References
- Ajder, H., Patrini, G., Cavalli, F., & Cullen, L. (2019). The state of deepfakes: Landscape, threats, and impact. DeepTrace.
- Bates, S. (2017). Revenge porn and mental health: A qualitative analysis of the mental health effects of revenge porn of female survivors. Feminist Criminology, 12(1), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085116654565
- Burkell, J., & Gosse, C. (2019). Nothing new here: Emphasizing the social and cultural context of deepfakes. First Monday, 24(12). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i12.10287
- BuzzFeedVideo. (2018, April 17). You won’t believe what Obama says in this video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQ54GDm1eL0
- Chesney, R., & Citron, D. K. (2019). Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security. California Law Review, 107, 1752–1819.
- Citron, D. K. (2014). Criminalizing revenge porn. Wake Forest Law Review, 49(2), 345–391.
- Cole, S. (2017, December 11). AI-assisted fake porn is here and we’re all fucked. Motherboard. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/gydydm/gal-gadot-fake-ai-porn
- Cole, S. (2018a, January 24). We are truly fucked: Everyone is making AI-generated fake porn now. Motherboard. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/bjye8a/reddit-fake-porn-app-daisy-ridley
- Cole, S. (2018b, February 6). Pornhub is banning AI-generated fake porn videos, says they’re non-consensual. Motherboard. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/zmwvdw/pornhub-bans-deepfakes
- Cole, S. (2018c, June 18). Deepfakes were created as a way to own women’s bodies—we can’t forget that. Vice. https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/nekqmd/deepfake-porn-origins-sexism-reddit-v25n2
- Cole, S. (2018d, August 14). There is no tech solution to deepfakes. Motherboard. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/594qx5/there-is-no-tech-solution-to-deepfakes
- Cox, J. (2018, February 7). Pornhub and Twitter ban deepfake videos which swap celebs’ faces onto porn stars. The Sun. https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/5518474/pornhub-twitter-deepfake-videos-pornstars-celebs-taylor-swift-gal-gadot-xrated/
- Day, C. (2019). The future of misinformation. Computing in Science and Engineering, 21(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2018.2874117
- Durant, J. (1999). Participatory technology assessment and the democratic model of the public understanding of science. Science and Public Policy, 26(5), 313–319. https://doi.org/10.3152/147154399781782329
- Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Addison Wesley Longman Ltd.
- Fletcher, J. (2018). Deepfakes, artificial intelligence, and some kind of dystopia: The new faces of online post-fact performance. Theatre Journal, 70(4), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1353/tj.2018.0097
- Galante, L., & Shaun, E. (2018, September 11). Defining Russian interference: An analysis of select 2014 to 2018 cyber enabled incidents. Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Defining_Russian_Election_Interference_web.pdf
- Johannesson, I. A. (2010). The politics of historical discourse analysis: A qualitative research method? Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 31(2), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596301003679768
- Kilbourne, J. (1979). Killing us softly: Advertising’s image of women. Lazarus M and Wunderlich R (Directors). Cambridge Documentary Films.
- Lather, P. (1986). Research as praxis. Harvard Educational Review, 56, 257–277.
- Lazar, M. M. (2007). Feminist critical discourse analysis: Articulating a feminist discourse praxis. Critical Discourse Studies, 4(20), 141–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405900701464816
- Li, Y., Chang, M. C., & Lyu, S. (2018). In Ictu Oculi: Exposing AI generated fake facevideos by detecting eye blinking. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.02877.pdf
- Maddocks, S. (2020). ‘A deepfake porn plot intended to silence me’: Exploring continuities between pornographic and ‘political’ deep fakes. Porn Studies, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2020.1757499
- McGlynn, C., Rackley, E., & Houghton, R. (2017). Beyond ‘revenge porn’: The continuum of image-based abuse. Feminist Legal Studies, 25(1), 25–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-017-9343-2
- Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. Screen, 16(3), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/16.3.6
- Murphy, M. (2018, September 26). Facebook reveals 'deepfake' avatars that bear uncanny resemblance to humans. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/09/26/facebook-reveals-deepfake-avatars-bear-uncanny-resemblance-humans/
- Olson, P. (2018, March 15). Fake-news makers, beware: This firm claims it can oust a photo with one fake pixel. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2018/03/15/fake-news-photos-startup-oxford-facebook-google/#564f78ca5530
- O’Reilly, S. (2018, February 3). Thanks to FakeApp, Nicolas Cage is about to become the biggest movie star of all time. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/nicolas-cage-is-now-being-spliced-into-every-film-ever-made-1.3376456
- Powell, A., Henry, N., & Flynn, A. (2018). Image-based sexual abuse. In W. S. DeKeseredy & M. Dragiewicz (Eds.), Routledge handbook of critical criminology (pp. 305–315). Routledge.
- Tonkiss, F. (1998). Analyzing discourse. In C. Seale (Ed.), Researching society and culture (pp. 245–260). Sage Publications.
- van der Nagel, E. (2020). Verifying images: Deepfakes, control, and consent. Porn Studies, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2020.1741434
- Vickery, J. R., & Everbach, T., (Eds.), (2018). Mediating misogyny: Gender, technology, and harassment. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Wagner, T. L., & Blewer, A. (2019). “The world is no longer real”: Deepfakes, gender, and the challengers of AI-altered video. Open Information Science, 3(1), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2019-0003