554
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Self-prospection and energization: The joint influence of time distance and consideration of future consequences

, &
Pages 22-36 | Received 21 Sep 2016, Accepted 27 Mar 2017, Published online: 09 Apr 2017

References

  • Addis, D. R., Sacchetti, D. C., Ally, B. A., Budson, A. E., & Schacter, D. L. (2009). Episodic simulation of future events is impaired in mild Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2660–2671.10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.05.018
  • Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 1–48.10.1080/10463280802613866
  • Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2011). Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009). Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 219–235.10.1177/1088868309341564
  • Ames, D. R., & Mason, M. F. (2012). Mind perception. In S. T. Fiske & C. N. Macrae (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of social cognition (pp. 115–137). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.10.4135/9781446247631
  • Anderson, C. A. (1983). Imagination and expectation: The effect of imagining behavioral scripts on personal influences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 293–305.10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.293
  • Brehm, J. W., & Self, E. A. (1989). The intensity of motivation. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 109–131.10.1146/annurev.ps.40.020189.000545
  • Brown, A. D., Dorfman, M. L., Marmar, C. R., & Bryant, R. A. (2012). The impact of perceived self-efficacy on mental time travel and social problem solving. Consciousness and Cognition, 21, 299–306.10.1016/j.concog.2011.09.023
  • Brunstein, J. C., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1996). Effects of failure on subsequent performance: The importance of self-defining goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 395–407.10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.395
  • Carlo, G., Okun, M. A., Knight, G. P., & De Guzman, M. R. (2005). The interplay of traits and motives on volunteering: Agreeableness, extraversion, and prosocial value motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1293–1305.10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.012
  • Carroll, J. S. (1978). The effect of imagining an event on expectations for the event: An interpretation in terms of the availability heuristic. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 88–96.10.1016/0022-1031(78)90062-8
  • Carver, C. S. (2010). Personality. In R. F. Baumeister & E. J. Finkel (Eds.), Advanced social psychology: The state of science (pp. 217–259). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Hepper, E. G., Arndt, J., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013). Back to the future: Nostalgia increases optimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 1484–1496.10.1177/0146167213499187
  • Cialdini, R. B. (2001). Harnessing the science of persuasion. Harvard Business Review, 79, 72–81.
  • Crisp, R. J., Husnu, S., Meleady, R., Stathi, S., & Turner, R. N. (2010). From imagery to intention: A dual route model of imagined contact effects. European Review of Social Psychology, 21, 188–236.10.1080/10463283.2010.543312
  • Duffy, E. (1934). Emotion: An example of the need for reorientation in psychology. Psychological Review, 41, 184–198.10.1037/h0074603
  • Dunning, D. (2007). Prediction: The inside view. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 69–90). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. (2007). Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological Methods, 12, 1–22.10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.1
  • Epstude, K., & Peetz, J. (2012). Mental time travel: A conceptual overview of social psychological perspectives on a fundamental human capacity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 269–275.10.1002/ejsp.v42.3
  • Gendolla, G., Wright, R. A., & Richter, M. (2012). Effort intensity: Some insights from the cardiovascular system. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of motivation (pp. 420–438). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. D. (2007). Prospection: Experiencing the future. Science, 317, 1351–1354.10.1126/science.1144161
  • Gregory, W. L., Cialdini, R. B., & Carpenter, K. M. (1982). Self-relevant scenarios as mediators of likelihood estimates and compliance: Does imagining make it so? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 88–99.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50, 1–22.10.1080/00273171.2014.962683
  • Heckhausen, H. (1991). Motivation and action. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag Publishing.10.1007/978-3-642-75961-1
  • Heller, D., Stephan, E., Kifer, Y., & Sedikides, C. (2011). What will I be? The role of temporal perspective in predictions of affect, traits, and self-narratives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 610–615.10.1016/j.jesp.2011.01.010
  • Hershfield, H. E. (2011). Future self-continuity: How conceptions of the future-self transform intertemporal choice. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1235, 30–43.10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06201.x
  • Husnu, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). Elaboration enhances the imagined contact effect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 943-950.‏10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.014
  • James, W. (1950). Principles of psychology. New York, NY: Dover. ( Originally published in 1890)
  • Johnson, E. J., Hershey, J., Meszaros, J., & Kunreuther, H. (1993). Framing, probability distortions, and insurance decisions. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 7, 35–51.10.1007/BF01065313
  • Joireman, J., Shaffer, M. J., Balliet, D., & Strathman, A. (2012). Promotion orientation explains why future-oriented people exercise and eat healthy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1272–1287.10.1177/0146167212449362
  • Joireman, J., Sprott, D., & Spangenberg, E. (2005). Fiscal responsibility and the consideration of future consequences. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1159–1168.10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.002
  • Kappes, H. B., & Oettingen, G. (2011). Positive fantasies about idealized futures sap energy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 719–729.10.1016/j.jesp.2011.02.003
  • Kawada, C. (2004). Self-regulatory thought in goal setting: Perceptual and cognitive processes. Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 12B (UMI 0419-4217).
