Possible antiestrogenic properties of chloro‐s‐triazines in rat uterus

References

• Aronica , S. M. and Katzenellenbogen , B. S. 1991 . Progesterone receptor regulation in uterine cells: Stimulation by estrogen, cyclic adenosine 3’,5'‐monophosphate, and insulin‐like growth factor I and suppression by antiestrogen and protein kinase inhibitors . Endocrinology , 128 : 2045 – 2052 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakke , J. E. , Larson , J. D. and Price , C. E. 1972 . Metabolism of atrazine and 2‐hydroxyatrazine by the rat . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 20 : 603 – 607 .
   Google Scholar
• Berry , M. , Metzger , D. and Chambon , P. 1990 . Role of the two activating domains of the estrogen receptor in the cell‐type and promoter‐context dependent agonist activity of the anti‐estrogen 4‐hydroxytamoxifen . EMBO J. , 9 : 2811 – 2818 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , T. J. and Blaustein , J. D. 1984 . 1‐(o‐Chlorophenyl)‐1‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichloroethane induces functional progesterone receptors in the rat hypothalamus and pituitary gland . Endocrinology , 115 : 2052 – 2058 .
   Google Scholar
• Brusick , D. 1994 . An assessment of the genetic toxicity of atrazine: Relevance to human health and environmental effects . Mutat. Research , 317 : 133 – 144 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bulger , W. H. , Muccitelli , R. M. and Kupfer , D. 1979 . Studies on the estrogenic activity of chlordecone (Kepone) in the rat: effects on the uterine estrogen receptor . Mol. Pharmacol. , 15 : 515 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton , K. 1956 . A study of the conditions and mechanism of the diphenylamine reaction for the calorimetric estimation of deoxyribonucleic acid . Biochem. J. , 62 : 315 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , M. A. and Hoagland , R. E. 1989 . Cenotoxicity assessment of atrazine and some major metabolites in the Ames test . Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. , 43 : 797 – 804 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dickson , R. B. and Lippman , M. E. 1987 . Estrogenic regulation of growth and polypeptide growth factor secretion in human breast carcinoma . Endocrine Rev. , 8 : 28 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Dix , C. J. and Jordan , V. C. 1980 . Modulation of rat uterine steroid hormone receptors by estrogen and antiestrogen . Endocrinology , 107 : 2011 – 2020 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldridge , J. C. , Wetzel , L. T. , Tisdel , M. O. and Luempert , L. L. 1993a . Age‐related endocrine changes in atrazine‐fed female Fischer‐344 rats . Toxicologist , 13 : 97
   Google Scholar
• Eldridge , J. C. , Wetzel , L. T. , Tisdel , M. O. and Luempert , L. L. 1993b . Age‐related endocrine changes in atrazine‐fed female Sprague‐Dawley rats . Toxicologist , 13 : 187
   Google Scholar
• Freiss , G. , Prebois , C. , Rochefort , H. and Vignon , F. 1990 . Antisteroidal and anti‐growth factor activities of anti‐estrogens . J. Steroid Biochem. Molec. Biol. , 37 : 777 – 781 .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , R. M. , Kirkland , J. L. , Ireland , J. S. and Stancel , G. M. 1978 . Regulation of the uterine response to estrogen by thyroid hormone . Endocrinology , 103 : 1164 – 1172 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , M. K. , Nemmers , L. A. , Beckman , W. C. , Davis , V. L. , Curtis , S. W. and Korach , K. S. 1991 . The mechanism of ICI‐614,384 antiestrogenicity involves rapid loss of estrogen receptor in uterine tissue . Endocrinology , 129 : 2000 – 2010 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gressel , J. , Ammon , H. U. , Fogelfors , H. , Gasquez , J. , Kay , Q. O. N. and Kees , H. 1982 . “ Discovery and distribution of herbicide‐resistant weeds outside of North America ” . In Herbicide resistance in plants , Edited by: LeBaron , H. M. and Gessel , J. 31 – 46 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Hammond , B. , Katzenellenbogen , B. S. , Krauthammer , N. and McConnell , J. 1979 . Estrogenic activity of the insecticide chlordecone (Kepone) and interaction with uterine estrogen receptors . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 76 : 6641 – 6645 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan , V. C. 1984 . Biochemical pharmacology and antiestrogen action . Pharmacol. Rev. , 36 : 245 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassis , J. , Sakai , D. , Walent , J. and Gorski , J. 1984 . Primary cultures of estrogen‐responsive cells from rat uteri: Induction of progesterone receptors and a secreted protein . Endocrinology , 114 : 1558 – 1566 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katzenellenbogen , B. S. and Normon , M. J. 1990 . Multi‐hormonal regulation of the progesterone receptor in MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells: Interrelationships among insulin/insulin‐like growth factor, serum and estrogen . Endocrinology , 126 : 891 – 898 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kon , O. L. 1989 . Estrogens, antiestrogen and cell proliferation . Bioassays , 10 : 219 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Kupfer , D. and Bulger , W. H. 1976 . Interactions of chlorinated hydrocarbons with steroid hormones . Fed. Proc. , 35 : 2603 – 2608 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowry , O. H. , Rorebrough , N. J. , Farr , A. L. and Randall , R. J. 1951 . Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent . J. Biol. Chem. , 193 : 265 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLachlin , J. A. and Newbold , R. R. 1987 . Estrogens and development . Environ. Health Perspect. , 75 : 25 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , L. , Murphy , L. and Friesen , H. G. 1987 . Estrogen induces insulin‐like growth factor I expression in the rat uterus . Mol. Endocrinol. , 1 : 445 – 450 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ousterhout , J. , Struck , R. F. and Nelson , J. A. 1981 . Estrogenic activities of methoxychlor metabolites . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 30 : 2869 – 2871 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochefort , H. 1991 . Mechanism of action of high‐affinity aniestrogens . J. CLin. Oncol. , : 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Roy , E. , MacLusky , N. and McEwen , B. S. 1979 . Antiestrogen inhibits the induction of progestin receptors by estradiol in the hypothalamus‐preoptic area and pituitary . Endocrinology , 104 : 1333 – 1336 .
   Google Scholar
• Simic , B. and Kniewald , J. 1980 . Effects of pesticides on the reproductive system . Acta Pharmacol. Jugosl. , 30 : 59 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Stack , G. , Korach , K. S. and Gorski , J. 1988 . Relative mitogenic activities of various estrogens and anti‐estrogens . Steroids , 54 : 227 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , J. T. and Sumner , D. D. 1991 . “ Herbicides ” . In Handbook of pesticide toxicology , Edited by: Hayes , W. J. and Laws , E. R. Vol. 3 , 1317 – 1408 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , J. T. , Breckenridge , C. B. , Wetzel , L. T. , Gillis , J. H. , Luempert , L. G. and Eldridge , J. C. 1993 . Hypothesis for mammary tumorigenesis in female Sprague‐Dawley rats exposed to certain triazine herbicides . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 38 (2) : 139 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Stormshak , F. , Leake , R. , Wertz , N. and Corski , J. 1976 . Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of estrogen on uterine DNA synthesis . Endocrinology , 99 : 1501 – 1511 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sumida , C. and Pasqualini , J. R. 1989 . Antiestrogens antagonize the stimulatory effect of epidermal growth factor on the induction of progesterone in fetal uterine cells in culture . Endocrinology , 124 : 591 – 597 .
   Google Scholar
• Vignon , F. , Bouton , M. M. and Rochefort , H. 1987 . Antiestrogens influence mitogenic effect of growth factors on breast cancer cells in the total absence of estrogens . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 146 : 1502 – 1508 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wakeling , A. E. , Newboult , E. and Peters , S. W. 1989 . Effects of antiestrogens on the proliferation of MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells . J. Mol. Endocrinol. , 2 : 225 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch , R. M. , Levin , W. and Conney , A. H. 1969 . Estrogenic action of DDT and its analogs . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 14 : 358 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel , L. T. , Luempert , L. G. , Breckenridge , C. B. , Tisdel , M. O. , Stevens , J. T. , Thakur , A. K. , Extrom , P. J. and Eldridge , J. C. 1994 . Chronic effects of atrazine on estrus and mammary tumor formation in female Sprague‐Dawley and Fischer 344 rats . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 43 : 169 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar