41
Views
53
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited Review

Induction of cytochrome p‐450 in the norway rat, rattus norvegicus, following exposure to potential environmental contaminants

&
Pages 271-292 | Received 09 Dec 1994, Accepted 15 Mar 1995, Published online: 20 Oct 2009

References

  • Alvares , A. P. , Schilling , G. , Levin , W. and Kuntzman , R. 1967 . Studies on the induction of CO‐binding pigments in liver microsomes by phenobarbital and 3‐methylcholanthrene . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 29 : 521 – 526 .
  • Alvares , A. P. , Bickers , D. R. and Kappas , A. 1973 . Polychlorinated biphenyls: A new type of inducer of cytochrome P‐448 in the liver . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 70 : 1321 – 1325 .
  • Arcos , J. C. , Conney , A. H. and Buu‐Hoï , N. P. 1961 . Induction of microsomal enzyme synthesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of different molecular sizes . J. Biol. Chem. , 236 : 1291 – 1296 .
  • Axelrod , J. 1956 . The enzymatic N‐demethylation of narcotic drugs . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , 117 : 322 – 330 .
  • Ayrton , A. D. , McFarlane , M. , Walker , R. , Neville , S. , Coombs , M. M. and Ioannides , C. 1990 . Induction of the P‐450 1 family of proteins by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Possible relationship to their carcinogenicity . Toxicology , 60 : 173 – 186 .
  • Bacher , M. A. and Gibson , G. G. 1988 . Chlorophenoxyacid herbicides induce microsomal cytochrome P‐450 IVA1 (P‐452) in rat liver . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 65 : 145 – 156 .
  • Backes , W. L. , Sequeira , D. J. , Cawley , G. F. and Eyer , C. S. 1993 . Relationship between hydrocarbon structure and induction of P450: Effects on protein levels and enzyme activities . Xenobiotica , 23 : 1353 – 1366 .
  • Bickers , D. R. , Harber , L. C. , Kappas , A. and Alvares , A. P. 1972 . Polychlorinated biphenyls: Comparative effects of high and how chlorine containing Aroclors® on hepatic mixed function oxidase . Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. , 3 : 505 – 512 .
  • Bradfield , C. A. and Bjeldanes , L. F. 1987 . Structure‐activity relationships of dietary indoles: a proposed mechanism of action as modifiers of xenobiotic metabolism . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 21 : 311 – 323 .
  • Brady , J. F. , Xiao , F. , Gapac , J. M. , Ning , S. M. and Yang , C. S. 1990 . Alteration of rat liver microsomal monooxygenase activities by gasoline treatment . Arch. Toxicol. , 64 : 677 – 679 .
  • Brady , J. F. , Wang , M.‐H. , Hong , J.‐Y. , Xiao , F. , Li , Y. , Yoo , J.‐S. H. , Ning , S. M. , Lee , M.‐J. , Fukuto , J. M. , Gapac , J. M. and Yang , C. S. 1991 . Modulation of rat hepatic microsomal monooxygenase enzymes and cytotoxicity by diallyl sulfide . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 108 : 342 – 354 .
  • Buchmann , A. , Kunz , W. , Wolf , C. R. , Oesch , F. and Robertson , L. W. 1986 . Polychlorinated biphenyls, classified as either phenobarbital‐ or 3‐methylcholanthrene‐type inducers of cytochrome P‐450, are both hepatic tumor promoters in diethylnitrosamine‐initiated rats . Cancer Lett. , 32 : 243 – 253 .
  • Bunyan , P. J. , Townsend , M. G. and Taylor , A. 1972 . Pesticide‐induced changes in hepatic microsomal enzyme systems. Some effects of 1,1‐di(p‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichloroethane (DDT) and 1,1‐di(p‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2‐dichloroethane (DDE) in the rat and Japanese quail . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 5 : 13 – 26 .
  • Burke , M. D. and Mayer , R. T. 1974 . Ethoxyresorufin: Direct fluorimetric assay of a microsomal O‐dealkylation which is preferentially inducible by 3‐methylcholanthrene . Drug Metab. Dispos. , 2 : 583 – 588 .
  • Burke , M. D. , Thompson , S. , Elcombe , C. R. , Halpert , J. , Haaparanta , T. and Mayer , R. T. 1985 . Ethoxy‐, pentoxy‐, and benzyloxyphenoxazone and homologues: A series of substrates to distinguish between different induced cytochromes P‐450 . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 34 : 3337 – 3345 .
  • Burke , M. D. , Thompson , S. , Weaver , R. J. , Wolf , C. R. and Mayer , R. T. 1994 . Cytochrome P450 specificities of alkoxyresorufin O‐dealkylation in human and rat liver . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 48 : 923 – 936 .