  • Krosnick, J. A., & Sedikides, C. (1990). Self-monitoring and self-protective biases in use of consensus information to predict one’s own behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 718–728.10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.718
  • Kruglanski, A. W., Bélanger, J. J., Chen, X., Köpetz, C., Pierro, A., & Mannetti, L. (2012). The energetics of motivated cognition: A force-field analysis. Psychological Review, 119, 1–20.10.1037/a0025488
  • Kuhl, J., & Fuhrmann, A. (1998). Decomposing self-regulation and self-control: The volitional components inventory. In J. Heckhausen & C. Dweck (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulation across the life span (pp. 15–49). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511527869
  • Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (1998). The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 5–18.10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.5
  • Liberman, N., Trope, Y., & Stephan, E. (2007). Psychological distance. In E. T. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (Vol. 2, pp. 353–383). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Loewenstein, G. (1996). Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65, 272–292.10.1006/obhd.1996.0028
  • Luke, M. A., Sedikides, C., & Carnelley, K. (2012). Your love lifts me higher! The energizing quality of secure relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 721–733.10.1177/0146167211436117
  • Marks, D. F. (1972). Individual differences in the vividness of visual imagery and their effect on function. In P. W. Sheehan (Ed.), The function and nature of imagery (pp. 83–108). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • McCrae, R., & Costa, P. (1989). The NEO five factor inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106, 3–19.10.1037/0033-295X.106.1.3
  • Nisbett, R., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of human judgment. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Ntoumanis, N., Healy, L. C., Sedikides, C., Smith, A. L., & Duda, J. L. (2014). Self-regulatory responses to unattainable goals: The role of goal motives. Self and Identity, 13, 594–612.10.1080/15298868.2014.889033
  • Oettingen, G. (2012). Future thought and behaviour change. European Review of Social Psychology, 23, 1–63.10.1080/10463283.2011.643698
  • Oettingen, G., & Mayer, D. (2002). The motivating function of thinking about the future: Expectations versus fantasies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1198–1212.10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1198
  • Oettingen, G., Mayer, D., Sevincer, A. T., Stephens, E. J., Pak, H., & Hagenah, M. (2009). Mental contrasting and goal commitment: The mediating role of energization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 608–622.10.1177/0146167208330856
  • Oettingen, G., & Stephens, E. J. (2009). Fantasies and motivationally intelligent goal setting. In G. B. Moskowitz & H. Grant (Eds.), The psychology of goals (pp. 153–178). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Ouellette, J. A., Hessling, R., Gibbons, F. X., Reis-Bergan, M., & Gerrard, M. (2005). Using images to increase exercise behavior: Prototypes versus possible selves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 610–620.10.1177/0146167204271589
  • Oyserman, D., Bybee, D., & Terry, K. (2006). Possible selves and academic outcomes: How and when possible selves impel action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 188–204.10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.188
  • Peer, E., Vosgerau, J., & Acquisti, A. (2014). Reputation as a sufficient condition for data quality on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 1023–1031.10.3758/s13428-013-0434-y
  • Peetz, J., Wilson, A. E., & Strahan, E. J. (2009). So far away: The role of subjective temporal distance to future goals in motivation and behavior. Social Cognition, 27, 475–495.10.1521/soco.2009.27.4.475
  • Pronin, E., Olivola, C. Y., & Kennedy, K. A. (2008). Doing unto future selves as you would do unto others: Psychological distance and decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 224–236.
  • Pronin, E., & Ross, L. (2006). Temporal differences in trait self-ascription: When the self is seen as an other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 197–209.10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.197
  • Pronin, E., & Wegner, D. M. (2006). Manic thinking: Independent effects of thought speed and thought content on mood. Psychological Science, 17, 807–813.
  • Ross, M., & Wilson, A. E. (2002). It feels like yesterday: Self-esteem, valence of personal past experiences, and judgments of subjective distance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 592–803.
  • Schmeichel, B. J., & Baumeister, R. (2004). Self-regulatory strength. In R. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 84–98). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Sedikides, C., & Hepper, E. G. (2009). Self-improvement. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 899–917.
  • Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Cheung, W.-Y., Routledge, C., Hepper, E. G., Arndt, J., … Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2016). Nostalgia fosters self-continuity: Uncovering the mechanism (social connectedness) and consequence (eudaimonic well-being). Emotion, 16, 524–539.10.1037/emo0000136
  • Sevincer, A. T., Busatta, P. D., & Oettingen, G. (2013). Mental contrasting and transfer of energization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 139–152.
  • Sevincer, A. T., & Oettingen, G. (2015). Future thought and the self-regulation of energization. In G. H. E. Gendolla, M. Tops, & S. Koole (Eds.), Biobehavioral approaches to self-regulation (pp. 315–329). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Shepperd, J. A., Klein, W. M. P., Waters, E. A., & Weinstein, N. D. (2013). Taking stock of unrealistic optimism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 395–411.10.1177/1745691613485247
  • Sherman, S. J., Cialdini, R. B., Schwartzman, D. F., & Reynolds, K. D. (1985). Imagining can heighten or lower the perceived likelihood of contracting a disease: The mediating effect of ease of imagery. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 118–127.10.1177/0146167285111011
  • Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allow presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22, 1359–1366.10.1177/0956797611417632
  • Slotnick, S. D., Thompson, W. L., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2012). Visual memory and visual mental imagery recruit common control and sensory regions of the brain. Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 14–20.10.1080/17588928.2011.578210
  • Stephan, E., Sedikides, C., Heller, D., & Shidlovski, D. (2015). My fair future self: The role of temporal distance and self-enhancement in prediction. Social Cognition, 33, 149–168.10.1521/soco.2015.33.2.149
  • Stephan, E., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2012). Mental travel into the past: Differentiating recollections of nostalgic, ordinary, and positive events. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 290–298.10.1002/ejsp.v42.3
  • Stephan, E., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Cheung, W. Y., Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2015). Nostalgia-evoked inspiration: Mediating mechanisms and motivational implications. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 1395–1410.10.1177/0146167215596985
  • Strathman, A., Gleicher, F., Boninger, D. S., & Edwards, C. S. (1994). The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 742–752.10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.742
  • Thaler, R. H., & Shefrin, H. M. (1981). An economic theory of self-control. The Journal of Political Economy, 89, 392–406.10.1086/260971
  • Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117, 440–463.10.1037/a0018963
  • Van Tilburg, W. A. P., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2015). The mnemonic muse: Nostalgia fosters creativity through openness to experience. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 59, 1–7.10.1016/j.jesp.2015.02.002
  • Viard, A., Chetelat, G., Lebreton, K., Desgranges, B., Landeau, B., de La Sayette, V., & Piolino, P. (2011). Mental time travel into the past and the future in healthy aged adults: An fMRI study. Brain and Cognition, 75, 1–9.10.1016/j.bandc.2010.10.009
  • Wakslak, C. J., Nussbaum, S., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2008). Representations of the self in the near and distant future. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 757–773.10.1037/a0012939
  • Wakslak, C. J., Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2012). Self conceptualization, self guides, and regulatory scope: A construal level view. In S. Vazire & T. Wilson (Eds.), Handbook of self-knowledge (pp. 310–326). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Weinstein, N. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806–820.10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806
  • Wright, R. A. (1996). Brehm’s theory of motivation as a model of effort and cardiovascular response. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 424–453). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.