300
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Global and body-related self-conscious emotions: exploring associations to positive and negative mental health

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 809-831 | Received 19 Aug 2022, Accepted 21 Feb 2023, Published online: 26 Feb 2023

References

  • Barlow, D. H., Farchione, T. J., Bullis, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Murray Latin, H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Bentley, K. H., Thompson-Hollands, J., Conklin, L. R., Boswell, J. F., Ametaj, A., Carl, J. R., Boettcher, H. T., & Cassiello-Robbins, C. (2017). The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders compared with diagnosis-specific protocols for anxiety disorders: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(9), 875–884. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2164
  • Barnes, L. L., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S. (2002). Reliability generalization of scores on the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(4), 603–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164402062004005
  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. Psychological Corporation.
  • Berg, K. C., Peterson, C. B., Frazier, P., & Crow, S. J. (2012). Psychometric evaluation of the eating disorder examination and eating disorder examination‐questionnaire: A systematic review of the literature. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45(3), 428–438. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20931
  • Blythin, S. P., Nicholson, H. L., Macintyre, V. G., Dickson, J. M., Fox, J. R., & Taylor, P. J. (2020). Experiences of shame and guilt in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: A systematic review. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 93(1), 134–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12198
  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research: Methodology in the social sciences. The Guilford Press.
  • Brunet, J., Pila, E., Solomon-Krakus, S., Sabiston, C. M., & O’loughlin, J. (2019). Self-esteem moderates the associations between body-related self-conscious emotions and depressive symptoms. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(6), 833–843. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316683786
  • Burney, J., & Irwin, H. J. (2000). Shame and guilt in women with eating‐disorder symptomatology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200001)56:1<51:AID-JCLP5>3.0.CO;2-W
  • Calogero, R. M., & Pina, A. (2011). Body guilt: Preliminary evidence for a further subjective experience of self-objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3), 428–440. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684311408564
  • Cândea, D. M., & Szentagotai-Tătar, A. (2018). Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness and anxiety symptoms: A meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 58, 78–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.07.005
  • Carver, C. S., Sinclair, S., & Johnson, S. L. (2010). Authentic and hubristic pride: Differential relations to aspects of goal regulation, affect, and self-control. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(6), 698–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.09.004
  • Castonguay, A. L., Brunet, J., Ferguson, L., & Sabiston, C. M. (2012). Weight-related actual and ideal self-states, discrepancies, and shame, guilt, and pride: Examining associations within the process model of self-conscious emotions. Body Image, 9(4), 488–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.07.003
  • Castonguay, A. L., Sabiston, C. M., Crocker, P. R. E., & Mack, D. E. (2014). Development and validation of the body and appearance self-conscious emotions scale (BASES). Body Image, 11(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.12.006
  • Castonguay, A. L., Sabiston, C. M., Kowalski, K. C., & Wilson, P. M. (2016). Introducing an instrument to measure body and fitness-related self-conscious emotions: The BSE-FIT. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 23, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.10.003
  • Cohen, L., & Huppert, J. D. (2018). Positive emotions and social anxiety: The unique role of pride. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(4), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9900-2
  • Crocker, P. R. E., McEwen, C., & Mosewich, A. D. (2013). Physical activity and self-perceptions among adults. In P. Ekkekakis (Ed.), Handbook of physical activity and mental health (pp. 200–211). Routledge.
  • Cronbach, L. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
  • Dickens, L. R., & Robins, R. W. (2020). Pride: A meta-analytic project. Emotion, 22(5), 1071–1087. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000905
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
  • Ding, K., & Liu, J. (2022). Comparing gratitude and pride: Evidence from brain and behavior. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-022-01006-y
  • Dozois, D. J. A., Dobson, K. S., & Ahnberg, J. L. (1998). A psychometric evaluation of the beck depression inventory–II. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.83
  • Dunn, J. G., Gotwals, J. K., & Dunn, J. C. (2005). An examination of the domain specificity of perfectionism among intercollegiate student-athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1439–1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.009
  • Eterović, M., Medved, V., Bilić, V., Kozarić-Kovačić, D., & Žarković, N. (2020). Poor agreement between two commonly used measures of shame-and guilt-proneness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 102(4), 499–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1585361
  • Eterović, M., Medved, V., Bilić, V., Kozarić-Kovačić, D., & Žarković, N. (2020). Poor agreement between two commonly used measures of shame-and guilt-proneness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 102(4), 499–507.
  • Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994). The assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self-report questionnaire? The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(4), 363–370.https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(199412)16
  • Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: A “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(5), 509–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00088-8
  • Fergus, T. A., Valentiner, D. P., McGrath, P. B., & Jencius, S. (2010). Shame- and guilt-proneness: Relationships with anxiety disorder symptoms in a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(8), 811–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.002
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. The American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
  • French, S. A., Story, M., Downes, B., Resnick, M. D., & Blum, R. W. (1995). Frequent dieting among adolescents: Psychosocial and health behavior correlates. American Journal of Public Health, 85(5), 695–701. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.85.5.695
  • Fusar-Poli, P., de Pablo, G. S., De Micheli, A., Nieman, D. H., Correll, C. U., Kessing, L. V., Pfennig, A., Bechdolf, A., Borgwardt, S., Arango, C., & van Amelsvoort, T. (2020). What is good mental health? A scoping review. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.105
  • Galderisi, S., Heinz, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J., & Sartorius, N. (2015). Toward a new definition of mental health. World Psychiatry, 14(2), 231–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20231
  • Gilbert, P. (2014). Body shame: A biopsychosocial conceptualisation and overview, with treatment implications. In P. Gilbert & J. Miles (Eds.), Body shame: Conceptualisation, research and treatment (pp. 3–54). Brunner-Routledge.
  • Gilbert, P. (2019). Distinguishing shame, humiliation and guilt: An evolutionary functional analysis and compassion focused interventions. In C. H. Mayer & E. Vanderheiden (Eds.), The bright side of shame (pp. 413–431). Springer.
  • Gilchrist, J. D., Pila, E., Castonguay, A., Sabiston, C. M., & Mack, D. E. (2018). Body pride and physical activity: Differential associations between fitness- and appearance-related pride in young adult Canadians. Body Image, 27, 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.010
  • Gillen, M. M. (2015). Associations between positive body image and indicators of men’s and women’s mental and physical health. Body Image, 13, 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.01.002
  • Greenberg, L. S., & Watson, J. C. (2006). Emotion-focused therapy for depression. American Psychological Association.
  • Gruber, J., Oveis, C., Keltner, D., & Johnson, S. L. (2011). A discrete emotions approach to positive emotion disturbance in depression. Cognition & Emotion, 25(1), 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931003615984
  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–151. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
  • Harter, S. (2012). The construction of the self: Developmental and sociocultural foundations (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Hevey, D. (2018). Network analysis: A brief overview and tutorial. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 6(1), 301–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2018.1521283
  • Holbrook, C., Piazza, J. R., & Fessler, D. M. (2014a). Further challenges to the “authentic”/“hubristic” model of pride: Conceptual clarifications and new evidence. Emotion, 14(1), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035457
  • Holbrook, C., Piazza, J., & Fessler, D. M. (2014b). Conceptual and empirical challenges to the “authentic” versus “hubristic” model of pride. Emotion, 14(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031711
  • Hrabosky, J. I., Cash, T. F., Veale, D., Neziroglu, F., Soll, E. A., Garner, D. M., Strachan-Kinser, M., Bakke, B., Clauss, L. J., & Phillips, K. A. (2009). Multidimensional body image comparisons among patients with eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, and clinical controls: A multisite study. Body Image, 6(3), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.03.001
  • Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. G., Jr., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Biological Psychiatry, 61(3), 348–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040
  • Huellemann, K. L., Pila, E., Gilchrist, J. D., Nesbitt, A. E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2021). Body-related self-conscious emotions and reasons for exercise: A latent class analysis. Body Image, 38, 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.03.016
  • Huppert, F. A. (2005). Positive mental health in individuals and populations. In F. A. Huppert, B. Keverne, & N. Baylis (Eds.), The science of well-being (pp. 307–340). Oxford University Press.