  • Buu‐Hoï , N. P. , Hien , D. P. , Saint‐Ruf , G. and Servoin‐Sidoine , J. 1971 . Propriétés cancérominétiques de la tétrachloro‐2,3,7,8‐dibenzo‐p‐dioxine ("dioxine") . C. R. Ser. D , 272 : 1447 – 1450 .
  • Campbell , M. A. , Gyorkos , J. , Leece , B. , Homonko , K. and Safe , S. 1983 . The effects of twenty‐two organochlorine pesticides as inducers of the hepatic drug‐metabolizing enzymes . Gen. Pharmacol. , 14 : 445 – 454 .
  • Clarke , J. U. 1986 . Structure‐activity relationships in PCBs: Use of principle components analysis to predict inducers of mixed‐function oxidase activity . Chemosphere , 15 : 275 – 287 .
  • Conney , A. H. , Miller , E. C. and Miller , J. A. 1956 . The metabolism of methylated aminoazo dyes. V. Evidence for induction of enzyme synthesis in the rat by 3‐methylcholanthrene . Cancer Res. , 16 : 450 – 459 .
  • Conney , A. H. , Miller , E. C. and Miller , J. A. 1957 . Substrate‐induced synthesis and other properties of benzopyrene hydroxylase in rat liver . J. Biol. Chem. , 228 : 753 – 766 .
  • Conney , A. H. , Davison , C. , Gastel , R. and Burns , J. J. 1960 . Adaptive increases in drug‐metabolizing enzymes induced by phenobarbital and other drugs . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , 130 : 1 – 8 .
  • Cooper , J. R. and Brodie , B. B. 1955 . The enzymatic metabolism of hexobarbital . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , 114 : 409 – 417 .
  • Cooper , K. O. , Reik , L. M. , Jayyosi , Z. , Bandiera , S. , Kelley , M. , Ryan , D. E. , Daniel , R. , McCluskey , S. A. , Levin , W. and Thomas , P. E. 1993 . Regulation of two members of the steroid‐inducible cytochrome P450 subfamily (3A) in rats . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 301 : 345 – 354 .
  • Denomme , M. A. , Bandiera , S. , Lambert , I. , Copp , L. , Safe , L. and Safe , S. 1983 . Polychlorinated biphenyls as phenobarbitone‐type inducers of microsomal enzymes. Structure‐activity relationships for a series of 2,4‐dichloro‐substituted congeners . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 32 : 2955 – 2963 .
  • den Tonkelaar , E. M. and van Esch , G. J. 1974 . No‐effect levels of organochlorine pesticides based on induction of microsomal liver enzymes in short‐term toxicity experiments . Toxicology , 2 : 371 – 380 .
  • Earnshaw , D. , Dale , J. W. , Goldfarb , P. S. and Gibson , G. G. 1988 . Differential splicing in the 3’ non‐coding region of rat cytochrome P‐452 (P450 IVA1) mRNA . FEBS Lett. , 236 : 357 – 361 .
  • Ebel , R. E. 1984 . Hepatic microsomal p‐nitroanisole O‐demethylase. Effects of chlordecone or mirex induction in male and female rats . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 33 : 559 – 564 .
  • Flodström , S. , Hemming , H. , Wärngärd , L. and Ahlborg , U. G. 1990 . Promotion of altered hepatic foci development in rat liver, cytochrome P450 enzyme induction and inhibition of cell‐cell communication by DDT and some structurally related organochlorine pesticides . Carcinogenesis , 11 : 1413 – 1417 .
  • Gelboin , H. V. 1993 . Cytochrome P450 and monoclonal antibodies . Pharmacol. Rev. , 45 : 413 – 453 .
  • Ghazal , A. , Koransky , W. , Portig , J. , Vohland , H. W. and Klempau , I. 1964 . Beschleunigung von Entgiftungsreaktionen durch verschiedene Insecticide . Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. , 249 : 1 – 10 .
  • Giachelli , C. M. and Omiecinski , C. J. 1987 . Developmental regulation of cytochrome P‐450 genes in the rat . Mol. Pharmacol. , 31 : 477 – 484 .
  • Gillett , J. W. 1968 . “No effect”; level of DDT in induction of microsomal epoxidation . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 16 : 295 – 297 .
  • Gillett , J. W. and Chan , T. M. 1968 . Cyclodiene insecticides as inducers, substrates, and inhibitors of microsomal epoxidation . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 16 : 590 – 593 .
  • Goldstein , J. A. , Hickman , P. , Bergman , H. , McKinney , J. D. and Walker , M. P. 1977 . Separation of pure polychlorinated biphenyl isomers into two types of inducers on the basis of induction of cytochrome P‐450 or P‐448 . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 17 : 69 – 87 .
  • Gonzalez , F. J. , Song , B.‐J. and Hardwick , J. P. 1986 . Pregnenolone 16α‐carbonitrile‐inducible P‐450 gene family: Gene conversion and differential regulation . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 6 : 2969 – 2976 .
  • Green , J. A. , Francis , J. E. , Wolf , C. R. , Manson , M. M. and Smith , A. G. 1989 . Sexual dimorphism of cytochrome P‐450 induction by hexachlorobenzene in rats . Biochem. Soc. Trans. , 17 : 1016 – 1017 .
  • Greig , J. B. and De Matteis , F. 1973 . Effects of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin on drug metabolism and hepatic microsomes of rats and mice . Environ. Health Perspect. , 5 : 211 – 219 .
  • Hardwick , J. P. , Song , B.‐J. , Huberman , E. and Gonzalez , F. J. 1987 . Isolation, complementary DNA sequence, and regulation of rat hepatic lauric acid ω‐hydroxylase (cytochrome P‐450LAW). Identification of a new cytochrome P‐450 gene family . J. Biol. Chem. , 262 : 801 – 810 .
  • Harris , M. , Zacharewski , T. and Safe , S. 1993 . Comparative potencies of Aroclors 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260 in male Wistar rats—Assessment of the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , 20 : 456 – 463 .
  • Hart , L. G. and Fouts , J. R. 1963 . Effects of acute and chronic DDT administration on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in the rat . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 114 : 388 – 392 .
  • Hart , L. G. and Fouts , J. R. 1965 . Further studies on the stimulation of hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes by DDT and its analogs . Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmacol. , 249 : 486 – 500 .
  • Hart , L. G. , Shultice , R. W. and Fouts , J. R. 1963 . Stimulatory effects of chlordane on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in the rat . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 5 : 371 – 386 .
  • Hoffman , D. G. , Worth , H. M. , Emmerson , J. L. and Anderson , R. C. 1970 . Stimulation of hepatic drug‐metabolizing enzymes by chlorophenothane (DDT); The relationship to liver enlargement and hepato‐toxicity in the rat . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 16 : 171 – 178 .
  • Imai , Y. , Ito , A. and Sato , R. 1966 . Evidence for biochemically different types of vesicles in the hepatic microsomal fraction . J. Biochem. , 60 : 417 – 428 .
  • Imaoka , S. , Inoue , K. and Funae , Y. 1988 . Aminopyrine metabolism by multiple forms of cytochrome P‐450 from rat liver microsomes: Simultaneous quantitation of four aminopyrine metabolites by high‐performance liquid chromatography . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 265 : 159 – 170 .
  • Kearney , P. C. , Woolson , E. A. , Isensee , A. R. and Helling , C. S. 1973 . Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin in the environment: Sources, fate, and decontamination . Environ. Health Perspect. , 5 : 273 – 277 .
  • Khan , M. A. Q. 1984 . “ Induction of drug metabolizing enzymes ” . In Differential toxicities of insecticides and halogenated aromatics , Edited by: Matsumura , F. 129 – 222 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
  • Khan , S. , Martin , M. , Rahimtula , A. D. and Payne , J. F. 1987 . Effect of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil on hepatic and placental drug metabolism in rats . Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , 65 : 2400 – 2408 .
  • Kim , S. G. and Novak , R. F. 1990 . Induction of rat hepatic P450IIE1 (CYP 2E1) by pyridine: Evidence for a role of protein synthesis in the absence of transcriptional activation . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 166 : 1072 – 1079 .
  • Kimura , N. T. , Kanematsu , T. and Baba , T. 1976 . Polychlorinated biphenyl(s) as a promoter in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in rats . Z. Krebsforcsh. , 87 : 257 – 266 .
  • Kinoshita , F. K. and Kempf , C. K. 1970 . Quantitative measurement of hepatic microsomal enzyme induction after dietary intake of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 17 : 228 (abstr.)
  • Kinoshita , F. K. , Frawley , J. P. and DuBois , K. P. 1966 . Quantitative measurement of induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes by various dietary levels of DDT and toxaphene in rats . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 9 : 505 – 513 .
  • Kitagawa , T. , Hino , O. , Nomura , K. and Sugano , H. 1984 . Dose‐response studies on promoting and anti‐carcinogenic effects of phenobarbital and DDT in the rat hepatocarcinogenesis . Carcinogenesis , 5 : 1653 – 1656 .
  • Ko , I. Y. , Park , S. S. , Song , B. J. , Patten , C. , Tan , Y. , Hah , Y. C. , Yang , C. S. and Gelboin , H. V. 1987 . Monoclonal antibodies to ethanol‐induced rat liver cytochrome P‐450 that metabolizes aniline and nitrosamines . Cancer Res. , 47 : 3101 – 3109 .
  • Kocarek , T. A. , Schuetz , E. G. and Guzelian , P. S. 1990 . Differentiated induction of cytochrome P450b/e and P450p mRNAs by dose of phenobarbital in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes . Mol. Pharmacol. , 38 : 440 – 444 .
  • Kocarek , T. A. , Schuetz , E. G. and Guzelian , P. S. 1991 . Selective induction of cytochrome P450e by kepone (chlordecone) in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes . Mol. Pharmacol. , 40 : 203 – 210 .
  • Koop , D. R. , Laethem , C. L. and Tierney , D. J. 1989 . The utility of p‐nitrophenol hydroxylation in P450IIE1 analysis . Drug Metab. Rev. , 20 : 541 – 551 .
  • Koransky , W. , Portig , J. , Vohland , H. W. and Klempau , I. 1964 . Aktivierung von Mikrosomenenzymen durch Hexachlorcyclohexan‐Isomer. Ihr Einflusse auf die Scillirosidvergiftung der Ratte . Naunyn‐Schmiedebergs Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmacol. , 247 : 61 – 70 .
  • Laignelet , L. , Narbonne , J.‐F. , Lhuguenot , J.‐C. and Riviere , J.‐L. 1989 . Induction and inhibition of rat liver cytochrome(s) P‐450 by an imidazole fungicide (prochloraz) . Toxicology , 59 : 271 – 284 .
  • Lake , B. G. , Tredger , J. M. , Gray , T. J. B. , Stubberfield , C. R. , Hodder , K. D. , Gangolli , S. D. and Williams , R. 1984 . The effect of peroxisome proliferators on the metabolism and spectral interaction of endogenous substrates of cytochrome P‐450 in rat hepatic microsomes . Life Sci. , 35 : 2621 – 2626 .
  • Letawe‐Goujon , F. , Kremers , P. , Beaune , P. , Paye , M. and Gielen , J. E. 1984 . Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against phenobarbital‐inducible cytochrome P‐450 . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 119 : 744 – 750 .
  • Levin , W. , Ryan , D. , Huang , M.‐T. , Kawalek , J. , Thomas , P. E. , West , S. B. and Lu , A. Y. H. 1977 . “ Characterization of multiple forms of highly purified cytochrome P‐450 from the liver microsomes of rats, mice and rabbits ” . In Microsomes and drug oxidations , Edited by: Ullrich , V. , Roots , I. , Hildebrandt , A. , Estabrook , R. W. and Conney , A. H. 185 – 191 . London : Pergamon Press .
  • Lewis , D. F. V. , Ioannides , C. and Parke , D. V. 1987 . Structural requirements for substrates of cytochromes P‐450 and P‐448 . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 64 : 39 – 60 .
  • Litterst , C. L. , Farber , T. M. , Baker , A. M. and van Loon , E. J. 1972 . Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on hepatic microsomal enzymes in the rat . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 23 : 112 – 122 .
  • Lu , A. Y. H. , Kuntzman , R. , West , S. , Jacobson , M. and Conney , A. H. 1972 . Reconstituted liver microsomal enzyme system that hydroxylates drugs, other foreign compounds, and endogenous substrates. II. Role of the cytochrome P‐450 and P‐448 fractions in drug and steroid hydroxylations . J. Biol. Chem. , 247 : 1727 – 1734 .
  • Lubet , R. A. , Mayer , R. T. , Cameron , J. W. , Nims , R. W. , Burke , M. D. , Wolff , T. and Guengerich , F. P. 1985 . Dealkylation of pentoxyresorufin: A rapid and sensitive assay for measuring induction of cytochrome(s) P‐450 by phenobarbital and other xenobiotics in the rat . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 238 : 43 – 48 .
  • Lubet , R. A. , Guengerich , F. P. and Nims , R. W. 1990 . The induction of alkoxyresorufin metabolism: A potential indicator of environmental contamination . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 19 : 157 – 163 .
  • Lubet , R. A. , Dragnev , K. H. , Chauhan , D. P. , Nims , R. W. , Diwan , B. A. , Ward , J. M. , Jones , C. R. , Rice , J. M. and Miller , M. S. 1992 . A pleiotropic response to phenobarbital‐type enzyme inducers in the F344/NCr rat. Effects of chemicals of varied structure . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 43 : 1067 – 1078 .
  • Lubet , R. A. , Fox , S. D. , Issaq , H. J. , Thomas , P. E. and Nims , R. W. 1995 . Effects of low level dietary exposure to Aroclors 1242 or 1260 on hepatic cytochromes P450 in female F344/NCr rats . Toxicologist , 15 : 117 (abstr. 621)
  • Lucier , G. W. , McDaniel , O. S. , Hook , G. E. R. , Fowler , B. A. , Sonawane , B. R. and Faeder , E. 1973 . TCDD‐induced changes in rat liver microsomal enzymes . Environ. Health Perspect. , 5 : 199 – 209 .
  • Madhukar , B. V. and Matsumura , F. 1981 . Differences in the nature of induction of mixed‐function oxidase systems of the rat liver among phenobarbital, DDT, 3‐methylcholanthrene, and TCDD . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 61 : 109 – 118 .
  • Marx , J. L. 1972 . Phthalic acid esters: Biological impact uncertain . Science , 173 : 46 – 47 .
  • Metcalf , R. L. , Booth , G. M. , Scluith , C. K. , Hansen , D. J. and Lu , P.‐Y. 1973a . Uptake and fate of di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate in aquatic organisms and in a model ecosystem . Environ. Health Perspect. , 4 : 27 – 34 .
  • Metcalf , R. L. , Kapoor , I. P. , Lu , P.‐Y. , Schuth , C. K. and Sherman , P. 1973b . Model ecosystem studies of the environmental fate of six organochlorine pesticides . Environ. Health Perspect. , 4 : 35 – 44 .
  • Munir , K. M. , Rao , K. V. K. and Bhide , S. V. 1984 . Effect of hexachlorocyclohexane on diethylnitro‐samine‐induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rat and its failure to promote skin tumors on dimethylbenz[a]‐anthracene initiation in mouse . Carcinogenesis , 5 : 479 – 481 .
  • Myers , M. J. , Liu , G. , Miller , H. , Gelboin , H. V. , Robinson , R. C. and Friedman , F. K. 1990 . Synthetic peptide antigens elicit monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to cytochrome P450 1A2 . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 169 : 171 – 176 .
  • Nakajima , T. , Elovaara , E. , Park , S. S. , Gelboin , H. V. and Vainio , H. 1991 . Immunochemical detection of cytochrome P450 isozymes induced in rat liver by n‐hexane, 2‐hexanone and acetonyl acetone . Arch. Toxicol. , 65 : 542 – 547 .
  • Namkung , M. J. , Yang , H. L. , Hulla , J. E. and Juchau , M. R. 1988 . On the substrate specificity of cytochrome P450IIIA1 . Mol. Pharmacol. , 34 : 628 – 637 .
  • Nebert , D. W. and Gelboin , H. V. 1968 . Substrate‐inducible microsomal aryl hydroxylase in mammalian cell culture. I. Assay and properties of induced enzyme . J. Biol. Chem. , 243 : 6242 – 6249 .
  • Nebert , D. W. and Gelboin , H. V. 1969 . The in vivo and in vitro induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in mammalian cells of different species, tissues, strains, and developmental and hormonal states . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 134 : 76 – 89 .
  • Needham , D. , Creedy , C. L. and Dawson , J. R. 1992 . The profile of rat liver enzyme induction produced by prochloraz and its major metabolites . Xenobiotica , 22 : 283 – 291 .
  • Nerurkar , P. V. , Park , S. S. , Thomas , P. E. , Nims , R. W. and Lubet , R. A. 1993 . Methoxyresorufin and benzyloxyresorufin: Substrates preferentially metabolized by cytochromes P4501A2 and 2B, respectively, in the rat and mouse . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 46 : 933 – 943 .
  • Netter , K. J. and Seidel , G. 1964 . An adaptively stimulated O‐demethylating system in rat liver micro‐somes and its kinetic properties . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , 146 : 61 – 65 .
  • Nims , R. W. , Beebe , L. E. , Dragnev , K. H. , Thomas , P. E. , Fox , S. D. , Issaq , H. J. , Jones , C. R. and Lubet , R. A. 1992 . Induction of hepatic CYP1A in male F344/NCr rats by dietary exposure to Aroclor 1254: Examination of immunochemical, RNA, catalytic, and pharmacokinetic endpoints . Environ. Res. , 59 : 447 – 466 .
  • Nims , R. W. , Lubet , R. A. , Jones , C. R. , Mellini , D. W. and Thomas , P. E. 1993 . Comparative pharmacodynamics of CYP2B induction by phenobarbital in the male and female F344/NCr rat . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 45 : 521 – 526 .
  • Okey , A. B. 1990 . Enzyme induction in the cytochrome P‐450 system . Pharmacol. Ther. , 45 : 241 – 298 .
  • Okita , J. R. , Castle , P. J. and Okita , R. T. 1993 . Characterization of cytochromes P450 in liver and kidney of rats treated with di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate . J. Biochem. Toxicol. , 8 : 135 – 144 .
  • Okita , R. and Chance , C. 1984 . Induction of laurate ω‐hydroxylase by di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate in rat liver microsomes . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 121 : 304 – 309 .
  • Okita , R. T. , Clark , J. E. , Okita , J. R. and Masters , B. S. S. 1991 . ω‐ and (ω‐1)‐Hydroxylation of eico‐sanoids and fatty acids by high‐performance liquid chromatography . Methods Enzymol. , 206 : 432 – 441 .
  • Omiecinski , C. J. , Walz , F. G. Jr. and Vlasuk , G. P. 1985 . Phenobarbital induction of rat liver cytochromes P‐450b and P‐450e. Quantitation of specific RNAs by hybridization to synthetic oligodeoxy‐ribonucleotide probes . J. Biol. Chem. , 260 : 3247 – 3250 .
  • Omiecinski , C. J. , Hassett , C. and Costa , P. 1990a . Developmental expression and in situ localization of the phenobarbital‐inducible rat hepatic mRNAs for cytochromes CYP2B1, CYP2B2, CYP2C6, and CYP3A1 . Mol. Pharmacol. , 38 : 462 – 470 .
  • Omiecinski , C. J. , Redlich , C. A. and Costa , P. 1990b . Induction and developmental expression of cytochrome P4501A1 messenger RNA in rat and human tissues: Detection by the polymerase chain reaction . Cancer Res. , 50 : 4315 – 4321 .
  • Omura , T. and Sato , R. 1964 . The carbon monoxide‐binding pigment of the liver microsomes. I. Evidence for its hemoprotein nature . J. Biol. Chem. , 239 : 2370 – 2378 .
  • Park , S. S. , Fujino , T. , West , D. , Guengerich , F. P. and Gelboin , H. V. 1982 . Monoclonal antibodies that inhibit enzyme activity of 3‐methylcholanthrene‐induced cytochrome P‐450 . Cancer Res. , 42 : 1798 – 1808 .
  • Park , S. S. , Fujino , T. , Miller , H. , Guengerich , F. P. and Gelboin , H. V. 1984 . Monoclonal antibodies to phenobarbital‐induced rat liver cytochrome P‐450 . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 33 : 2071 – 2081 .
  • Park , S. S. , Waxman , D. J. , Miller , H. , Robinson , R. , Attisano , C. , Guengerich , F. P. and Gelboin , H. V. 1986 . Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to pregnenolone 16‐α‐carbo‐nitrile inducible rat liver cytochrome P450 . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 35 : 2859 – 2867 .
  • Parkinson , A. , Robertson , L. W. , Safe , L. and Safe , S. 1980 . Polychlorinated biphenyls as inducers of hepatic microsomal enzymes: Structure‐activity rules . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 30 : 271 – 285 .
  • Parkinson , A. , Robertson , L. W. , Safe , L. and Safe , S. 1981 . Polychlorinated biphenyls as inducers of hepatic microsomal enzymes: Effects of diortho substitution . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 35 : 1 – 12 .
  • Parkinson , A. , Safe , S. H. , Robertson , L. W. , Thomas , P. E. , Ryan , D. E. , Reik , L. M. and Levin , W. 1983 . Immunochemical quantitation of cytochrome P‐450 isozymes and epoxide hydrolase in liver microsomes from polychlorinated or polybrominated biphenyl‐treated rats. A study of structure‐activity relationships . J. Biol. Chem. , 258 : 5967 – 5976 .
  • Pélissier , M. A. and Albrecht , R. 1976 . Teneur minimale du regime en lindane induisant les monoxygenase microsomales chez le rat . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 14 : 297 – 301 .
  • Peraino , C. , Fry , R. J. M. , Staffeldt , E. and Christopher , J. P. 1975 . Comparative enhancing effects of phenobarbital, amobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane on 2‐acetyl‐aminofluorene‐induced hepatic tumorigenesis in the rat . Cancer Res. , 35 : 2884 – 2890 .
  • Poland , A. and Glover , E. 1974 . Comparison of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin, a potent inducer of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, with 3‐methylcholanthrene . Mol. Pharmacol. , 10 : 349 – 359 .
  • Poland , A. , Glover , E. and Kende , A. S. 1976 . Stereospecific, high affinity binding of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin by hepatic cytosol. Evidence that the binding species is receptor for induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase . J. Biol. Chem. , 251 : 4936 – 4946 .
  • Preston , B. D. , Miller , J. B. , Moore , R. W. and Allen , J. R. 1981 . Promoting effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran‐free Aroclor 1254 on diethylnitrosamine‐induced tumorigenesis in the rat . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 66 : 509 – 515 .
  • Rahimtula , A. D. , Payne , J. F. and Martins , I. 1982 . Hydrocarbon‐based oils as inducers of cutaneous aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase . Toxicol. Lett. , 10 : 213 – 217 .
  • Reddy , J. K. , Reddy , M. K. , Usman , M. I. , Lalwani , N. D. and Rao , S. 1986 . Comparison of hepatic peroxisome proliferative effect and its implication for hepatocarcinogenicity of phthalate esters, di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate, and di(2‐ethylhexyl)adipate with a hypolipidemic drug . Environ. Health Perspect. , 65 : 317 – 327 .
  • Reik , L. M. , Levin , W. , Ryan , D. E. , Maines , S. L. and Thomas , P. E. 1985 . Monoclonal antibodies distinguish among isozymes of the cytochrome P‐450b subfamily . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 242 : 365 – 382 .
  • Remmer , H. 1959 . Die Beschleunigung der Evipanoxydation und der Demethylierung von Methylaminoantipyrin durch Barbiturate . Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. , 237 : 296 – 307 .
  • Remmer , H. , Greim , H. , Schenkman , J. B. and Estabrook , R. W. 1967 . “ Methods for the elevation of hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase levels and cytochrome P‐450 ” . In Methods in enzymology , Edited by: Estabrook , R. W. and Pullman , M. E. Vol. 10 , 703 – 710 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Saad , B. , Thomas , H. , Schawalder , H. , Waechter , F. and Maier , P. 1994 . Oxygen tension, insulin, and glucagon affect the preservation and induction of cytochrome P450 isoforms in cultured rat hepatocytes . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 126 : 372 – 379 .
  • Safe , S. 1984 . Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs): Biochemistry, toxicology, and mechanism of action . CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 13 : 319 – 395 .
  • Safe , S. 1990 . Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related compounds: Environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors . Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 21 : 51 – 58 .
  • Safe , S. 1994 . Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Environmental impact, biochemical and toxic responses, and implications for risk assessment . Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 24 : 87 – 149 .
  • Safe , S. , Bandiera , S. , Sawyer , T. , Zmudzka , B. , Mason , G. , Romkes , M. , Denomme , M. A. , Sparling , J. , Okey , A. B. and Fujita , T. 1985 . Effects of structure on binding to the 2,3,7,8‐TCDD receptor protein and AHH induction‐halogenated biphenyls . Environ. Health Perspect. , 61 : 21 – 28 .
  • Schomaker , S. J. , Spohler , S. A. and Amacher , D. E. 1995 . Ethylmorphine N‐demethylase activity in microsomes from male and female rats treated with pregnenolone‐16α‐carbonitrile, ethanol, pheno‐barbital, β‐naphthoflavone, clofibrate and isoniazide . Toxicologist , 15 : 116 (abstr. 615)
  • Schröter , C. , Parzefall , W. , Schröter , H. and Schulte‐Hermann , R. 1987 . Dose‐response studies on the effects of α‐, β‐, and γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane on putative preneoplastic foci, monooxygenases, and growth in rat liver . Cancer Res. , 47 : 80 – 88 .
  • Sesardic , D. , Boobis , A. R. , McQuade , J. , Baker , S. , Lock , E. A. , Elcombe , C. R. , Robson , R. T. , Hayward , C. and Davies , D. S. 1986 . Interrelatedness of some isoenzymes of cytochrome P‐450 from rat, rabbit and human, determined with monoclonal antibodies . Biochem. J. , 236 : 569 – 577 .
  • Sharma , R. , Lake , B. G. and Gibson , G. G. 1988a . Co‐induction of microsomal cytochrome P‐452 and the peroxisomal fatty acid β‐oxidation pathway in the rat by clofibrate and di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate. Dose‐response studies . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 37 : 1203 – 1206 .
  • Sharma , R. , Lake , B. G. , Foster , J. and Gibson , G. G. 1988b . Microsomal cytochrome P‐452 induction and peroxisome proliferation by hypolipidaemic agents in rat liver. A mechanistic interrelationship . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 37 : 1193 – 1201 .
  • Siess , M.‐H. , Guillermic , M. , Le Bon , A.‐M. and Suschetet , M. 1989 . Induction of monooxygenase and transferase activities in rat by dietary administration of flavonoids . Xenobiotica , 19 : 1379 – 1386 .
  • Sonderfan , A. J. , Arlotto , M. P. , Dutton , D. R. , McMillen , S. K. and Parkinson , A. 1987 . Regulation of testosterone hydroxylation by rat liver microsomal cytochrome P‐450 . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 255 : 27 – 41 .
  • Souček , P. and Gut , I. 1992 . Cytochromes P‐450 in rats: Structures, functions, properties and relevant human forms . Xenobiotica , 22 : 83 – 103 .
  • Srivastava , G. , Hansen , A. J. , Bawden , M. J. and May , B. K. 1990 . Hemin administration to rats reduces levels of hepatic mRNAs for phenobarbitone‐inducible enzymes . Mol. Pharmacol. , 38 : 486 – 493 .
  • Sterling , K. , Raha , A. and Bresnick , E. 1994 . Induction of CYP1A1 gene expression in mouse hepatoma cells by benzo[e]pyrene, a ligand of the 4S polycyclic hydrocarbon‐binding protein . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 128 : 18 – 24 .
  • Telhada , M. B. , Pereira , T. M. and Lechner , M. C. 1992 . Effect of dexamethasone and phenobarbital on run‐on transcription rate and CYP3A mRNA concentration in rat liver: Changes during development . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 298 : 715 – 725 .
  • Thomas , P. E. , Reik , L. M. , Ryan , D. E. and Levin , W. 1981 . Regulation of three forms of cytochrome P‐450 and epoxide hydrolase in rat liver microsomes. Effects of age, sex, and induction . J. Biol. Chem. , 256 : 1044 – 1052 .
  • Thomas , P. E. , Reik , L. M. , Ryan , D. E. and Levin , W. 1984 . Characterization of nine monoclonal antibodies against rat hepatic cytochrome P‐450c: Delineation of at least five spatially distinct epitopes . J. Biol. Chem. , 259 : 3890 – 3899 .
  • Trottman , C. H. and Desaiah , D. 1980 . Induction of rat hepatic microsomal enzymes by toxaphene pre‐treatment . J. Environ. Sci. Health , B15 : 121 – 134 .
  • Ullrich , V. and Weber , P. 1972 . The O‐dealkylation of 7‐ethoxycoumarin by liver microsomes. A direct fluorimetric test . Hoppe‐Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. , 353 : 1171 – 1177 .
  • Vanden Heuvel , J. P. , Clark , G. C. , Kohn , M. C. , Tritscher , A. M. , Greenlee , W. F. , Lucier , G. W. and Bell , D. A. 1994 . Dioxin‐responsive genes: Examination of dose‐response relationships using quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction . Cancer Res. , 54 : 62 – 68 .
  • Waxman , D. J. 1991 . Rat hepatic P450IIA and P450IIC subfamily expression using catalytic, immuno‐chemical, and molecular probes . Methods Enzymol. , 206 : 249 – 267 .
  • Waxman , D. J. , Lapenson , D. P. , Park , S. S. , Attisano , C. and Gelboin , H. V. 1987 . Monoclonal antibodies inhibitory to rat hepatic cytochromes P‐450: P‐450 form specificities and use as probes for cytochrome P‐450‐dependent steroid hydroxylations . Mol. Pharmacol. , 32 : 615 – 624 .
  • Whitlock , J. P. Jr. 1986 . The regulation of cytochrome P‐450 gene expression . Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 26 : 333 – 369 .
  • Wolff , T. , Demi , E. and Wanders , H. 1979 . Aldrin epoxidation, a highly sensitive indicator specific for cytochrome P‐450‐dependent mono‐oxygenase activities . Drug Metab. Dispos. , 7 : 301 – 305 .
  • Wood , A. W. , Ryan , D. E. , Thomas , P. E. and Levin , W. 1983 . Regio‐ and stereoselective metabolism of two C19 steroids by five highly purified and reconstituted rat hepatic cytochrome P‐450 isozymes . J. Biol. Chem. , 258 : 8839 – 8847 .
  • Yang , C. S. , Patten , C. J. , Ishizak , H. and Yoo , J.‐S. H. 1991 . Induction, purification, and characterization of cytochrome P450IIE . Methods Enzymol. , 206 : 595 – 603 .
  • Yoshioka , H. , Miyata , T. and Omura , T. 1984 . Induction of a phenobarbital‐inducible form of cytochrome P‐450 in rat liver microsomes by 1,1‐di(p‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2‐dichloroethylene . J. Biochem. , 95 : 937 – 947 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.