34
Views
30
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Review of the allergic contact dermatitis hazard posed by chromium‐contaminated soil: Identifying a “safe” concentration

, , , &
Pages 177-207 | Received 15 Nov 1991, Accepted 20 Jan 1992, Published online: 20 Oct 2009

References

  • Ackerman , A. B. 1978 . Histologic Diagnosis of Inflammatory Skin Diseases , 223 – 226 . Philadelphia : Lea and Febiger .
  • Adams , R. M. 1990 . “ Allergic contact dermatitis ” . In Occupational Skin Disease, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Adams , R. M. 26 – 31 . Philadelphia : W. B. Saunders .
  • Agrup , C. 1968 . Sensitization induced by patch testing . Br. J. Dermatol. , 80 : 631 – 634 .
  • Allenby , C. F. and Goodwin , B. F. C. 1983 . Influence of detergent washing powders on minimal eliciting patch test concentrations of nickel and chromium . Contact Dermatitis , 9 : 491 – 499 .
  • American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists . 1989 . Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, , 5th ed. , Supplemental Documentation for 1989 Cincinnati, Ohio : ACGIH .
  • Anderson , F. E. 1960 . Cement and oil dermatitis: The part played by chromium sensitivity . Br. J. Dermatol. , 72 : 108 – 117 .
  • Angelini , G. and Meneghini , C. L. 1987 . Contact dermatitis in children . Pediatr. Dermatol. News , 6 : 195 – 204 .
  • Avnstorp , C. 1989 . Prevalence of cement eczema in Denmark before and since addition of ferrous sulfate to Danish cement . Ada Dermato‐Venereol. , 69 : 151 – 155 .
  • Avnstorp , C. 1991 . Risk factors for cement eczema . Contact Dermatitis , 25 : 81 – 88 .
  • Bagdon , R. 1989 . “ Dermal Absorption of Selected Chemicals Under Experimental and Human Exposure Conditions to Facilitate Risk Assessment and the Development of Standards for Soil. I Chromium ” . Prepared for the Office of Science and Research N.J. Department of Environmental Protection .
  • Bagdon , R. E. and Hazen , R. E. 1991 . Skin permeation and cutaneous hypersensitivity as a basis for making risk assessments of chromium as a soil contaminant . Environ. Health Perspect. , 92 : 111 – 119 .
  • Bajaj , A. K. , Gupta , S.C. , Chatterjee , A. K. and Singh , K. G. 1988 . Shoe dermatitis in India . Contact Dermatitis , 19 : 372 – 375 .
  • Basketter , D. A. , Barnes , E. G. and Allenby , C. F. 1991 . “ Do transition metals in household and personal products play a role in allergic contact dermatitis? ” . In The Environmental Threat to the Skin , Edited by: Marks , R. and Plewig , G. 215 – 217 . London : Dunitz Pub. .
  • Beyer , W. N. and Cromartie , E. J. 1987 . A survey of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Se in earthworms and soil from diverse sites . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 8 : 27 – 36 .
  • Bidstrup , P. L. 1989 . Perspective on safety: Personal opinions . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 50 (10) : 505 – 509 .
  • Bjorberg , A. 1959 . Allergic reactions to chromium in green tatoo markings . Acta. Dermato‐Venereol. , 39 : 23 – 29 .
  • Bonnevie , P. 1939 . Etiology and Pathogenesis of the Eczemas , Copenhagen : A. Busck .
  • Bosman , C. and Feldman , J. D. 1970 . Composition, morphology, and source of cells in delayed skin reactions . Am. J. Pathol. , 58 : 201 – 211 .
  • Bruynzeel , D. P. , Hennipman , G‐ and van Ketel , W. G. 1988 . Irritant contact dermatitis and chromium‐passivated metal . Contact. Dermatitis , 19 : 175 – 179 .
  • Bruynzeel , D. P. and Maibach , H. I. 1991 . “ Excited skin syndrome and the hyporeactive state: Current status ” . In Exogenous Dermatoses: Environmental Dermatitis , Edited by: Menne , T. and Maibach , H. I. 141 – 150 . Boston : CRC Press .
  • Bruynzeel , D. P. , van Ketel , W. G. , von Blomberg , M. and Scheper , R. J. 1983 . Angry back or the excited skin syndrome . J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. , 8 : 392 – 397 .
  • Burrows , D. 1978 . Chromium and the skin . Br. J. Dermatol. , 99 : 587
  • Burrows , D. 1983 . “ Adverse chromate reactions on the skin ” . In Chromium Metabolism and Toxicity , Edited by: Burrows , D. 138 – 158 . Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press .
  • Burrows , D. and Adams , R. M. 1990 . “ Metals ” . In Occupational Skin Disease, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Adams , R. M. 349 – 386 . Philadelphia : W. B. Saunders .
  • Burrows , D. , Andersen , R. E. and Camarasa , J. S. 1989 . Trial of 0.5% versus 0.375% potassium dichromate . Contact Dermatitis , 21 : 351 – 352 .
  • Burrows , D. and Calnan , C. D. 1965 . Cement dermatitis. II. Clinical aspects . Trans. St. John Hosp. Dermatol. Soc. , 51 : 27 – 39 .
  • Calnan , C. D. 1960 . Cement dermatitis . J. Occup. Med. , 2 : 15 – 20 .
  • Camarasa , J. M. G. , Aspiolea , F. and Alomar , A. 1983 . Patch tests to metals in childhood . Contact Dermatitis , 9 : 157 – 158 .
  • Carey , E. E. 1982 . “ Chromium in air, soil, and natural waters ” . In Biological and Environmental Aspects of Chromium , Edited by: Langard , S. 49 – 64 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Biomedical Press .
  • ChemRisk . 1990 . “ A Preliminary Evaluation of the Degree of Extraction of Chromium from Soil Containing Chromite Ore Residue by Simulated Sweat ” . Alameda, Calif. : ChemRisk Division of McLaren/Hart .
  • Cronin , E. 1980 . Contact Dermatitis , 287 – 390 . New York : Churchill Livingstone .
  • Decaestecker , A. M. , Marez , X. , Jdaini , J. , Frimat , P. and Hildebrand , H. F. 1990 . Hypersensitivity to dichromate among asymptomatic workers in a chromate pigment factory . Contact Dermatitis , 23 : 52 – 53 .
  • Engebrigtsen , J. K. 1952 . Some investigations on hypersensitiveness to bichromate in cement workers . Acta Dermatol. Venereol. , 32 : 462 – 468 .
  • Englehardt , W. E. and Mayer , R. L. 1931 . Uber chromekzeme im graphischen gewerbe . Arch. Ce‐werbepath. Hyg. , 2 : 140 – 168 .
  • Environmental Science and Engineering . 1989 . “ Remedial Investigation for Chromium Sites in Hudson County, New Jersey ” . Trenton, N.J. : Prepared for the State of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection .
  • Epstein , W. L. 1961 . Contact‐type delayed hypersensitivity in infants and children: Induction of Rhus sensitivity . Pediatrics , 27 : 51 – 53 .
  • Epstein , W. L. and Kligman , A. M. 1963 . Senecal IP: Role of regional lymph nodes in contact sensitization . Arch. Dermatol. , 88 : 789 – 792 .
  • Fischer , A. A. 1976 . “Blackjack disease”; and other chromate puzzles . Cutis , 18 : 21 – 35 .
  • Fischer , T. and Maibach , H. I. 1989 . Easier patch testing with TRUE TEST . J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. , 20 (3) : 447 – 453 .
  • Fischer , T. and Rystedt , I. 1985 . False‐positive, follicular and irritant patch test reactions to metal salts . Contact. Dermatitis , 12 (2) : 93 – 98 .
  • Fowler , J. Allergic contact dermatitis to metals . Am. J. Contact Derm. , 1 (4) 212 – 223 .
  • Fregert , S. 1961 . Chromate eczema and matches . Acta Dermato‐Venereol. , 41 : 443 – 440 .
  • Fregert , S. and Rorsman , H. 1964 . Allergy to trivalent chromium . AMA Arch. Dermatol. , 90 : 4 – 6 .
  • Fregert , S. and Rorsman , H. 1966 . Allergic reactions to trivalent chromium compounds . AMA Arch. Dermatol. , 93 : 711 – 713 .
  • Fregert , S. , Cruvberger , B. and Goransson , K. 1978 . Allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in military textiles . Contact Dermatitis , 4 : 223 – 224 .
  • Fregert , S. , Hjorth , N. , Magnusson , B. , Bandman , H. J. , Calnan , C. D. Cronin , E. 1969 . Epidemiology of contact dermatitis . Trans. St. John Hosp. Dermatol. Soc. , 1969 : 17 – 35 .
  • Gafafer , W. M. 1953 . “ Health of workers ” . In Chromate Producing Industries: A Study , Federal Security Agency .
  • Geiser , J. D. , Jeanneret , J. P. and Delacretaz , J. 1960 . Eczema au ciment et sensibilization au cobalt . Dermatologica , 121 : 1 – 7 .
  • Gell , P. G. H. and Benacerraf , B. 1961 . Studies on hypersensitivity: IV. The relationship between contact and delayed sensitivity: A study of the specificity of cellular immune reactions . J. Exp. Med. , 113 : 571 – 585 .
  • Gilbert , R. O. 1987 . Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
  • Hall , A. F. 1944 . Occupational contact dermatitis among aircraft workers . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 125 : 179 – 185 .
  • Harbison , R. D. and Rinehart , W. E. 1990 . Conclusions of the Expert Review Panel on Chromium Contaminated Soil in Hudson County, New Jersey , Pittsburgh : Industrial Health Foundation .
  • Hawley , J. 1985 . Assessment of health risks from exposure to contaminated soil . Risk Anal. , 5 : 289 – 302 .
  • Heskel , N. S. 1984 . Contact dermatitis in children . Dermatol. Clin. , 2 : 579 – 584 .
  • Hjerpe , L. 1986 . Chromate dermatitis at an engine assembly department . Contact Dermatitis , 14 (1) : 66 – 67 .
  • Hjorth , N. 1981 . Contact dermatitis in children . Acta Dermato‐Venereol. , S95 : 36 – 39 .
  • Hjorth , N. and Fregert , S. 1979 . “ Contact dermatitis ” . In Textbook of Dermatology , Edited by: Rook , A. , Wilkinson , D. S. and Ebling , F. J. G. 363 – 441 . Oxford : Blackwell Scientific .
  • Hostynek , J. J. and Maibach , H. I. 1988 . Chromium in US household bleach . Contact Dermatitis , 18 : 206 – 209 .
  • Hovding , G. 1970 . “ Cement Eczema and Chromium Allergy: Epidemiological Investigation ” . University of Bergen . Thesis
  • Hunter , D. 1974 . The Diseases of Occupations, , 5th ed. , Boston : Little, Brown .
  • Jaeger , J. and Pelloni , E. 1950 . Test epicutanes aux bichromates, postifs dans l'eczema au ciment . Dermatologica , 100 : 207 – 216 .
  • James , B. R. and Bartlett , R. J. 1983 . Behavior of chromium in soils: VII. Adsorption and reduction of hexavalent forms . J. Environ. Qual. , 12 (2) : 177 – 181 .
  • Kanerva , L. , Estlander , T. and Jolanki , R. 1988 . Occupational skin disease in Finland: An analysis of 10 years of statistics from an occupational dermatology clinic . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 60 (2) : 89 – 94 .
  • Kiec‐Swierczynska , M. 1990 . Occupational dermatoses and allergy to metals in Polish construction workers manufacturing prefabricated building units . Contact Dermatitis , 23 : 27 – 32 .
  • Kligman , A. M. 1966 . The identification of contact allergens by human assay. III. The maximization test: A procedure for screening and rating contact sensitizers . J. Invest. Dermatol. , 47 (5) : 393 – 409 .
  • Korallus , U. 1974 . Trivalent chromium compounds: Results of medical investigations of working conditions . Arbeitsmed. Sozialmed. Praventivmed. , 9 (3) : 51 – 54 .
  • Kostecki , P. and Calabrese , E. 1988 . So/7 Contaminated by Petroleum Products , New York : Wiley and Sons .
  • Krook , C. , Fregert , S. and Gruvberger , B. 1977 . Chromate and cobalt eczema due to magnetic tapes . Contact Dermatitis , 3 : 60 – 61 .
  • Lachapelle , J. M. 1980 . Eau de Javel and prevention of chromate allergy in France . Contact Dermatitis , 6 : 107 – 110 .
  • Lammintausta , K. H. , Kalimo , K. and Havu , V. K. 1982 . Occurrence of contact allergy and hand eczemas in hospital wet work . Contact Dermatitis , 8 : 84 – 90 .
  • Lammintausta , K. H. and Maibach , H. I. 1990a . “ Contact dermatitis due to irritation ” . In Occupational Skin Disease, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Adams , R. M. 1 – 3 . Philadelphia : W. B. Saunders .
  • Lammintausta , K. H. and Maibach , H. I. 1990b . Irritant dermatitis syndrome . Immunol. Allergie Clin. North Am. , 9 (3) : 435 – 446 .
  • Lantinga , H. , Nater , J. P. and Coenraads , P. J. 1984 . Prevalence incidence and course of eczema on the hands and forearms in a sample of the general population . Contact Dermatitis , 10 : 135 – 139 .
  • Lee , H. S. and Coh , C. L. 1988 . Occupational dermatosis among chromium platers . Contact Dermatitis , 18 : 89 – 93 .
  • Levin , H.M. , Brunner , N. J. and Ratner , H. 1959 . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 169 : 566 – 569 .
  • Levy , A. , Hanau , D. and Foussereau , J. 1980 . Contact dermatitis in children . Contact Dermatitis. , 6 : 260 – 262 .
  • Maibach , H. I. 1981 . “ The E.S.S.—Excited skin syndrome (alias the “angry back") ” . In New Trends in Allergy , Edited by: Ring and Burg . 208 – 221 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Maibach , H. I. , ed. 1987 . Occupational and Industrial Dermatology, , 2nd ed. , 28 – 31 . 190 – 210 . Chicago : Year Book Medical .
  • Maibach , H. I. January 24 1990 . “ Preliminary Option Letter on New Jersey's Proposed Chromium Cleanup Level Based on Allergic Contact Dermatitis ” . Edited by: Singer , Ms. Grace L. January 24 , New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection . Letter to
  • Mali , J. W. H. , Van Kooten , W. J. and van Neer , F. C. J. 1963 . Some aspects of the behavior of chromium compounds in the skin . J. Invest. Dermatol. , 41 : 111 – 122 .
  • Mathias , C. G. T. 1982 . Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis from contact allergy to a toilet soap containing chromium . Contact Dermatitis , 8 : 29 – 31 .
  • McKone , T. E. 1990 . Dermal uptake of organic chemicals from a soil matrix . Risk Analysis , 10 : 407 – 419 .
  • Menne , T. and Maibach , H. I. 1991 . Exogenous Dermatoses: Environmental Dermatitis , 363 Boston : CRC Press .
  • Morris , G. E. 1958 . Chromium dermatitis . AMA Arch. Dermatol. , 78 : 612 – 618 .
  • New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection . 1989 . Derivation of a Risk‐Based Chromium Cleanup Level in Soil Contaminated with Chromite Ore Processing Residue in Hudson County, New Jersey , Trenton, N.J. : Department of Environmental Protection .
  • Nriagu , J. O. and Nieboer , E. 1988 . Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments , 215 – 229 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Ott , W. R. 1990 . A physical explanation of the lognormality of pollutant concentrations . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 40 : 1378 – 1383 .
  • Parkhurst , H. J. 1925 . Dermatosis industrials in a blueprint worker due to chromium compounds . Arch Dermatol. , 15 : 253 – 256 .
  • Paustenbach , D. J. , Shu , H. P. and Murray , F. J. 1986 . A critical examination of assumptions used in risk assessments of dioxin contaminated soil . Regu. Toxicol. Pharm. , 6 : 284 – 307 .
  • Paustenbach , D. J. , Sheehan , P. J. , Lau , V. and Meyer , M. 1991a . An assessment and quantitative uncertainty analysis of the health risks to workers exposed to chromium contaminated soils . Toxicol. Ind. Health , 7 : 159 – 196 .
  • Paustenbach , D. J. , Rinehart , W. E. and Sheehan , P. J. 1991b . The health hazards posed by chromium‐contaminated soils in residential and industrial areas: Conclusions of an expert panel . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 13 : 195 – 222 .
  • Paustenbach , D. J. , Wenning , R. J. , Lau , V. , Harrington , N. W. , Rennin , D. K. and Parsons , A. 1992a . Recent developments with 2,3,7,8 TCDD in soil: Implications for setting risk‐based clean‐up levels . Toxicol. Environ. Health , (in press)
  • Paustenbach , D. J. , Jernigan , J. , Bass , R. and Scott , P. 1992b . A cost‐effective approach to regulating contaminated soil; set safe concentrations for seven different exposure scenarios . Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. , (in press)
  • Peltonen , L. 1979 . Nickel sensitivity in the general population . Contact Dermatitis , 5 : 27 – 32 .
  • Peltonen , L. and Fraki , J. 1983 . Prevalence of dichromate sensitivity . Contact Dermatitis , 9 : 190 – 194 .
  • Perkins , J. L. , Cutter , C. N. and Cleveland , M. S. 1990 . Estimating the mean, variance, and confidence limits from censored (< limit of detection), lognormally‐distributed exposure data . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 51 (8) : 416 – 419 .
  • Pevny , I. , Brennenstuhl , M. and Razinskas , G. 1984 . Patch testing in children. I. Collective test results; skin testability in children . Contact Dermatitis , 11 : 201 – 206 .
  • Pirila , V. 1954 . On the role of chromium and other trace elements in cement eczema . Acta Demato‐Venereol. , 34 : 137 – 143 .
  • Pirila , V. and Kilpio , O. 1949 . On dermatoses caused by bichromates . Acta Dermato‐Venereol. , 29 : 550 – 563 .
  • Polak , L. 1983 . “ Immunology of chromium ” . In Chromium: Metabolism and Toxicity , Edited by: Burrows , D. 51 – 135 . Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press .
  • Polak , L. , Turk , J. L. and Frey , J. R. 1973 . Studies on contact hypersensitivity to chromic compounds . Progr. Allergy , 17 : 145 – 226 .
  • Romaguera , C. , Alomar , A. and Camarasa , J. M. C. 1985 . Contact dermatitis in children . Contact Dermatitis , 12 : 283 – 284 .
  • Romaguera , C. and Grimait , F. 1980 . Statistical and comparative study of 4,600 patients tested in Barcelona (1973–1977) . Contact Dermatitis , 6 : 309 – 315 .
  • Rook , A. , Wilkinson , D. S. , Ebling , F. J. , Champion , R. H. and Burton , J. L. , eds. 1986 . Textbook of Dermatology , 350 – 450 . Oxford : Blackwell Scientific .
  • Ruckelshaus , W. D. 1984 . Science, risk, and public policy . Science , 221 : 1026 – 1028 .
  • Rudner , E. J. , Clendenning , W. E. , Epstein , E. , Fisher , A. , Jillson , O. F. and Jordan , W. P. 1973 . Epidemiology of contact dermatitis in North America: 1972 . Arch. Dermatol. , 108 : 537 – 540 .
  • Rudzki , E. , Rebandel , P. and Grzywa , Z. 1989 . Patch tests with occupational contactants in nurses, doctors and dentists . Contact Dermatitis , 20 : 247 – 250 .
  • Samitz , M. H. and Gross , S. 1960 . Extraction of sweat of chromium from chromium tanned leathers . J. Occup. Med. , 2 : 12 – 14 .
  • Samitz , M. H. and Gross , S. 1961 . Effects of hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds on the skin . Arch Dermatol. , 84 : 94 – 99 .
  • Samitz , M. H. and Katz , S. 1964 . A study of the chemical reactions between chromium and skin . J. Invest. Dermatol. , 45 : 35 – 43 .
  • Schachner , L. , Ling , N. S. and Press , S. 1983 . A statistical analysis of a pediatric dermatology clinic . Pediatr. Dermatol , 1 : 157
  • Scutt , R. W. B. 1966 . Chromium sensitivity associated with tropical footwear in the Royal Navy . Br. J. Dermatol. , 78 : 337 – 343 .
  • Seidenari , S. , Manzini , B. M. , Danese , P. and Motolese , A. 1990 . Patch and prick test study of 593 healthy subjects . Contact Dermatitis , 23 : 162 – 167 .
  • Sheehan , P. and Bono , M. 1990 . “ A preliminary evaluation of the degree of the extraction of chromium from soil containing chromite or by simulating sweat (saline) ” . Alameda, California : ChemRisk . Unpublished data
  • Sheehan , P. , Meyer , D. , Sauer , M. and Paustenbach , D. J. 1991 . Assessment of human health risks posed by exposure to chromium‐contaminated soils . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 32 : 161 – 201 .
  • Skog , E. and Wahlberg , J. E. 1969 . Patch testing with potassium dichromate in different vehicles . Arch. Dermatol. , 99 : 697 – 700 .
  • Spruit , D. and van Neer , F. C. J. 1966 . Penetration rate of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) . Dermatologica , 132 : 179 – 182 .
  • Stollenwerk , K. C. and Grove , D. B. 1985 . Adsorption and desorption of hexavalent chromium in an alluvial aquifer near Telluride, Colorado . J. Environ. Qual. , 14 (1) : 150 – 155 .
  • Storrs , F. J. , Adams , R. E. , Rosenthal , R. M. , Clendenning , W. , Emnett , E. A. Fisher , A. A. 1989 . Prevalence and relevance of allergic reactions in patients patch tested in North America 1984 to 1985 . J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. , 20 (6) : 1038 – 1044 .
  • Swartz , L. and Dunn , J. E. 1942 . Dermatitis occurring in a woolen mill . Ind. Med. Surg. , 11 : 432 – 435 .
  • Tunnessen , W. W. 1984 . A survey of skin disorders seen in pediatric general and dermatology clinics . Pediatr. Dermatol. , 1 : 219 – 222 .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1989 . Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual , Interim Final OSWER Directive 9285.7–01a Washington, D.C. : Office of Emergency and Remedial Response .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1990 . Reducing Risk: Settings Priorities and Strategies for Environmental Protection Washington, DC
  • U.S. Public Health Service . 1953 . “ Health of workers in chromate producing industry‐A study ” . Publication No. 192. Washington, DC : Public Health Service .
  • Wahlberg , J. E. 1973 . Threshold of sensitivity in metal contact allergy. Part I. Isolated and simultaneous allergy to chromium, cobalt, mercury and/or nickel . Berufsdermatosen , 21 (1) : 22 – 23 .
  • Wainman , T. , Hazen , R. E. and Lioy , P. J. 1992 . “ The extractability of Cr(VI) from contaminated soil in synthetic sweat ” . Trenton, NJ : New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection and Energy . A draft report to the
  • Wass , U. and Wahlberg , J. E. 1991 . Chromated steel and contact allergy . Contact Dermatitis , 24 : 114 – 118 .
  • Weston , W. L. and Weston , J. A. 1984 . Allergic contact dermatitis in children . Am. J. Dis. Child. , 138 : 932 – 936 .
  • Winston , J. R. and Walsh , E. N. 1951 . Chromate dermatitis in railroad employees working with diesel locomotives . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 147 (12) : 1133 – 1134 .
  • World Health Organization . 1988 . Chromium , Environmental Health Criteria 61 Geneva : World Health Organization .
  • Zachara , J. M. , Ainsworth , C. C. , Cowan , C. E. and Resch , C. T. 1989 . Adsorption of chromate by subsurface soil horizons . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 53 : 418 – 428 .
  • Zelger , J. 1964 . Zur Klinik und pathogeneses dis chromate ekzems . Arch. Klin. Exp. Dermatol. , 218 : 499 – 542 .
  • Zelger , J. and Wachter , H. 1966 . Uber die beziehungen zwischen chromat‐ und dichromat‐allergie . Dermatologica , 132 : 45 – 50 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.