1,278
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Explaining self-esteem differences between Chinese and North Americans: Dialectical self (vs. self-consistency) or lack of positive self-regard

, &
Pages 113-128 | Received 06 Feb 2006, Accepted 11 Oct 2006, Published online: 04 Mar 2008

References

  • Akimoto , S. A. and Sanbonmatsu , D. M. 1999 . Differences in self-effacing behavior between European and Japanese Americans: Effect on competence evaluation . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 30 : 159 – 177 .
  • Bailey , K. D. 1994 . “ Survey sampling and questionnaire construction ” . In Methods of social research , 4th ed , New York : Free Press . chap. 6
  • Baumeister , R. F. , Heatherton , T. F. and Tice , D. M. 1993 . When ego threats lead to self-regulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 64 : 141 – 156 .
  • Baumeister , R. F. and Tice , D. M. 1985 . Self-esteem and responses to success and failure: Subsequent performance and intrinsic motivation . Journal of Personality , 53 : 450 – 467 .
  • Bond , M. H. and Cheung , T. -S. 1983 . College students' spontaneous self-concept: The effect of culture among respondents in Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 14 : 153 – 171 .
  • Boney-McCoy , S. , Gibbons , F. X. and Gerrard , M. 1999 . Self-esteem, compensatory self-enhancement, and the consideration of health risk . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 25 : 954 – 965 .
  • Campbell , W. K. and Sedikides , C. 1999 . Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration . Review of General Psychology , 3 : 23 – 43 .
  • Cheung , T. S. , Chan , H. -M. , Chan , K. -M. , King , A. Y.-C. , Chiu , C. -Y. and Yang , C. -F. 2003 . On Zhongyong rationality: The Confucian doctrine of the mean as a missing link between instrumental rationality and communicative rationality . Asian Journal of Social Science , 31 : 107 – 127 .
  • Cheung , T. S. , Chan , H. -M. , Chan , K. -M. , King , A. Y.-C. , Chiu , C. -Y. and Yang , C. -F. 2006 . How Confucian are contemporary Chinese? Construction of an ideal type and its application to three Chinese communities . European Journal of East Asian Studies , 29 : 157 – 180 .
  • Chiu , C. -Y. and Hong , Y. -Y. 2006 . Social psychology of culture , New York : Psychology Press .
  • Choi , I. and Choi , Y. 2002 . Culture and self-concept flexibility . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28 : 1508 – 1517 .
  • Cialdini , R. B. , Wosinska , W. , Barrett , D. W. , Butner , J. and Gornik-Durose , M. 1999 . Compliance with a request in two cultures: The differential influence of social proof and commitment/consistency on collectivists and individualists . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 25 : 1242 – 1253 .
  • Gelfand , M. J. , Higgins , M. , Nishii , L. H. , Rava , J. L. , Dominquez , A. Murakami , F. 2002 . Culture and egocentric perceptions of fairness in conflict and negotiation . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 : 833 – 845 .
  • Gibbons , F. X. , Eggleston , T. J. and Benthin , A. C. 1997 . Cognitive reactions to smoking relapse: The reciprocal relation between dissonance and self-esteem . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 184 – 195 .
  • Greenberger , E. , Chen , C. , Dmitrieva , J. and Farruggia , S. P. 2003 . Item-wording and the dimensionality of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Do they matter? . Personality and Individual Differences , 35 : 1241 – 1254 .
  • Heine , S. J. , Lehman , D. R. , Markus , H. and Kitayama , S. 1999 . Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? . Psychological Review , 106 : 766 – 794 .
  • Heine , S. J. and Renshaw , K. 2002 . Interjudge agreement, self-enhancement, and liking: Cross-cultural divergences . Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin , 28 : 442 – 451 .
  • Higgins , E. T. , Friedman , R. S. , Harlow , R. E. , Idson , L. C. , Ayduk , O. N. and Taylor , A. 2000 . Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride . European Journal of Social Psychology , 30 : 1 – 23 .
  • Ip , W. M. Approaching positive outcomes versus preventing negative ones: Self-regulatory focus and its implications for close-mindedness and victimization , Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong 1999 Unpublished master's thesis
  • Ji , L. -J. , Nisbett , R. E. and Su , Y. 2001 . Culture, change, and prediction . Psychological Science , 12 : 450 – 456 .
  • Kanagawa , C. , Cross , S. E. and Markus , H. R. 2001 . “Who am I?” The cultural psychology of the conceptual self . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 : 90 – 103 .
  • Kitayama , S. and Markus , H. R. 2000 . “ The pursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy ” . In Culture and subjective well-being , Edited by: Diener , E. and Suh , E. M. 113 – 161 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Kitayama , S. , Takagi , H. and Matsumoto , H. 1995 . Causal attribution of success and failure: Cultural psychology of the Japanese self . Japanese Psychological Review , 38 : 247 – 280 .
  • Kitayama , S. and Uchida , Y. 2003 . Explicit self-criticism and implicit self-regard: Evaluating self and friend in two cultures . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 39 : 476 – 482 .
  • Kobayashi , C. and Brown , J. D. 2003 . Self-esteem and self-enhancement in Japan and America . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 34 : 567 – 580 .
  • Kudo , E. and Numazaki , M. 2003 . Explicit and direct self-serving bias in Japan: Reexamination of self-serving bias for success and failure . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 34 : 511 – 521 .
  • Kurman , J. 2001 . Self-enhancement: Is it restricted to individualistic cultures? . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 : 1705 – 1716 .
  • Kurman , J. 2003 . Why is self-enhancement low in certain collectivist cultures? An investigation of two competing explanations . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 34 : 496 – 510 .
  • McFarlin , D. B. , Baumeister , R. F. and Blascovich , J. 1984 . On knowing when to quit: Task failure, self-esteem, advice, and nonproductive persistence . Journal of Personality , 52 : 138 – 155 .
  • Muramoto , Y. 2003 . An indirect self-enhancement in relationships among Japanese . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 34 : 552 – 566 .
  • Oishi , S. , Wyer , R. S. Jr. and Colcombe , S. J. 2000 . Cultural variation in the use of current life satisfaction to predict the future . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 : 434 – 445 .
  • Peng , K. and Nisbett , R. E. 1999 . Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction . American Psychologist , 54 : 741 – 754 .
  • Rosenberg , M. 1965 . Society and adolescent self-image , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Roth , D. L. , Harris , R. N. and Snyder , C. R. 1988 . An individual differences measure of attributive and repudiative tactics of favorable self-presentation . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 6 : 159 – 170 .
  • Roth , D. L. , Snyder , C. R. and Pace , L. M. 1986 . Dimensions of favorable self-presentation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 31 : 867 – 874 .
  • Salili , F. 1995 . “ Explaining Chinese students' motivation and achievement ” . In Advances in motivation and achievement , Edited by: Maehr , M. L. and Pintrich , P. R. Vol. 9 , 73 – 118 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
  • Sedikides , C. , Gaertner , L. and Toguchi , Y. 2003 . Pancultural self-enhancement . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 : 6 – 79 .
  • Smith , G. E. , Gerrard , M. and Gibbons , F. X. 1997 . Self-esteem and the relationship between risk behavior and perceived vulnerability . Health Psychology , 16 : 137 – 146 .
  • Spencer-Rodgers , J. , Peng , K. , Wang , L. and Hou , Y. 2004 . Dialectical self-esteem and East – West differences in psychological well-being . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 : 1416 – 1432 .
  • Takata , T. 2003 . Self-enhancement and self-criticism in Japanese culture: An experimental analysis . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 34 : 542 – 551 .
  • Taylor , S. E. and Brown , J. D. 1988 . Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 193 – 210 .
  • Wooten , D. B. and Reed , A. 2004 . Playing it safe: Susceptibility to normative influence and protective self-presentation . Journal of Consumer Research , 31 : 551 – 556 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.