The motivation to maintain favorable identities

References

• Adler, A. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler. (H. L. Ansbacher & R. R. Ansbacher, Eds.). New York, NY: Harper Torchbooks.
   Google Scholar
• Alicke, M. D., & Govorun, O. (2005). The better-than-average effect. In M. D. Alicke, D. A. Dunning, & J. I. Krueger (Eds.), The self in social judgment (pp. 85–106). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alicke, M. D., LoSchiavo, F. M., Zerbst, J., & Zhang, S. (1997). The person who out performs me is a genius: Maintaining perceived competence in upward social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(4), 781–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 1–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2011a). Self-enhancement and self-protection: Historical overview and conceptual framework. In M. D. Alicke & C. Sedikides (Eds.), Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection (pp. 1–19). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (Eds.). (2011b). Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2019). Psychological immunity and personal identity. Manuscript under review.
   Google Scholar
• Alicke, M. D., Zell, E., & Guenther, C. L. (2013). Social self-analysis: Constructing, protecting, and enhancing the self. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 173–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York, NY: Holt.
   Google Scholar
• Allport, G. W. (1955). Becoming. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, J. W. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review, 64, 359–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Dale, K., & Sommer, K. L. (1998). Freudian defense mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology: Reaction formation, projection, displacement, undoing, isolation, sublimation, and denial. Journal of Personality, 66, 1081–1124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 6, 1–62.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Ze’ev, A. (2000). The subtlety of emotions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berlyne, D. E. (1962). Motivational problems raised by exploratory and epistemic behavior. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science. Study II: Empirical substructure and relations with other sciences. Vol. 5. The process areas, the person, and some applied fields: Their place in psychology and in science (pp. 284–364). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. doi:10.1037/10040-006
   Google Scholar
• Bernston, G. G., Gianaros, P. J., & Tsakiris, M. (2019). Interoception and the autonomic nervous system: Bottom up meets top down. In M. Tsakiris & H. DePreester (Eds.), The interoceptive mind: From homeostasis to awareness (pp. 3–23). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, H. (1998). Shakespeare: The invention of the human. New York, NY: Riverhead Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. The American Psychologist, 36, 129–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol.1: Attachment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bushman, B. J., Ridge, R. D., Das, E., Key, C. W., & Busath, G. L. (2007). When god sanctions killing: Effect of scriptural violence on aggression. Psychological Science, 18, 204–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1999). The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: From follows function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 839–855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory. The American Journal of Psychology, 39, 106–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review, 97, 19–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cofer, C. N., & Appley, M. H. (1964). Motivation: Theory and research. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Crews, F. (2017). Freud: The making of an illusion. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.
   Google Scholar
• Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108, 593–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damasio, A. (2005). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York, NY: Penguin Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Damasio, A. (2018). The strange order of things: Life, feeling, and the making of culture. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Damasio, A. R. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the pre-frontal cortex. Transactions of the Royal Society, 351, 413–1420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, H. I. (1982). Curiosity and the interested explorer. NSPI Journal, 5, 19–22.
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1995). Human autonomy. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 31–49). Boston, MA: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1280-0_3
   Google Scholar
• Dufner, M., Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2019). Self-enhancement and psychological adjustment: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23, 48–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, D. (2003). Emotion: A very short introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
   Google Scholar
• Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, R. H. (1988). Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Frankfurt, H. (1982). Freedom of the will and the concept of a person. In G. Watson (Ed.), Free will (pp. 81–95). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1961a). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 12–66). London, UK: Hogarth Press. [Original work published in 1923.]
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1961b). Instincts and their vicissitudes. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 111–142). London, UK: Hogarth Press. [Original work published in 1915.]
   Google Scholar
• Gebauer, J. E., Wagner, J., Sedikides, C., & Neberich, W. (2013). The relation between agency-communion and self-esteem is moderated by culture, religiosity, age, and sex: Evidence for the self-centrality breeds self-enhancement principle. Journal of Personality, 81, 261–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregg, A. P., Sedikides, C., & Gebauer, J. E. (2011). Dynamics of identity: Between self-enhancement and self-assessment. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (Vol. 1, pp. 305–327). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Güth, W., & Tietz, R. (1990). Ultimatum bargaining behavior: A survey and comparison of experimental results. Journal Of Economic Psychology, 11, 417–449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepper, E. G., Gramzow, R. H., & Sedikides, C. (2010). Individual differences in self-enhancement and self-protection strategies: An integrative analysis. Journal of Personality, 78, 781–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepper, E. G., Sedikides, C., & Cai, H. (2013). Self-enhancement and self-protection strategies in China: Cultural expressions of a fundamental human motive. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 44, 5–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoorens, V. (1993). Self-enhancement and superiority biases in social comparison. European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 113–139.
   Google Scholar
• Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and human growth. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
   Google Scholar
• Isen, A. M. (2000). Positive affect and decision making. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 417–435). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, L. E., Gaertner, L., & Batson, C. D. (2016). Can affect disengagement produce moral standard violation? Self and Identity, 15, 19–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, W. (1884). On some omissions of introspective psychology. Mind, 9, 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, E. E., & Berglas, S. (1978). Control of attributions about the self through self-handicapping strategies: The appeal of alcohol and the role of underachievement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 200–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, E. E., & Davis, K. E. (1965). From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in social psychology. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 219–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, J. J., Hoffman, M., Bloom, P., & Rand, D. G. (2016). Third-party punishment as a costly signal of trustworthiness. Nature, 530, 473–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., Becker, J., Osborne, D., & Badaan, V. (2017). Missing in (collective) action: Ideology, system justification, and the motivational antecedents of protest behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 99–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagan, J. (1955). Differential reward value of incomplete and complete sexual behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 48, 59–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 15, pp. 129–238). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Research and theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 284–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruglanski, A. W., & Ajzen, I. (1983). Bias and error in human judgment. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 1–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuster, F., Orth, U., & Meier, L. L. (2013). High self-esteem prospectively predicts better work conditions and outcomes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 668–675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange, C. G. (1885). Über gemüthsbewegungen: Eine psycho-physiologische studie (About emotions. A psycho-physiological study). (transl. D. H. Kurella). Leipzig, Germany: Theodor Thomas.
   Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., & Tangney, J. P. (2003). The self as an organizing construct in the behavioral sciences. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 1–18). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• LeDoux, J. E. (2015). Feelings: What are they and how does the brain make them? Dædalus, the Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 144, 96–111.
   Google Scholar
• Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Lutz, C., & White, G. M. (1986). The anthropology of emotions. Annual Review of Anthropology, 15, 405–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• McClelland, D. C. (1985). How motives, skills, and values determine what people do. American Psychologist, 40, 812–825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
   Google Scholar
• Moseley, G. L., Gallace, A., & Spence, C. (2012). Bodily illusions in health and disease: Physiological and clinical perspectives and the concept of a cortical “body matrix”. Neurosciences & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 34–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nisbett, R. A. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Olds, J., & Milner, P. (1954). Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47, 419–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2003). Freedom versus fear: On the defense, growth, and expansion of the self. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 314–343). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Raghunathan, R., & Trope, Y. (2002). Walking the tightrope between feeling good and being accurate: Mood as a resource in processing persuasive messages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 510–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 5–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanfey, A. G., Rilling, J. K., Aronson, J. A., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the ultimatum game. Science, 300, 1755–1758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513–523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C. (1992). Changes in the valence of the self as a function of mood. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 271–311.
   Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C. (1995). Central and peripheral self-conceptions are differentially influenced by mood: Tests of the differential sensitivity hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 759–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C. (2012). Self-protection. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 327–353). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C. (2018a). On the doggedness of self-enhancement and self-protection: How constraining are reality constraints? Self and Identity, 1–21. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1562961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C. (2018b). The need for positive feedback: Sociocultural consideration of self-evaluative motives in education. In G. A. D. Liem & D. M. McInerney (Eds.), Big theories revisited 2 (pp. 381–400). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., & Alicke, M. D. (2012). Self-enhancement and self-protection motives. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), Oxford handbook of motivation (pp. 303–322). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., & Alicke, M. D. (2019). The five pillars of self-enhancement and self-protection. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of human motivation (2nd ed., pp. 307–319). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2003). Portraits of the self. In M. A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds.), Sage handbook of social psychology (pp. 110–138). London, UK: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2008). Self-enhancement: Food for thought. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 102–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., & Strube, M. J. (1997). Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 209–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seth, A. K. (2013). Interoceptive inference, emotion, and the embodied self. Trends in Cognitive Science, 17, 565–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheffield, F. D., Wulff, J. J., & Backer, R. (1951). Reward value of copulation without sex drive reduction. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 44, 3–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Y., Sedikides, C., Cai, H., Liu, Y., & Yang, Z. (2017). Disowning the self: The cultural value of modesty can attenuate self-positivity. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70, 1023–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Showers, C. J., Abramson, L. Y., & Hogan, M. E. (1998). The dynamic self: How the content and structure of the self-concept change with mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 478–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, J. A., & Salovey, P. (1988). Mood and memory: Evaluating the network theory of affect. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 211–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling, P., & Eyer, J. (1988). Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In S. Fisher & J. Reason (Eds.), Handbook of life stress, cognition and health (pp. 629–649). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, H. S. (1947). Conceptions of modern psychiatry. Washington DC: William A. White Psychiatric Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Swann, W. B., Jr., Rentfrow, P. J., & Guinn, J. (2003). Self-verification: The search for coherence. In M. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 367–383). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomaes, S., Brummelman, E., & Sedikides, C. (2017). Why most children think highly of themselves. Child Development, 88, 1873–1884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8, 454–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• vanDellen, M. R., Campbell, W. K., Hoyle, R., & Bradfield, E. K. (2011). Compensating, resisting, and breaking: A meta-analytic examination of reactions to self-esteem threat. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 51–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1034–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojciszke, B., Baryla, W., Parzuchowski, M., Szymkow, A., & Abele, A. E. (2011). Self-esteem is dominated by agentic over communal information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 617–627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P. (Ed.). (2012). The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39, 117–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, X., Lee, M., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2019). Nostalgia increases financial risk-taking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45, 907–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar