Benefits of a Contextual Approach to Understanding and Treating Complex Trauma

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders text rev. , 4th , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Anda , R. F. , Felitti , V. J. , Bremner , J. D. , Walker , J. D. , Whitfield , C. Perry , B. D. 2006 . The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology . European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , 256 ( 3 ) : 174 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict , L. L. and Zautra , A. A. 1993 . Family environmental characteristics as risk factors for childhood sexual abuse . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 22 : 365 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre , M. , Koenen , K. C. , Cohen , L. R. and Han , H. 2002 . Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70 : 1067 – 1074 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conte , J. , Wolfe , S. and Smith , T. 1989 . What sexual offenders tell us about prevention strategies . Child Abuse & Neglect , 13 : 293 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtois , C. A. 2002 . Traumatic stress studies: The need or curricula inclusion . Journal of Trauma Practice , 1 ( 1 ) : 33 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Deangelis , T. 2007 . A new diagnosis for childhood trauma? . Monitor on Psychology , 38 ( 3 ) : 32 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Dong , M. , Anda , R. F. , Dube , S. R. , Giles , W. H. and Felitti , V. J. 2003 . The relationship of exposure to childhood sexual abuse to other forms of abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction during childhood . Child Abuse & Neglect , 27 : 625 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong , M. , Anda , R. F. , Felitti , V. J. , Dube , S. R. , Williamson , D. F. Thompson , T. J. 2004 . The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction . Child Abuse & Neglect , 28 : 771 – 784 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassler , I. R. , Amodeo , M. , Griffin , M. L. , Clay , C. M. and Ellis , M. A. 2005 . Predicting long-term outcomes for women sexually abused in childhood: Contribution of abuse severity versus family environment . Child Abuse & Neglect , 29 : 269 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti , V. J. 2002 . The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to adult health: Turning gold into lead . Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie , 48 : 359 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finzi-Dottan , R. and Karu , T. 2006 . From emotional abuse in childhood to psychopathology in adulthood: A path mediated by immature defense mechanisms and self-esteem . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 194 : 616 – 621 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa , E. B. and Rothbaum , B. O. 1998 . Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• French , G. D. and Harris , C. J. 1999 . Traumatic incident reduction (TIR) , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gold , S. N. 2000 . Not trauma alone: Therapy for child abuse survivors in family and social context , Philadelphia : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Gold , S. N. 2001 . Conceptualizing child sexual abuse in interpersonal context: Recovery of people, not memories . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 10 ( 1 ) : 51 – 71 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gold , S. N. 2004 . The relevance of trauma to general clinical practice . Psychotherapy , 41 : 363 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold , S. N. in press . “ Contextual therapy: A treatment designed for complex trauma survivors ” . In Complex trauma disorders: An evidence-based clinician's guide , Edited by: Courtois , C. A. and Ford , J. D. New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gold , S. N. , Elhai , J. D. , Rea , B. D. , Weiss , D. , Masino , T. Morris , S. L. 2001 . Contextual treatment of dissociative identity disorder: Three case studies . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation , 2 ( 4 ) : 5 – 36 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gold , S. N. , Hyman , S. M and Andres , R. A. 2004 . Family of origin environments in two clinical samples of survivors of intra-familial, extra-familial, and both types of sexual abuse . Child Abuse & Neglect , 28 : 1199 – 1212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold , S. N. and Seifer , R. E. 2002 . Dissociation and sexual addiction/compulsivity: A contextual approach to conceptualization and treatment . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation , 3 ( 4 ) : 59 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Handsnet. (1997, March). Child neglect and Munchausen syndrome by proxy. In Portable guides to investigating child abuse. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. www.casanet.org/library/abuse/munchausen.htm (Accessed: 16 April 2007 ).
   Google Scholar
• Hanson , R. F. , Lipovsky , J. A. and Saunders , B. E. 1994 . Characteristics of fathers in incest families . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 9 ( 2 ) : 155 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman , J. L. 1992a . Complex PTSD: A syndrome of survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 5 : 377 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman , J. L. 1992b . Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence—From domestic abuse to political terror , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins , D. J. and McCabe , M. P. 2000a . Multi-type maltreatment and the long-term maladjustment of adults . Child Abuse Review , 9 : 6 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins , D. J. and McCabe , M. P. 2000b . Relationships between different types of maltreatment during childhood and adjustment in adulthood . Child Maltreatment , 5 : 261 – 272 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higgins , D. J. and McCabe , M. P. 2003 . Maltreatment and family dysfunction in childhood and the subsequent adjustment of children and adults . Journal of Family Violence , 18 : 107 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justice , B. and Calvert , A. 1990 . Family environment factors associated with child abuse . Psychological Reports , 66 : 458
   Google Scholar
• Lang , R. A. and Frenzel , R. R. 1988 . How sex offenders lure children . Annals of Sex Research , 1 : 303 – 317 .
   Google Scholar
• Long , P. J. and Jackson , J. L. 1991 . Children sexually abused by multiple perpetrators: Familial risk factors and abuse characteristics . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 6 ( 2 ) : 147 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• McDonagh , A. , Friedman , M. , McHugo , G. , Ford , J. , Sengupta , A. Mueser , K. 2005 . Randomized trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 73 : 515 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyerson , L. A. , Long , P. J. , Miranda , R. Jr. and Marx , B. P. 2002 . The influence of childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, family environment, and gender on the psychological adjustment of adolescents . Child Abuse & Neglect , 26 : 387 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollerstrom , W. W. , Patchner , M. A. and Milner , J. S. 1992 . Family functioning and child abuse potential . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 48 : 445 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narang , D. S. and Contreras , D. M. 2005 . The relationships of dissociation and affective family environment with the intergenerational cycle of child abuse . Child Abuse & Neglect , 29 : 683 – 699 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash , M. R. , Hulsey , T. L. , Sexton , M. C. , Harralson , T. L. and Lambert , W. 1993 . Long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: Perceived family environment, psychopathology, and dissociation . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 : 276 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinovitch , J. 2003 . PEERS: The Prostitutes' Empowerment, Education and Resource Society . Journal of Trauma Practice , 2 ( 3/4 ) : 249 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Ray , K. C. and Jackson , J. L. 1994 . Childhood sexual abuse: An examination of family functioning . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 9 ( 2 ) : 270 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Ray , K. C. and Jackson , J. L. 1997 . Family environment and childhood sexual victimization: A test of the buffering hypothesis . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 12 ( 1 ) : 3 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray , K. C. , Jackson , J. L. and Townsley , R. M. 1991 . Family environments of victims of interfamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse . Journal of Family Violence , 6 : 665 – 674 .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , S. , Newman , E. , Pelcovitz , D. , van der Kolk , B. and Mandel , F. S. 1997 . Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: Results from the DSM-IV field trial for posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 10 : 539 – 555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnurr , P. P. , Friedman , M. J. , Engel , C. C. , Foa , E. B. , Shea , M. T. Chow , B. K. 2007 . Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: A randomized control trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 297 : 820 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro , F. 2001 . Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures , 2nd , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. 2005 . Developmental trauma disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories . Psychiatric Annals , 35 : 401 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Kolk , B. A. and Courtois , C. A. 2005 . Editorial comments: Complex developmental trauma . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 18 : 385 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers , F. W. and Keane , T. M. 2007 . The criterion a problem revisited: Controversies and challenges in defining and measuring psychological trauma . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 20 : 107 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , T. L. and Clum , G. A. 1993 . Early family environments and traumatic experiences associated with borderline personality disorder . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 : 1068 – 1075 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yama , M. F. , Tovey , S. L. and Fogas , B. S. 1993 . Childhood family environment and sexual abuse as predictors of anxiety and depression in adult women . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 63 : 136 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar