The Neural and Neurocognitive Determinants of ADHD

REFERENCES

• Abikoff , H. , Hechtman , L. , Klein , R.G. , Gallagher , R. , Fleiss , J. , Etcovitch , J. , Cousins , L. , Greenfield , B. , Martin , D. and Pollack , S. 2004 . Social functioning in children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 43 : 820 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association . text rev
   Google Scholar
• Ashtari , M. , Kumra , S. , Bhaskar , S.L. , Clarke , T. , Thaden , E. Cervellione , K.L. 2005 . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A preliminary diffusion tensor imaging study . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 448 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aylward , E.H. , Reiss , A.L. , Reader , M.J. , Singer , H.S. , Brown , J.E. and Denckla , M.B. 1996 . Basal ganglia volumes in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Child Neurology , 11 : 112 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , L. and Cantwell , D.P. 1987 . A prospective psychiatric follow-up of children with speech/language disorders . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 26 : 546 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagwell , C.L. , Molina , B.S.G. , Pelham , W.E. and Hoza , B. 2001 . Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and problems in peer relations: Predictions from childhood to adolescence . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 40 : 1285 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaschewski , T. , Brandeis , D. , Heinrich , H. , Albrecht , B. , Brunner , E. and Rothernberger , A. 2003 . Association of ADHD and conduct disorder- brain electrical evidence for the existence of a distinct subtype . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 44 : 356 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R.A. 1997 . Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive function: Constructing a unified theory of ADHD . Psychological Bulletin , 121 : 65 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R.A. , DuPaul , G.J. and McMurray , M.B. 1990 . Comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 58 : 775 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R.A. , Fischer , M. , Edelbrock , C. and Smallish , L. 1990 . The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8 year prospective follow-up study . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 29 ( 4 ) : 456 – 557 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry , T.D. , Lyman , R.D. and Klinger , L.G. 2002 . Academic underachievement and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The negative impact of symptom severity on school performance . Journal of School Psychology , 40 : 259 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgardner , T.L. , Singer , H.S. , Denckla , M.B. , Rubin , M.A. , Abrams , M.T. Colli , M.J. 1996 . Corpus callosum morphology in children with Tourette Syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Neurology , 47 : 477 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beitchman , J.H. , Brownlie , E.B. , Inglis , A. , Wild , J. , Ferguson , B. , Schachter , D. , Lancee , W. , Wilson , B. and Mathews , R. 1996 . Seven-year follow-up of speech/language impaired and control children: psychiatric outcome . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 37 : 961 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin , L. , Bohlin , G. and Rydell , A.M. 2003 . Relations between inhibition, executive functioning, and ADHD symptoms: A longitudinal study from age 5 to 8(1/2) years . Child Neuropsychology (Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition: Section C) , 9 : 255 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berquin , P. , Giedd , J. , Jacobsen , L. , Hamburger , S. , Krain , A. Rapoport , J. 1998 . Cerebellum in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a morphometric MRI study . Neurology , 50 : 1087 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berwid , O.G. , Curko Kera , E.A. , Marks , D.J. , Santra , A. , Bender , H.A. and Halperin , J.M. 2005 . Sustained attention and response inhibition in young children at risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 46 : 1219 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blondis , T. 1999 . Motor disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Pediatric Clinics of North America , 46 : 899 – 913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borger , N. , van der Meere , J. , Ronner , A. , Alberts , E. , Geuze , R. and Bogte , H. 1999 . Heart rate variability and sustained attention in ADHD children . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 27 : 25 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borger , N. and van der Meere , J. 2000 . Motor control and state regulation in children with ADHD: A cardiac response study . Biological Psychology , 51 : 247 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , R. A. 1990 . Neuropsychological performance in children with Tourette's syndrome . Psychiatry Research , 33 : 73 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandeis , D. , van Leeuwen , T.H. , Rubia , K. , Vitacco , D. , Steger , J. , Pascual-Marqui , R.D. and Steinhausen , H.C. 1998 . Neuroelectric mapping reveals precursor of stop failures in children with attention deficits . Behavioral Brain Research , 94 : 111 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce , B. , Thernlund , G. and Nettelbladt , U. 2006 . ADHD and language impairment: A study of the parent questionnaire FTF (five to fifteen) . European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 15 : 52 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush , G. , Frazier , J.A. , Rauch , S.L. , Seidman , L.J. , Whalen , P.J. Jenike , M.A. 1999 . Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fMRI and the counting stroop . Biological Psychiatry , 45 : 1542 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , S.B. 1995 . Behavior problems in preschool children: A review of recent research . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 36 : 113 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , Q. , Zang , Y. , Zhu , C. , Cao , X. , Sun , L. Zhou , X. 2008 . Alerting deficits in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: event-related FMRI evidence . Brain Research , 1219 : 159 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carte , E. , Nigg , J. and Hinshaw , S. 1996 . Neuropsychological functioning, motor speed, and language processing in boys with and without ADHD . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 24 : 481 – 498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey , B. J. 2005 . “ Frontostriatal and frontocerebellar circuitry underlying cognitive control ” . In Developing Individuality in the Human Brain: A Tribute to Michael I. Posner , Edited by: Mayr , U. , Awh , E. and Keele , S. W. 141 – 66 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Casey , B. J. , Castellanos , F.X. , Giedd , J.N. , Marsh , W.L. , Hamburger , S.D. Schubert , A.B. 1997 . Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 374 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey , B. J. , Epstein , J.N. , Buhle , J. , Liston , C. , Davidson , M.C. Tonev , S.T. 2007 . Frontostriatal connectivity and its role in cognitive control in parent-child dyads with ADHD . American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 : 1729 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey , B. J. , Nigg , J.T. and Durston , S.D. 2007 . New potential leads in the biology and treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder . Current Opinions in Neurology , 20 : 119 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos , F.X. 2001 . Neural substrates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Advances in Neurology , 85 : 197 – 206 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castellanos , F.X. , Giedd , J.N. , Marsh , W.L. , Hamburger , S.D. , Vaituzis , A.C. Dickstein , D.P. 1996 . Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 53 : 607 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos , F.X. , Lee , P.P. , Sharp , W. , Jeffries , N.O. , Greenstein , D.K. Clasen , L.S. 2002 . Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 1740 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos , F.X. and Tannock , R. 2002 . Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes . Nature Reviews. Neuroscience , 3 : 617 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chronis , A.M. , Fabiano , G.A. , Gnagy , E.M. , Onyango , A.N. , Pelham , W.E. Lopez-Williams , A. 2004 . An evaluation of the summer treatment program for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using a treatment withdrawal design . Behavior Therapy , 35 : 561 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chronis , A.M. , Pelham , W.E. Jr. , Gnagy , E.M. , Roberts , J.E. and Aronoff , H.R. 2003 . The impact of late-afternoon stimulant dosing for children with ADHD on parent and parent-child domains . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 32 : 118 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boo , G.M. and Prins , P.J.M. 2007 . Social incompetence in children with ADHD: Possible moderator and mediators in social-skills training . Clinical Psychology Review , 27 : 78 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denckla , M.B. and Rudel , R.G. 1978 . Anomalies of motor development in hyperactive boys . Annals of Neurology , 3 : 231 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey , D. , Cantell , M. and Crawford , S. G. 2007 . Motor and gestural performance in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental coordination disorder, and or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 13 : 246 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey , D. , Kaplan , B.J. , Crawford , S.G. and Wilson , B.N. 2002 . Developmental coordination disorder: Associated problems in attention, learning, and psychosocial adjustment . Human Movement Science , 21 : 905 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dooling-Litfin , J. K. and Rosen , L. A. 1997 . Self-esteem in college students with a childhood history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of College Student Psychotherapy , 11 : 69 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , V. I. 1972 . Stop, look and listen: The problem of sustained attention and impulse control in hyperactive and normal children . Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science , 4 : 259 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas , V. I. 1989 . “ Can Skinnerian theory explain attention deficit disorder. A reply to Barkley ” . In Attention Deficit Disorder: Current Concepts and Emerging Trends in Attentional and Behavioral Disorders of Childhood , Edited by: Bloomingalde , L.M. and Sergeant , J.A. 235 – 54 . Elmsford, NY : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , V. I. and Peters , K.G. 1979 . “ Toward a clearer definition of the attentional deficit of hyperactive children ” . In Attention and Cognitive Development , Edited by: Hale , G.A. and Lewis , M. 173 – 247 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Doyle , A.E. , Faraone , S.V. , Seidman , L.J. , Willcutt , E.G. , Nigg , J.T. , Waldman , I.D. , Pennington , B.F. , Peart , J. and Biederman , J. 2005 . Are endophenotypes based on measures of executive functions useful for molecular genetic studies of ADHD? . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 46 : 774 – 803 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPaul , G.J. , McGoey , K.E. , Eckert , T.L. and VanBrankle , J. 2001 . Preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Impairments in behavioral, social, and school functioning . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 40 : 508 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durston , S. , Davidson , M.C. , Mulder , M.J. , Spicer , J.A. , Galvan , A. Tottenham , N. 2007 . Neural and behavioral correlates of expectancy violations in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 : 881 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durston , S. , Hulshoff Pol , H.E. , Schnack , H.G. , Buitelaar , J.K. , Steenhuis , M.P. Minderaa , R.B. 2004 . Magnetic resonance imaging of boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings . Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry , 43 : 332 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durston , S. , Tottenham , N.T. , Thomas , K.M. , Davidson , M.C. , Eigsti , I.M. Yang , Y. 2003 . Differential patterns of striatal activation in young children with and without ADHD . Biological Psychiatry , 53 : 871 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger , H.L. and Angold , A. 2006 . Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 47 : 313 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , N. , Fabes , R.A. , Guthrie , I.K. and Reiser , M. 2000 . Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 : 136 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone , S.V. 2000 . Genetics of childhood disorders: XX. ADHD, Part 4: Is ADHD genetically heterogeneous? . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 : 1455 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone , S.V. , Biederman , J. , Krifcher Lehman , B. , Spencer , T. , Norman , D. , Seidman , L. , Kraus , I. , Perrin , J. , Chen , W. and Tsuang , M. T. 1993 . Intellectual performance and school failure in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and in their siblings . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 102 : 616 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felton , R.H. , Wood , F.B. , Brown , I.S. , Campbell , S.K. and Harter , M.R. 1987 . Separate verbal memory and naming deficits in attention deficit disorder and reading disability . Brain and Language , 31 : 171 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipek , P.A. , Semrud-Clikeman , M. , Steingard , R.J. , Renshaw , P.F. , Kennedy , D.N. and Biederman , J. 1997 . Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls . Neurology , 48 : 589 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier , T.W. , Demaree , H.A. and Youngstrom , E.A. 2004 . Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Neuropsychology , 18 : 543 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadow , K.D. , Sprafkin , J. and Nolan , E.E. 2001 . DSM-IV symptoms in community and clinic preschool children . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 40 : 1383 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Sanchez , C. , Estevez-Gonzalez , A. , Suarez-Romero , E. and Junque , C. 1997 . Right hemisphere dysfunction in subjects with attention-deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity . Journal of Child Neurology , 12 : 107 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geurts , H. M. , Verte , S. , Oosterlaan , J. , Roeyers , H. and Sergean , J. A. 2004 . How specific are executive functioning deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism? . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 45 : 836 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd , J.N. , Castellanos , F.X. , Casey , B.J. , Kozuch , P. , King , A.C. Hamburger , S.D. 1994 . Quantitative morphology of the corpus callosum in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 665 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , R. W. , Biederman , J. , Faraone , S. V. , Sienna , M. and Garcia-Jetton , J. 1997 . Adolescent outcome of ADHD children with social disability: Results from a four year longitudinal follow up study . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 65 : 758 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , R. W. , Biederman , J. , Faraone , S.V. , Wilens , T.E. , Mick , E. and Blier , H.K. 1999 . Further validation of social impairment as a predictor of substance use disorders: Findings from a sample of siblings of boys with and without ADHD . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 28 : 349 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald-Mayes , G. 2002 . Relationship between current quality of life and family of origin dynamics for college students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Attention Disorders , 5 : 211 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haenlein , M. and Caul , W.F. 1987 . Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: A specific hypothesis of reward dysfunction . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 26 : 356 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halperin , J.M. and Schulz , K.P. 2006 . Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Psychological Bulletin , 132 : 560 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halperin , J.M. and Healey , D.M. 2011 . The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? . Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews , 35 : 621 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , L.S. , Levitt , J.G. , O'Neill , J. , Alger , J.R. , Luders , E. Phillips , O.R. 2008 . Reduced white matter integrity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Neuroreport , 19 : 1705 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton , S.C. , Reader , S.K. , Preston , A.S. , Fennell , E.B. , Puyana , O.E. and Gill , N. 2001 . Test of everyday attention for children (TEA-Ch): Patterns of performance in children with ADHD and clinical controls . Child Neuropsychology , 7 : 251 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilman , K.M. , Voeller , K.K.S. and Nadeau , S.E. 1991 . A possible pathophysiologic substrate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Child Neurology , 6 : S76 – S81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiligenstein , E. and Keeling , R. P. 1995 . Presentation of unrecognized attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in college students . Journal of American College Health , 43 : 226 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hervey , A.S. , Epstein , J.N. , Curry , J.F. , Tonev , S. , Eugene Arnold , L.E. Keith Conners , C.K. 2006 . Reaction time distribution analysis of neuropsychological performance in an ADHD sample . Child Neuropsychology , 12 : 125 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , D.E. , Yeo , R.A. , Campbell , R.A. , Hart , B. , Vigil , J. and Brooks , W. 2003 . Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children . Neuropsychology , 17 : 496 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw , S.P. 1992 . Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms . Psychological Bulletin , 111 : 127 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoza , B. , Gerdes , A.C. , Mrug , S. , Hinshaw , S.P. , Bukowski , W.M. Gold , J.A. 2005 . Peer-assessed outcomes in the multimodal treatment study of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 34 : 74 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , C. , Dunn , J. and White , A. 1998 . Trick or treat?: Uneven understanding of mind and emotion and executive dysfunction in “hard-to-manage” preschoolers . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 39 : 981 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynd , G.W. , Hern , K.L. , Novey , E.S. , Eliopulos , D. , Marshall , R. Gonzalez , J.J. 1993 . Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and asymmetry of the caudate nucleus . Journal of Child Neurology , 8 : 339 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynd , G.W. , Semrud-Clikeman , M. , Lorys , A.R. , Novey , E.S. and Eliopulos , D. 1990 . Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity . Archives of Neurology , 47 : 919 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynd , G.W. , Semrud-Clikeman , M. , Lorys , A.R. , Novey , E.S. , Eliopulos , D. and Lyytinen , H. 1991 . Corpus callosum morphology in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: morphometric analysis of MRI . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 24 : 141 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobson , A. and Kikas , E. 2007 . Cognitive functioning in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid learning disabilities . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 40 : 194 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen , E.B. and Sagvolden , T. 2004 . Response disinhibition may be explained as an extinction deficit in an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Behavioural Brain Research , 149 : 183 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kates , W.R. , Frederikse , M. , Mostofsky , S.H. , Folley , B.S. , Cooper , K. Mazur-Hopkins , P. 2002 . MRI parcellation of the frontal lobe in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or Tourette syndrome . Psychiatry Research , 116 : 63 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenan , K. and Wakschlag , L.S. 2002 . Can a valid diagnosis of disruptive behavior disorder be made in preschool children? . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 : 351 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingberg , T. , Fernell , E. , Olesen , P.J. , Johnson , M. , Gustafsson , P. Dahlstrom , K . 2005 . Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD — a randomized, controlled trial . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 177 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolko , D.J. , Loar , L.L. and Sturnick , D. 1990 . Inpatient social-cognitive skills training with conduct disordered and attention deficit disordered children . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 31 : 737 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntsi , J. , Oosterlaan , J. and Stevenson , J. 2001 . Psychological mechanisms in hyperactivity: I. Response inhibition deficit, working memory impairment, delay aversion, or something else? . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 42 : 199 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau , F. and Moore , L.A. 1991 . Social skills deficits in children with ADHD . School Psychology Review , 20 : 235 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leth-Steensen , C. , Elbaz , Z.K. and Douglas , V.I. 2000 . Mean response times, variability, and skew in the responding of ADHD children: A response time distributional approach . Acta Psychologica , 104 : 167 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Q. , Sun , J. , Guo , L. , Zang , Y. , Feng , Z. , Huang , X. , Yang , H. , Lv , Y. , Huang , M. and Gong , Q. 2010 . Increased fractional anisotropy in white matter of the right frontal region in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study . Activas Nervosa Superior Redivida , 52 : 193 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Lijffijt , M. , Kenemans , J.L. , Verbaten , M.N. and Van Engeland , H. 2005 . A meta-analytic review of stopping performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Deficient inhibitory motor control? . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 114 : 216 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loge , D.V. , Staton , R.D. and Beatty , W.W. 1990 . Performance of children with ADHD on tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 29 : 540 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luman , M. , Oosterlaan , J. , Hyde , C. , van Meel , C.S. and Sergeant , J.A. 2007 . Heart rate and reinforcement sensitivity in ADHD . Journal of Child Psychology and psychiatry , 48 : 890 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyoo , I.K. , Noam , G.G. , Lee , C.K. , Lee , H.K. , Kennedy , B.P. and Renshaw , P.F. 1996 . The corpus callosum and lateral ventricles in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A brain magnetic resonance imaging study . Biological Psychiatry , 40 : 1060 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maedgen , J. W. and Carlson , C. L. 2000 . Social functioning and emotional regulation in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 29 : 30 – 42 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Makris , N. , Buka , S.L. , Biederman , J. , Papadimitriou , G.M. , Hodge , S.M. Valera , E.M. 2007 . Attention and executive systems abnormalities in adults with childhood ADHD: A DT-MRI study of connections . Cerebral Cortex , 18 : 1210 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariani , M. and Barkley , R. A. 1997 . Neuropsychological and academic functioning in preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Developmental Neuropsychology , 13 : 111 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks , D.J. , Berwid , O.G. , Santra , A. , Kera , E.C. , Cyrulnik , S.E. and Halperin , J.M. 2005 . Neuropsychological correlates of ADHD symptoms in preschoolers . Neuropsychology , 19 : 446 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martel , M.M. , Nigg , J.T. and von Eye , A. 2009 . How do trait dimensions map onto ADHD symptom domains? . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 37 : 337 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinussen , R. , Hayden , J. , Hogg-Johnson , S. and Tannock , R. 2005 . A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 377 – 438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon , S.A. and Greenburg , L.M. 1977 . Serial neurologic examination of hyperactive children . Pediatrics , 59 : 584 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. , Birkner , C. , Kloss , M. , Jahn , H. , Hand , I. , Haasen , C. and Krausz , M. 2002 . Executive functioning in obsessive–compulsive disorder, unipolar depression, and schizophrenia . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 17 : 477 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostofsky , S.H. , Cooper , K.L. , Kates , W.R. , Denckla , M.B. and Kaufmann , W.E. 2002 . Smaller prefrontal and premotor volumes in boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 52 : 785 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostofsky , S.H. , Reiss , A.L. , Lockhart , P. and Denckla , M.B. 1998 . Evaluation of cerebellar size in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Child Neurology , 13 : 434 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MTA Cooperative Group . 1999 . A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 : 1088 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller , B. W. , Gimbel , K. , Keller-Pliessnig , A. , Sartory , G. , Gastpar , M. and Davids , E. 2007 . Neuropsychological assessment of adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience , 257 : 112 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , K.R. , Barkley , R. A. and Bush , T. 2001 . Executive functioning and olfactory identification in young adults with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder . Neuropsychology , 15 : 211 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg , J.T. and Casey , B.J. 2005 . An integrative theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder based on the cognitive and affective neurosciences . Development and Psychopathology , 17 : 785 – 806 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterlaan , J. and Sergeant , J.A. 1998 . Effects of reward and response cost on response inhibition in AD/HD, disruptive, anxious, and normal children . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 26 : 161 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavuluri , M.N. , Yang , S. , Kamineni , K. , Passarotti , A.M. , Srinivasan , G. Harral , E.M. 2009 . Diffusion tensor imaging study of white matter fiber tracts in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 65 : 586 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson , D.A. , Yaffee , L.S. , Loveland , K.A. and Norton , A.M. 1995 . Covert visual attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for developmental immaturity? . Development and Psychopathology , 7 : 351 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelham , W.E. and Bender , M.E. 1982 . Peer relationships in hyperactive children: Description and treatment . Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities , 1 : 365 – 436 .
   Google Scholar
• Pelham , W.E. , Foster , E.M. and Robb , J.A. 2007 . The economic impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents . Ambulatory Pediatrics , 7 : 121 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelham , W.E. and Milich , R. 1984 . Peer relationships in hyperactive children/attention deficit disorder . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 17 : 560 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington , B.F. , Groisser , D. and Welsh , M.C. 1993 . Contrasting cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder versus reading disability . Developmental Psychology , 29 : 511 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington , B.F. and Ozonoff , S. 1996 . Executive functions and developmental psychopathology . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 37 : 51 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piek , J. P. , Pitcher , T. M. and Hay , D. A. 1999 . Motor coordination and kinaesthesis in boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology , 41 : 159 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , M.I. and Petersen , S.E. 1990 . The attention system of the human brain . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 13 : 25 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quay , H.C. 1988a . “ Attention deficit disorder and the behavioral inhibition system: The relevance of the neuropsychological theory of Jeffrey A. Gray ” . In Attention Deficit Disorder: Criteria, Cognition, Intervention , Edited by: Bloomingdale , L.M. and Sergeant , J.A. 117 – 25 . Oxford : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Quay , H.C. 1988b . “ The behavioral reward and inhibition system in childhood behaviour disorder ” . In Attention Deficit Disorder , Edited by: Bloomingdalte , L.M. Vol. 3 , 176 – 85 . Oxford : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Quay , H.C. 1988c . Reward, inhibition, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 27 : 262 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quay , H.C. 1997 . Inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 25 : 7 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafalovich , A. 2001 . Psychodynamic and neurological perspectives on ADHD: Exploring strategies for defining a phenomenon . Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour , 31 : 397 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , G.P. , Samuels , S.J. , Turnure , J.E. and Ysseldyke , J.E. 1990 . Sustained and selective attention in children with learning disabilities . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 23 : 129 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rommelse , N.N.J. , Altink , M.E. , de Sonneville , L.M.J. , Buschgens , C.J.M. , Buitelaar , J. , Oosterlaan , J. and Sergeant , J.A. 2007 . Are motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility dead ends in ADHD? . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 35 : 957 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia , K. , Overmeyer , S. , Taylor , E. , Brammer , M. , Williams , S.C.R. Simmons , A. 1999 . Hypofrontality in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: a study with functional MRI . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 891 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagvolden , T. , Johansen , E.B. , Aase , H. and Russell , V.A. 2005 . A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 28 : 397 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz , K.P. , Fan , J. , Tang , C.Y. , Newcorn , J.H. , Buchsbaum , M.S. Cheung , A.M. 2004 . Response inhibition in adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood: An event-related FMRI study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 : 1650 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz , K.P. , Newcorn , J.H. , Fan , J. , Tang , C.Y. and Halperin , J.M. 2005 . Brain activation gradients in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex related to persistence of ADHD in adolescence . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 47 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman , L.J. , Biederman , J. , Faraone , S.V. , Weber , W. and Ouellette , C. 1997 . Toward defining a neuropsychology of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Performance of children and adolescents from a large clinically referred sample . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 65 : 150 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman , L.J. , Biederman , J. , Valera , E.M. , Monuteaux , M.C. , Doyle , A.E. and Faraone , S.V. 2006 . Neuropsychological functioning in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without learning disabilities . Neuropsychology , 20 : 166 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semrud-Clikeman , M. , Filipek , P.A. , Biederman , J. , Steingard , R. , Kennedy , D. Renshaw , P. 1994 . Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Magnetic resonance imaging morphometric analysis of the corpus callosum . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 33 : 875 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeant , J. 2000 . The cognitive-energetic model: An empirical approach to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 24 : 7 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeant , J. 2005 . Modeling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A critical appraisal of the cognitive-energetic model . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 1248 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeant , J. , Geurts , H. , Huijbregts , S. , Scheres , A. and Oosterlaan , J. 2003 . The top and the bottom of ADHD: A neuropsychological perspective . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 27 : 583 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeant , J. , Oosterlaan , J. and Van der Meere , J.J. 1999 . “ Information processing and energetic factors in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ” . In Handbook of Disruptive Behavior Disorders , Edited by: Quay , H.C. and Hogan , A. 75 – 104 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shalev , L. , Tsal , Y. and Mevorach , C. 2007 . Computerized progressive attentional training (CPAT) program: Effective direction intervention for children with ADHD . Child Neuropsychology , 13 : 382 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , P. , Eckstrand , K. , Sharp , W. , Blumenthal , J. , Lerch , J.P. Greenstein , D. 2007a . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 104 : 19649 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , P. , Gornick , M. , Lerch , J. , Addington , A. , Seal , J. Greenstein , D. 2007b . Polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor, clinical outcome, and cortical structure in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 64 : 921 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , P. , Lerch , J. , Greenstein , D. , Sharp , W. , Clasen , L. Evans , A. 2006 . Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 63 : 540 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw-Zirt , B. , Popali-Lehane , L. , Chaplin , W. and Bergman , A. 2005 . Adjustment, social skills, and self-esteem in college students with symptoms of ADHD . Journal of Attention Disorders , 8 : 109 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaywitz , S.E. and Shaywitz , B.A. 1984 . Diagnosis and management of attention deficit disorder: A pediatric perspective . Pediatric Clinics of North America , 31 : 429 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppard , D. , Bradshaw , J. , Georgiou , N. , Bradshaw , J. and Lee , P. 2000 . Movement sequencing in children with Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Movement Disorders , 15 : 1184 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silk , T.J. , Vance , A. , Rinehart , N. , Bradshaw , J.L. and Cunnington , R. 2009 . White-matter abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study . Human Brain Mapping , 30 : 2757 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , I. M. and Bryson , S.E. 1994 . Imitation and action in autism: A critical review . Psychological Bulletin , 116 : 259 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E.J. 2002 . Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD — a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition . Behavioural Brain Research , 10 : 29 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E.J. and Castellanos , F.X. 2007 . Spontaneous attentional fluctuations in impaired states and pathological conditions: A neurobiological hypothesis . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 31 : 977 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E.J. , Dalen , L. , Daley , D. and Remington , B. 2002 . Are planning, working memory, and inhibition associated with individual differences in preschool ADHD symptoms? . Developmental Neuropsychology , 21 : 255 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E.J. , Taylor , E. , Sembi , S. and Smith , S. 1992 . Hyperactivity and delay aversion-I. The effect of delay on choice . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 33 : 387 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowell , E.R. , Thompson , P.M. , Welcome , S.E. , Henkenius , A.L. , Toga , A.W. and Peterson , B.S. 2003 . Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Lancet , 362 : 1699 – 1707 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprich-Buckminster , S. , Biederman , J. , Milberger , S. , Faraone , S.V. and Lehman , B.K. 1993 . Are perinatal complications relevant to the manifestation of ADD? Issues of comorbidity and familiarity . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 32 : 1032 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanatos , G.A. and Wasserstein , J. 2001 . Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a right hemisphere syndrome . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 931 : 172 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steger , J. , Imhof , K. , Coutts , E. , Gundelfinger , R. , Steinhausen , H. and Brandeis , D. 2001 . Attentional and neuromotor deficits in ADHD . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 43 : 172 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , J.M. , Kraemer , H.C. , Hinshaw , S.P. , Arnold , L.E. , Conners , C.K. Abikoff , H.B. 2001 . Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 40 : 168 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szatmari , P. , Oxord , D.R. and Boyle , M.H. 1989 . Correlates, associated impairments and patterns of service utilization of children with ADHD: Finding from the Ontario Child Health Study . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 30 : 205 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamm , L. , Hughes , C. , Ames , L. , Pickering , J. , Silver , C.H. , Stavinoha , P. Castillo , C.L. 2010 . Attention training for school-ages children with ADHD: Results of an open trial . Journal of Attention Disorders , 14 : 86 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamm , L. , Menon , V. , Ringel , J. and Reiss , A.L. 2004 . Event-related fMRI evidence of frontotemporal involvement in aberrant response inhibition and task switching in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 43 : 1430 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripp , G. and Alsop , B. 2001 . Sensitivity to reward delay in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 42 : 691 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsal , Y. , Shalev , L. and Mevorach , C. 2005 . The diversity of attention deficits in ADHD: The prevalence of four cognitive factors in ADHD versus controls . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 38 : 142 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uddin , L.Q. , Kelly , A.M. , Biswal , B.B. , Margulies , D.S. , Shehzad , Z. Shaw , D. 2008 . Network homogeneity reveals decreased integrity of default-mode network in ADHD . Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 169 : 249 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya , C.J. , Austin , G. , Kirkorian , G. , Ridlehuber , H.W. , Desmond , J.E. Glover , G.H. 1998 . Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A functional magnetic resonance study . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 95 : 14494 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valera , E.M. , Faraone , S.V. , Biederman , J. , Poldrack , R.A. and Seidman , L.J. 2005 . Functional neuroanatomy of working memory in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 439 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meere , J. , Shalev , R. , Borger , N. and Gross-Tsur , V. 1995 . Sustained attention, activation and MPH in ADHD: A research note . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 36 : 697 – 703 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Oord , S. , Van der Meulen , E.M. , Prins , P.J.M. , Oosterlaan , J. , Buitelaar , J.K. and Emmelkamp , P.M.G. 2005 . A psychometric evaluation of the social skills rating system in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Behavioral Research and Therapy , 43 : 733 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werry , J.S. , Minde , K. , Guzman , A. , Weiss , G. , Dogan , J. and Hoy , W. 1972 . Studies on the hyperactive child-VII: Neurological status compared with neurotic and normal children . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 42 : 441 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmont , S. and Clark , C. 1996 . Kinaesthetic acuity and fine motor skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A preliminary report . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 38 : 1091 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilens , T.E. , Biederman , J. , Brown , S. , Monuteaux , M. , Prince , J. and Spencer , T.J. 2002 . Patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in clinically referred preschoolers . Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 23 : S31 – S36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilens , T.E. , Biederman , J. , Brown , S. , Tanguay , S. , Monuteaux , M.C. , Blake , C. and Spencer , T.J. 2002 . Psychiatric comorbidity and functioning in clinically referred preschool children and school-age youths with ADHD . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 41 : 262 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E.G. , Doyle , A.E. , Nigg , J.T. , Faraone , S.V. and Pennington , B.F. 2005 . Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 1336 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar