Rounds , D. E. , Olson , R. S. and Hackney , J. D. 1979 . Mutagenic effects of ozone on human cells exposed in vivo in vitro based on sister chromatld exchange analysis . Environ. Res. , 18 : 336 – 346 .
  • Hadley , J. G. , Gardner , D. E. , Coffin , D. L. and Menzel , D. B. 1977 . “ Enhanced binding of autologous cells to the macrophage plasma membrane as a sensitive indicator of pollutant damage ” . In Pulmonary macrophage and epithelial cells , ERDA Symposium Series, 43 Edited by: Sanders , C. L. , Schneider , R. P. , Dagle , G. E. and Ragan , H. A. 66 – 77 .
  • Hamelin , C. and Chung , Y. S. 1974 . Resistance a l'ozone chez Escherichia coli. I. Etude comparative de dlfferanismes de veparation de I'ADN . Mol. Gen. Genet. , 129 : 177 – 184 .
  • Hamelin , C. and Chung , Y. S. 1975a . The effect of low concentrations of ozone on Escherichia coli chromosome . Mut. Res. , 28 : 131 – 132 .
  • Hamelin , C. and Chung , Y. S. 1975b . Characterization of mucold mutants of Escherichia coli K‐12 isolated after exposure to ozone . J. Bacteriol. , 122 : 19 – 24 .
  • Hamelin , C. , Sarhan , F. and Chung , Y. S. 1977 . DNA degradation caused by ozone in mucoid mutants of Escherichia coli K‐12 . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 2 : 149 – 151 .
  • Hazucha , M. , Silverman , F. , Parent , C. , Field , S. and Bates , D. V. 1973 . Pulmonary function in man after short‐term exposure to ozone . Arch. Environ. Health , 27 : 183 – 188 .
  • Holtzman , M. J. , Cunningham , J. H. , Sheller , J. R. , Irsigler , G. B. , Nadel , J. A. and Boushey , H. A. 1979 . Effect of ozone on bronchial reactivity in atopic and nontopic subjects . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 120 : 1059 – 1067 .
  • Hu , P. C. , Miller , F. J. , Daniels , M. J. , Hatch , G. E. , Graham , J. A. , Gardner , D. E. and Selgrade , M. K. 1982 . Protein accumulation in lung lavage fluid following ozone exposure . Environ. Res. , 29 : 377 – 388 .
  • Hurst , D. J. and Coffin , D. L. 1971 . Ozone effect on lysosomal hydrolases of alveolar macrophages . in vitro. Arch. Intern. Med. , 127 : 1050 – 1063 .
  • Hurst , D. J. , Gardner , D. E. and Coffin , D. L. 1970 . Effect of ozone on acid hydrolases of the pulmonary alveolar macrophage . Res. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. , 8 : 288 – 300 .
  • Ibrahim , A. L. , Zee , Y. C. and Osebold , J. W. 1980 . The effects of ozone on the respiratory epithelium of mice. II. Ultrastructural alterations . J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. , 3 : 251 – 258 .
  • Inoue , H. , Sato , S. , Hirose , T. , Kikuchi , Y. , Ubukata , T. , Nagashima , S. , Sasaki , T. and Takishima , T. 1979 . A comparative study between functional and pathologic alterations in lungs of rabbits exposed to an ambient level of ozone: Functional aspects . Nikkyo Shikkai‐Shi. , 17 : 288 – 296 .
  • Johnson , D. A. 1980 . Ozone inactivation of human alpha 1‐proteinase inhibitor . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 121 : 1031 – 1038 .
  • Kavlock , R. J. , Daston , G. and Grabowski , C. T. 1979 . Studies on the developmental toxicity of ozone. I. Prenatal effects . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 48 : 19 – 28 .
  • Kavlock , R. J. , Meyer , E. and Grabowski , C. T. 1980 . Studies on the developmental toxicity of ozone: Postnatal effects . Toxicol. Lett. , 5 : 3 – 9 .
  • Kenoyer , J. L. , Phalen , R. F. and Davis , J. R. 1981 . Particle clearance from the respiratory tract as a test of toxicity: Effect of ozone on short and long term clearance . Exp. Lung Res. , 2 : 111 – 120 .
  • Kerr , H. D. , Kulle , T. J. , Mcllhany , M. L. and Swidersky , P. 1975 . Effects of ozone on pulmonary function in normal subjects . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 111 : 763 – 773 .
  • Konig , G. , Rommelt , H. , Kienele , H. , Dirnagl , K. , Polke , H. and Fruhann , G. 1980 . Changes in the bronchial reactivity of humans caused by the influence of ozone . Arbeitsmed. Sozialmed. Preventivmed. , 151 : 261 – 263 .
