Integrating the Psychoanalytic and Neurobiological Views of Panic Disorder

References

• Anisman, H., Zaharia, M. D., Meaney, M. J., & Merali, Z. (1998). Do early-life events permanently alter behavioral and hormonal responses to stressors? International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 16: 149–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldji, C., Tannenbaum, B., Sharma, S., Francis, D., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, J. M. (1998). Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 95: 5335–5340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cedarbaum, J. M., & Aghajanian, G. K. (1978). Afferent projections to the rat locus coeruleus as determined by a retrograde tracing technique. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 178: 1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, D. E. M. (1992). Classical psychoanalysis and classical conditioning: Guilt (and other affects) by association. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 12: 374–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coplan, J. D., Andrews, M. W., Rosenblum, L. A., Owens, M. J., Friedman, S., Gorman J. M., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1996). Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: Implications for the patho-physiology of mood and anxiety disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 93: 1619–1623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. (1992). The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 15: 353–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeOca, B. M., DeCola, J. P., Maren, S., & Fanselow, M. S. (1998). Distinct regions of the periaqueductal gray are involved in the acquisition and expression of defensive responses. Journal of Neuroscience, 18: 3426–3432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, D. D., Diorio J., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (2002). Environmental enrichment reverses the effects of maternal separation on stress reactivity. Journal of Neuroscience, 22: 7840–7843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, D. D., & Meaney, M. J. (1999). Maternal care and the development of stress responses. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 9: 128–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1895 [1894]). On the grounds for detaching a particular syndrome from neurasthenia under the description “anxiety neurosis.” Standard Edition, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1920). Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Standard Edition, 18.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1926 [1925]). Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety. Standard Edition, 20.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, J., & Koelling, R. A. (1966). Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science, 4: 123–124.
   Google Scholar
• Goddard, G. V., Mclntyre, D. C., & Leech, C. K. (1969) A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Experimental Neurology, 25: 295–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hariri, A. R., Mattay, V. S., Tessitore, A., & Kolachana, G. (2002). Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science, 297: 400–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. J., & Fanselow, M. S. (1992). Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear. Science, 256: 675–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konorski, J. (1968). Conditioned Reflexes and Neuron Organization. New York: Hafner Pub. Co.
   Google Scholar
• LeDoux, J. E., Cicchetti, P., Xagoraris, A., & Romanski, L. M. (1990). The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: Sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience, 10: 1062–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeDoux, J. E., Iwata, J., Cicchetti, P., & Reis, D. J. (1988). Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear. Journal of Neuroscience, 8: 2517–2519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch, K. P. (2001). Molecular foundation of anxiety disorders. Journal of Neural Transmission, 108: 717–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenberg, J. D. (1989). Psychoanalysis and Motivation. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., Sharma, S., Pearson, D., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1997). Maternal care, hippocampal gluco-corticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science, 277: 1659–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally, R. J. (1999). Theoretic Approaches to the Fear of Anxiety. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, M. A., Romanski, L. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993). Extinction of emotional learning: Contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience Letters, 163 (1): 109–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrell, F. (1973). Goddard’s Kindling Phenomenon: A New Model of the “Mirror Focus,” in Chemical Modulation of Brain Function. New York: Raven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex, ed. G. V. Anrep. New York: Boyer, 1960.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. M., & Hall, G. (1980). A model for Pavlovian Conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not unconditioned stimuli. Psychological Review, 87: 332–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philips, R. G., & LeDoux, J. E. (1992). Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106: 274–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post, M. D., & Kopanda, M. A. (1976). Cocaine, kindling, and psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133: 627–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, J. L., & Amaral, D. G. (1981). An autoradiographic study of the projections of the central nucleus of the monkey amygdala. Journal of Neuroscience, 1: 1242–1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racine, R. J. (1972a). Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: I. After-discharge threshold. Electro-encephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 32: 269–280.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Racine, R. J. (1972b). Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: II. Motor Seizure. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 32: 281–294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reiser, M. F. (1984). Mind, Brain, Body: Toward a Convergence of Psychoanalysis and Neurobiology. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behavior Research and Therapy, 24: 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla, R. A. (1988). Pavlovian conditioning. It’s not what you think it is. American Psychologist, 43: 151–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla, R. A., & Cunningham, C. L. (1979). Spatial contiguity facilitates Pavlovian second-order conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes, 5: 152–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkranz, J. A., & Grace, A. A. (1999). Modulation of basolateral amygdala neuronal firing and afferent drive by dopamine receptor activation in vivo. Journal of Neuroscience, 19: 11027–11039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafe, G. E., Nader, K., Blair, H. T., & LeDoux, J. E. (2001). Memory consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning: A cellular and molecular perspective. Trends in Neuro-sciences, 24: 540–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, A. (1987). Drives, affects, behavior and learning: Approaches to a psychobiology of emotion and to an integration of psychoanalytic and neurobiologic thought. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 35: 467–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, A. (1990). To soothe or not to soothe—or when and how: Neurobiological and learning-psychological considerations of some complex clinical questions. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 10: 554–566.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, M. B., Walker, J. R., Anderson, G., Hazen, A. L., Ross, C. A., Eldridge, G., & Forde, D. R. (1996). Childhood physical and sexual abuse in patients with anxiety disorders and in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153: 275–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tweed, J. L., Schoenbach, V. J., George, L. K., & Blazer, D. G. (1989). The effects of childhood parental death and divorce on six-month history of anxiety disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154: 823–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vosu, H., & Wise, R. A. (1975). Cholinargic seizure kindling in the rat: Comparison of caudate, amygdala, and hippocampus. Behavioral Biology., 13: 491–495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wager, T. D., Phan, K. L., Liberzon, I., & Taylor, S. F. (2003). Valence, gender, and lateralization of functional brain anatomy in emotion: A meta-analysis of findings from neu-roimaging. Neurolmage, 19 (3): 513–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, A. R. (1969). SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. In: Information Processing in Animals: Memory Mechanisms, ed. N. E. Spear & R. R. Miller. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 5–47.
   Google Scholar