  • Jackson, L., De Pascalis, L., Harrold, J., & Fallon, V. (2021). Guilt, shame, and postpartum infant feeding outcomes: A systematic review. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 17(3), e13141. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13141
  • Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2017). Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 143(11), 1155. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000111
  • Kievit, R. A., Frankenhuis, W. E., Waldorp, L. J., & Borsboom, D. (2013). Simpson’s paradox in psychological science: A practical guide. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 513. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00513
  • Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011). Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 68–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021466
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
  • Lacerenza, C. N., Joseph, D. L., & Cassisi, J. E. (2020). Are we assessing guilt correctly? An investigation of the psychometric properties of a prominent guilt measure. Motivation and Emotion, 44(4), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09810-9
  • Lavender, J. M., De Young, K. P., & Anderson, D. A. (2010). Eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q): Norms for undergraduate men. Eating Behaviors, 11(2), 119–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.09.005
  • Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. Psychoanalytic Review, 58(3), 419. Retrieved from. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5150685
  • Lewis, M. (2019). The self-conscious emotions and the role of shame in psychopathology. In V. LoBue, K. Pérez-Edgar, & K. A. Buss (Eds.), Handbook of emotional development (pp. 311–350). Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17332-6
  • Little, R. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722
  • Lucibello, K. M., Sabiston, C. M., O’loughlin, E. K., & O’loughlin, J. L. (2020). Mediating role of body‐related shame and guilt in the relationship between weight perceptions and lifestyle behaviours. Obesity Science & Practice, 6(4), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.415
  • MacAulay, R., & Cohen, A. (2014). Self-conscious emotions׳ role in functional outcomes within clinical populations. Psychiatry Research, 216(1), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.022
  • McAdams, D. P., Trzesniewski, K., Lilgendahl, J., Benet-Martinez, V., & Robins, R. W. (2021). Self and identity in personality psychology. Personality Science, 2, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5964/ps.6035
  • McHugh, T. L. F., Coppola, A. M., & Sabiston, C. M. (2014). “I’m thankful for being native and my body is part of that”: The body pride experiences of young aboriginal women in Canada. Body Image, 11(3), 318–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.05.004
  • Mensinger, J. L., Tylka, T. L., & Calamari, M. E. (2018). Mechanisms underlying weight status and healthcare avoidance in women: A study of weight stigma, body-related shame and guilt, and healthcare stress. Body Image, 25, 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.03.001
  • Mond, J. M., Hay, P. J., Rodgers, B., Owen, C., & Beumont, P. J. (2004). Temporal stability of the eating disorder examination questionnaire. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36(2), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20017
  • Moradi, B., & Huang, Y. P. (2008). Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(4), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x
  • Muris, P., & Meesters, C. (2014). Small or big in the eyes of the other: On the developmental psychopathology of self-conscious emotions as shame, guilt, and pride. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0137-z
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
  • Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Soto, C. J. (2010). Tracking the trajectory of shame, guilt, and pride across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(6), 1061–1071. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021342
  • Peer, E., Vosgerau, J., & Acquisti, A. (2014). Reputation as a sufficient condition for data quality on amazon mechanical turk. Behavior Research Methods, 46(4), 1023–1031. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0434-y
  • Pila, E., Brunet, J., Crocker, P. R., Kowalski, K. C., & Sabiston, C. M. (2016). Intrapersonal characteristics of body-related guilt, shame, pride, and envy in Canadian adults. Body Image, 16, 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.01.001
  • Pila, E., Sabiston, C. M., Brunet, J., Castonguay, A. L., & O’loughlin, J. (2015). Do body-related shame and guilt mediate the association between weight status and self-esteem? Journal of Health Psychology, 20(5), 659–669. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315573449
  • Pila, E., Solomon-Krakus, S., Egelton, K., & Sabiston, C. M. (2018). “I am a fat baby, who moved to a fat child, who moved to a fat teenager, who moved to a fat adult”: Women’s reflections of a lifetime of body and weight concern. Journal of Women & Aging, 30(2), 158–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2017.1295669
  • Prado, C. E., Treeby, M. S., & Crowe, S. F. (2016). Examining the relationships between sub-clinical psychopathic traits with shame, guilt and externalisation response tendencies to everyday transgressions. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 27(4), 569–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2016.1167933
  • Pratt, J. W. (1987). Dividing the indivisible: Using simple symmetry to partition variance explained. In T. Pukkila & S. Puntanen (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference in Statistics, Tampere, Finland, (pp. 245–260). University of Tampere.
  • Puccio, F., Fuller‐tyszkiewicz, M., Ong, D., & Krug, I. (2016). A systematic review and meta‐analysis on the longitudinal relationship between eating pathology and depression. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(5), 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22506
  • Rapaport, M. H., Clary, C., Fayyad, R., & Endicott, J. (2005). Quality-of-life impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1171–1178. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1171
  • Raykov, T. (1997). Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures. Applied Psychological Measurement, 21(2), 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/01466216970212006
  • Rehm, J., & Shield, K. D. (2019). Global burden of disease and the impact of mental and addictive disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-0997-0
  • Reinert, M., Fritze, D., & Nguyen, T. (2021). The state of mental health in America 2022. Mental Health America. http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/issues/state-mental-health-america
  • Rendina, H. J., López-Matos, J., Wang, K., Pachankis, J. E., & Parsons, J. T. (2019). The role of self-conscious emotions in the sexual health of gay and bisexual men: Psychometric properties and theoretical validation of the sexual shame and pride scale. Journal of Sex Research, 56(4–5), 620–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1453042
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
  • Rottenberg, J. (2005). Mood and emotion in major depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00354.x
  • Sabiston, C. M., Brunet, J., Kowalski, K. C., Wilson, P. M., Mack, D. E., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2010). The role of body-related self-conscious emotions in motivating women’s physical activity. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32(4), 417–437. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.4.417
  • Schotanus Dijkstra, M., Peter, M., Drossaert, C. H., Pieterse, M. E., Bolier, L., Walburg, J. A., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016). Validation of the flourishing scale in a sample of people with suboptimal levels of mental well-being. BMC Psychology, 4(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-016-0116-5
  • Sick, K., Pila, E., Nesbitt, A., & Sabiston, C. M. (2020). Does self-compassion buffer the detrimental effect of body shame on depressive symptoms? Body Image, 34, 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.012
  • Silva, M., Loureiro, A., & Cardoso, G. (2016). Social determinants of mental health: A review of the evidence. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 30(4), 259–292.
  • Sinclair, S. J., Blais, M. A., Gansler, D. A., Sandberg, E., Bistis, K., & LoCicero, A. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale: Overall and across demographic groups living within the United States. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 33(1), 56–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278709356187
  • Smetanin, P., Stiff, D., Briante, C., Adair, C. E., Ahmad, S., & Khan, M. (2011). The life and economic impact of major mental illnesses in Canada: 2011 to 2041. RiskAnalytica, on behalf of the Mental Health Commission of Canada.
  • Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., Crosby, R. D., Cao, L., Leonard, R. C., Wetterneck, C. T., Smith, B. E. R., Farrell, N. R., Riemann, B. C., Wonderlich, S. A., & Moessner, M. (2019). A comparative network analysis of eating disorder psychopathology and co-occurring depression and anxiety symptoms before and after treatment. Psychological Medicine, 49(2), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000867
  • Solomon-Krakus, S., & Sabiston, C. M. (2017). Body checking is associated with weight-and body-related shame and weight-and body-related guilt among men and women. Body Image, 23, 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.08.005
  • Solomon-Krakus, S., Uliaszek, A. A., & Sabiston, C. M. (2022). General and body-related self-conscious emotions predict facets of restrictive eating in undergraduate women. Eating Behaviors, 45, 101624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101624
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. Guilford Press.
  • Tangney, J. P., Dearing, R. L., Wagner, P. E., & Gramzow, R. (2000). The test of self conscious affect-3 (TOSCA-3). George Mason University.
  • Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 345–372. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145
  • Tangney, J. P., & Tracy, J. L. (2012). Self-conscious emotions. In M. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 446–478). The Guilford Press.
  • Thomas, D. R., Hughes, E., & Zumbo, B. D. (1998). On variable importance in linear regression. Social Indicators Research, 45(1–3), 253–275. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006954016433
  • Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. American Psychological Association.
  • Tignor, S. M., & Colvin, C. R. (2017). The interpersonal adaptiveness of dispositional guilt and shame: A meta‐analytic investigation. Journal of Personality, 85(3), 341–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12244
  • Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15(2), 103–125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01
  • Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007a). The psychological structure of pride: A tale of two facets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 506–525. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.506
  • Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007b). The self in self-conscious emotions: A cognitive appraisal approach. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 3–20). Guilford Press.
  • Tylka, T. L. (2011). Refinement of the tripartite influence model for men: Dual body image pathways to body change behaviors. Body Image, 8(3), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.008
  • Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001
  • Vallerand, R. J. (2007). A hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for sport and physical activity. In M. S. Hagger & N. L. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (pp. 255–279). Human Kinetics.
  • Van Doren, N., Tharp, J. A., Johnson, S. L., Staudenmaier, P. J., Anderson, C., & Freeman, M. A. (2019). Perseverance of effort is related to lower depressive symptoms via authentic pride and perceived power. Personality and Individual Differences, 137, 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.044
  • Webb, J. B., Wood-Barcalow, N. L., & Tylka, T. L. (2015). Assessing positive body image: Contemporary approaches and future directions. Body Image, 14, 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.010
  • Weingarden, H., Renshaw, K. D., Davidson, E., & Wilhelm, S. (2017). Relative relationships of general shame and body shame with body dysmorphic phenomenology and psychosocial outcomes. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 14, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.04.003
  • Weingarden, H., Renshaw, K. D., Tangney, J. P., & Wilhelm, S. (2016). Development and validation of the body-focused shame and guilt scale. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 8, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.11.001
  • Wu, A. D., & Zumbo, B. D. (2017). Understanding test-taking strategies for a reading comprehension test via latent variable regression with Pratt’s importance measures. In B. D. Zumbo & A. Hubley (Eds.), Understanding and investigating response processes in validation research. Social indicators research series (Vol. 69, pp. 305–319). Springer.
  • Young, C. M., Neighbors, C., DiBello, A. M., Traylor, Z. K., & Tomkins, M. (2016). Shame and guilt-proneness as mediators of associations between general causality orientations and depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 35(5), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2016.35.5.357
  • Zumbo, B. D. (2007). Validity: Foundational issues and statistical methodology. In C. R. Rao & S. Sinharay (Eds.), Handbook of statistics (Vol. 26, pp. 45–79). Elsevier Science B.V.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.