  • Kyei‐Aboagye , K. , Hazuka , M. , Wyszogrodski , I. , Rubinstein , D. and Avery , M. E. 1973 . The effect of ozone exposure in vivo on the appearance of lung tissue lipids in the endobronchial lavage of rabbits . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 54 : 907 – 913 .
  • Last , J. A. and Cross , C. E. 1978 . A new model for health effects of air pollutants: Evidence for synergistic effects of mixtures of ozone and sulfuric acid aerosols on rat lungs . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 91 : 328 – 339 .
  • Last , J. A. and Kaizu , T. 1980 . Mucus glycoprotein secretion by tracheal expiants: effects of pollutants . Environ. Health Perspect. , 35 : 131 – 138 .
  • Last , J. A. , Jennings , M. D. , Schwartz , L. W. and Cross , C. E. 1977 . Glycoprotein secretion by tracheal explants cultured from rats exposed to ozone . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 116 : 695 – 703 .
  • Lee , L.‐Y. , Bleecker , E. R. and Nadel , J. A. 1977 . Effect of ozone on bronchomotor response to inhaled histamine aerosol in dogs . J. Appl. Physlol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. , 43 : 626 – 631 .
  • Linn , W. S. , Buckley , R. D. , Spier , C. E. , Blessey , R. L. , Jones , M. P. , Fischer , D. A. and Hackney , J. D. 1978 . Health effects of ozone exposure in asthmatics . Amer. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 117 : 835 – 843 .
  • McKenzie , W. H. 1982 . “ Controlled human exposure studies: cytogenetic effects of ozone inhalation ” . In Banbury Report 13: Indicators of Genotoxic Exposure , Edited by: Bridges , B. A. , Butterworth , B. E. and Weinstein , I. B. Cold‐Spring Harbor : Cold‐Spring Harbor Laboratory .
  • McKenzie , W. H. , Knelson , J. H. , Rummo , N. J. and House , D. E. 1977 . Cytogenetic effects of inhaled ozone in man . Mutat. Res. , 48 : 95 – 102 .
  • Mellick , P. W. , Dungworth , D. L. , Schwartz , L. W. and Tyler , W. S. 1977 . Short term morphologic effects of high ambient levels of ozone on lungs of rhesus monkeys . Lab. Invest. , 36 : 82 – 90 .
  • Menzel , D. B. 1970 . Toxicity of ozone, oxygen, and radiation . Annu. Rev. Pharacol. , 10 : 379 – 394 .
  • Menzel , D. B. 1976 . “ The role of free radicals in the toxicity of air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide and ozone) ” . In Free radicals in biology , Edited by: Pryor , W. A. Vol. II , 181 – 202 . New York : Academic .
  • Menzel , D. B. 1980 . “ Environmental toxicants and vitamin E ” . In Vitamin E , Edited by: Machlin , E. 474 – 494 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Menzel , D. B. , Slaughter , R. J. , Bryant , A. M. and Jauregui , H. O. 1975 . Prevention of ozonide‐induced bodies in human erythroyctes in vitamin E . Arch. Environ. Health , 30 : 234 – 236 .
  • Menzel , D. B. , Anderson , W. G. and Abou‐Donia , M. B. 1976 . Ozone exposure modifies prostaglandin biosynthesis in perfused rat lungs . Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. , 15 : 135 – 147 .
  • Miller , F. J. , Menzel , D. B. and Coffin , D. L. 1978 . Similarity between man and laboratory animals in regional pulmonary disposition of ozone . Environ. Res. , 17 : 84 – 101 .
  • Moore , P. F. and Schwartz , L. W. 1981 . Morphological effects of prolonged exposure to ozone and sulfuric acid aerosol in the rat lung . Exp. Mol. Pathol. , 35 : 108 – 123 .
  • Mountain , J. T. 1963 . Detecting hypersusceptibility of toxic substances, an appraisal of simple blood tests . Arch. Environ. Health , 6 : 357 – 365 .
  • Mudd , J. B. , Leavitt , R. , Ongun , A. and McManus , T. T. 1969 . Reaction of ozone with amino acids and proteins . Atmos. Environ. , 3 : 669 – 681 .
  • Mudd , J. B. and Freeman , B. A. 1977 . “ Reaction of ozone with biological membranes ” . In Biochemical Effects of Environmental Pollutants , Edited by: Lee , S. D. Vol. 971 , 33 Ann Arbor, Mich. : Ann Arbor Science .
  • Mustafa , M. G. and Lee , S. D. 1976 . Pulmonary biochemical alterations resulting from ozone exposure . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 19 : 17 – 26 .
  • Mustata , M. G. , DeLucia , A. J. , York , G. K. , Arth , C. and Cross , C. E. 1973 . Ozone interaction with rodent lung. II. Effects of oxygen consumption of mitochondria . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 82 : 357 – 365 .
  • Mustafa , M. G. , Elysayed , N. M. , Graham , J. A. and Gardner , D. E. 1983 . “ Effects of ozone exposure on lung metabolism: Influence of animal age, species, and exposure conditions ” . In Biomedical Effects of O3 and Oxidants , Edited by: Lee , S. D. , Mustafa , M. G. and Mehlman , M. A. 57 – 73 . Princeton, N.J. : Princeton Scientific .
  • Osebold , J. W. , Gershwin , L. J. and Zee , Y. C. 1980 . Studies on the enhancement of allergic lung sensitization of inhalation of ozone and sulfuric acid aerosol . J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. , 3 : 221 – 234 .
  • Peterson , M. L. , Rummo , N. , House , D. and Harder , S. 1978 . The effect of ozone on human immunity: In vitro responsiveness of lymphocytes to phytohemmagglutinin . Arch. Environ. Health , 36 : 59 – 63 .
  • Phalen , R. F. , Kenoyer , J. L. , Crocker , T. T. and McClure , T. R. 1980 . Effects of sulfate aerosols in combination with ozone in elimination of tracer particles inhaled by rats . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 6 : 797 – 810 .
  • Plopper , C. G. , Dungworth , D. L. , Tyler , W. S. and Chow , C. K. 1979 . Pulmonary alterations in rats exposed to 0.2 and 0.1 ppm ozone: A correlated morphological and biochemical study . Arch. Environ. Health , 34 : 390 – 395 .
  • Posin , C. I. , Clark , K. W. , Jones , M. P. , Buckley , R. D. and Hackney , J. D. 1979 . Human biochemical response to ozone and vitamin E . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 5 : 1049 – 1058 .
  • Prat , R. , Nofre , C. L. and Cier , A. 1968 . Effects de l'hypochlorite de sodium, de l'ozone et des radiations ionisantes sur les constituants pyrimidiques d'Escherichia coli . Annals de Institut Pasteur , 114 : 595 – 607 .
  • Previero , A. , Signor , A. and Bezzi , S. 1964 . Tryptophan modification in poly‐peptide chains . Nature , 204 : 687 – 688 .
  • Pryor , W. A. , Dooley , M. M. and Church , D. F. 1983 . “ Mechanisms for the reaction of ozone with biological molecules, the source of the toxic effects of ozone ” . In Biomedical Effects of O3 and Photochemical Oxidants , Edited by: Lee , S. D. , Mustafa , M. G. and Mehlaman , M. A. 7 – 19 . Princeton, N.J. : Princeton Scientific .
  • Raub , J. A. , Miller , F. J. and Graham , J. A. 1983 . “ Effects of low‐level ozone exposure on pulmonary function in adult and neonatal rats ” . In Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology , Edited by: Lee , S. D. , Mustafa , M. G. and Mehlman , M. A. vol. 5 , 363 – 367 . Princeton, N.J. : Princeton Scientific .
  • Reasor , M. J. , Adams , G. K. III , Brooks , J. K. and Rubin , R. J. 1979 . Enrichment of albumin and IgG in the airway secretions of dogs breathing ozone . J. Environ. Sci. Health , 13 : 335 – 346 .
  • Revis , N. W. , Major , T. and Dalbey , W. E. 1981 . “ Cardiovascular effects of ozone and cadmium inhalation in the rat ” . 171 – 179 . (USEPA 600/9–81–001, PB81 178832)
  • Roehm , J. , Hadley , J. G. and Menzel , D. B. 1971a . Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids by ozone and nitrogen dioxide: A common mechanism of action . Arch. Environ. Health , 23 : 142 – 148 .
  • Roehm , J. , Hadley , J. G. and Menzel , D. B. 1971b . Antioxidants vs. lung disease . Arch. Intern. Med. , 129 : 88 – 93 .
  • Roeham , J. N. , Hadley , J. G. and Menzel , D. B. 1972 . The influence of vitamin E on the lung fatty acids of rats exposed to ozone . Arch. Environ. Health , 24 : 237 – 242 .
  • Sato , S. , Kawakami , M. , Maeda , S. and Takishima , T. 1976a . Scanning electron microscopy of the lungs of vitamin E‐deficient rats exposed to a low concentration of ozone . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 113 : 809 – 821 .
  • Sato , S. , Kawakami , M. , Maeda , S. and Takishima , T. 1976b . Electron microscopic studies on the effects of ozone on the lungs of vitamin E‐deficient rats . Jpn. J. Thorac. Dis. , 14 : 355 – 365 .
  • Sato , S. , Shimura , S. , Kawakami , M. , Hirosa , T. , Maeda , S. , Takishima , T. , Kimura , S. , Yashiro , M. , Okazaki , S. and Ito , M. 1978 . Biochemical and ultrastructural studies on the effects of long‐term exposure of ozone on vitamin E‐depleted rats (author's translation) . Nippon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi , 16 : 260 – 268 .
  • Sato , S. , Shimura , S. , Hirosa , T. , Maeda , S. , Kawakami , M. , Takishima , T. and Kimura , S. 1980 . Effects of long‐term ozone exposure and dietary vitamin E in rats . Tohoku. J. Exp. Med. , 120 : 117 – 128 .
  • Savino , A. , Peterson , M. L. , House , D. , Turner , A. G. , Jefries , H. E. and Baker , R. 1978 . The effects of ozone on human cellular and humoral immunity: Characterization of T and B lymphocytes by Rosette formation . Environ. Res. , 15 : 65 – 69 .
  • Schwartz , L. W. , Dungworth , D. L. , Mustafa , M. G. , Tarkington , B. K. and Tyler , W. S. 1976 . Pulmonary responses of rats to ambient levels of ozone: Effects of 7‐day intermittent or continuous exposure . Lab. Invest. , 34 : 565 – 578 .
  • Shinriki , M. , Ishizaki , K. , Ikehata , A. , Yoshizaki , T. , Nomura , A. , Miura , K. and Mizuno , Y. 1981 . Degradation of nucleic acids with ozone, degradation of yeast RNA, yeast phenylalamine TRNA and tobacco mosaic virus RNA . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 655 : 323 – 328 .
  • Stephens , R. J. , Freeman , G. , Stara , J. F. and Coffin , D. L. 1973a . Cytologic changes in dog lungs induced by chronic exposure to ozone . Am. J. Pathol. , 73 : 711 – 726 .
  • Stephens , R. J. , Sloan , M. F. , Evans , M. J. and Freeman , G. 1973b . Early response of lung to low levels of ozone . Am. J. Pathol. , 74 : 31 – 58 .
  • Stephens , R. J. , Sloan , M. F. , Evans , M. J. and Freeman , G. 1974 . Alveolar type 1 cell response to exposure to 0.5 ppm O3 for short periods . Exp. Mol. Pathol. , 20 : 11 – 23 .
  • Thomas , G. B. , Fenters , J. D. , Ehrlich , R. and Gardner , D. E. 1981 . Effects of exposure to ozone on susceptibility to experimental tuberculosis . Toxicol. Lett. , 9 : 11 – 17 .
  • Tice , G. B. , Bender , M. A. , Ivett , J. L. and Drew , R. T. 1978 . Cytogenetic effects of inhaled ozone . Mutat. Res. , 58 : 293 – 304 .
  • Watanabe , S. , Frank , R. and Yokoyama , E. 1973 . Acute effects of ozone on lungs of cats. 1. Functional . Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , 108 : 1141 – 1151 .
  • Williams , S. J. , Charles , J. M. and Menzel , D. B. 1980 . Ozone induced alterations in phenol red absorption from the rat lung . Toxicol. Lett. , 6 : 213 – 219 .
  • Witz , G. , Amoruso , M. A. and Goldstein , B. D. 1983 . “ Effect of ozone on alveolar macrophage function: Membrane dynamic properties ” . In Int. Symp. on Biomedical Effects of Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants , Edited by: Lee , S. D. and Mustafa , M. G. 263 – 272 . Princeton, N.J. : Princeton Scientific .
  • Yokoyama , E. 1969 . A comparison of the effects of SO2, NO2, and O3 on the pulmonary ventilation. Guinea pig exposure experiments . Sangyo Igaku , 11 : 563 – 568 .
  • Zelac , R. E. , Cromroy , H. L. , Bolch , W. E. Jr. , Dunavant , B. G. and Bevis , H. A. 1971a . Inhaled ozone as a mutagen. Chromosome aberrations induced in Chinese hamster lymphocytes . Environ. Res. , 4 : 262 – 282 .
  • Zelac , R. E. , Cromroy , H. L. , Bolch , W. E. Jr. , Dunavant , B. G. and Bevis , H. A. 1971b . Inhaled ozone as a mutagen. II. Effect on the frequency of chromosome aberrations observed in irradiated Chinese hamsters . Environ. Res. , 4 : 325 – 342 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.