Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness (TRASC) and Functional Impairment I: Prospective Study in Acutely Traumatized Persons

REFERENCES

• Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self-report. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, R., … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 169–190. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, & D. S., Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(1):75–90. doi:10.1002/jts.2490080106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, B. L., McNary, S. W., Myrick, A. C., Classen, C. C., Lanius, R., Loewenstein, R. J., … Putnam, F. W. (2013). A longitudinal naturalistic study of patients with dissociative disorders treated by community clinicians. Psychological Trauma, 5(4), 301–308. doi:10.1037/a0027654
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, B. L., & Stadnik, R. (2013). What contributes to predicting change in the treatment of dissociation: Initial levels of dissociation, PTSD, or overall distress? Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14(3), 328–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R. (2011). The nature and significance of memory disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 203–227. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R. (2014). Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 69–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Gregory, J. D., Lipton, M., & Burgess, N. (2010). Intrusive images in psychological disorders: Characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications. Psychological Review, 117(1), 210–232. doi:10.1037/a0018113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere, J. (2000). Cognitive Distortion Scales: Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Briere, J. (2001). Detailed Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress (DAPS): Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Briere, J. (2002). Multiscale Dissociation Inventory: Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Briere, J., Weathers, F. W., & Runtz, M. (2005). Is dissociation a multidimensional construct? Data from the Multiscale Dissociation Inventory. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 221–231. doi:10.1002/jts.20024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. A., O’Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M., McFarlane, A. C., & Silove, D. (2011). Posttraumatic intrusive symptoms across psychiatric disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 842–847. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, L. D. (2006). Normative dissociation. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 45–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, L. D. (2011). Must dissociation be unusual? Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 12, 454–456. doi:10.1080/15299732.2011.570234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, E. B., Dalenberg, C., & McDade-Montez, E. (2012). Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder part I: Definitions and review of research. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 479–489. doi:10.1037/a0027748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalenberg, C. A., Brand, B. L., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Loewenstein, R. J., Cardeña, E., … Spiegel, D. (2012). Comparison of the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 550–588. doi:10.1037/a0027447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalenberg, C., & Carlson, E. B. (2012). Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder part II: How theoretical models fit the empirical evidence and recommendations for modifying the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 551–559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P., Kleindienst, N., Lanius, R., & Schmahl, C. (2014). Trauma-related altered states of consciousness in women with BPD with or without PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 1. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.24863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2014). Trauma-related altered states of consciousness: Exploring the 4-D model. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/15299732.2013.873377
   Google Scholar
• Frewen, P. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2015). Healing the traumatized self: Consciousness, neuroscience, treatment. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, E. A., Brown, R. J., Mansell, W., Fearon, R. P., Hunter, E. C. M., Frasquilho, F., & Oakley, D. A. (2005). Are there two qualitatively distinct forms of dissociation? A review and some clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(1), 1–23. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2006). Dissociative disorders among adults in the community, impaired functioning, and Axis I and II comorbidity. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 131–140. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanius, R. A., Brand, B., Vermetten, E., Frewen, P. A., & Spiegel, D. (2012). The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder: Rationale, clinical and neurobiological evidence, and implications. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 701–708. doi:0.1002/da.21889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010). Emotion modulation in PTSD: Clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 640–647. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanius, R. A., Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Frewen, P. A., Vermetten, E., Brand, B., & Spiegel, D. (2014). The dissociative subtype of PTSD. In M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane, & P. A. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice (2nd ed., pp. 234–250). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mueller-Pfeiffer, C., Rufibach, K., Perron, N., Wyss, D., Kuenzier, C., Prezewowsky, C., … Rufer, M. (2012). Global functioning and disability in dissociative disorders. Psychiatry Research, 200, 475–481. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 52–73. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel, D., Lewis-Fernández, R., Lanius, R., Vermetten, E., Simeon, D., & Friedman, M. (2013). Dissociative disorders in DSM–5. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 299–326. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185531
   Google Scholar
• Spiegel, D., Loewenstein, R. J., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Sar, V., Simeon, D., Vermetten, E., … Dell, P. F. (2011). Dissociative disorders in DSM–5. Depression and Anxiety, 28(12), 17–45. doi:10.1002/da.20923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, D. J., Koenen, K. C., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E., McLaughlin, K., Petukhova, M., … Kessler, R. C. (2013). Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from the World Mental Health Surveys. Biological Psychiatry, 73, 302–312. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steuwe, C., Lanius, R. A., & Frewen, P. A. (2012). Evidence for a dissociative subtype of PTSD by latent profile and confirmatory factor analysis in a civilian sample. Depression & Anxiety, 29, 689–700. doi:10.1002/da.21944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzannidakis, N., & Frewen, P (2014). Trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC) and functional impairment II: Perceived causal relations in an online sample. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• van der Hart, O., van Ochten, J. M., van Son, M. J. M., Steele, K., & Lensvelt-Mulders, G. (2008). Relations among peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress: A critical review. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 9, 481–505. doi:10.1080/15299730802223362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Velden, P. G., & Wittmann, L. (2008). The independent predictive value of peritraumatic dissociation for PTSD symptomatology after type 1 trauma: A systematic review of prospective studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1009–1020. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varela, F. J. (1996). Neurophenomenology: A methodological remedy for the hard problem. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3(4), 330–349.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995). Testing a tripartite model: II. Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 15–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J. S., Clark, L. A., Strauss, M. E., & McCormick, R. A. (1995). Testing a tripartite model: I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 3–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Ruscio, A. M., & Keane, T. M. (1999). Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychological Assessment, 11, 124–133. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.2.124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, E. J., Lunney, C. A., Miller, M. W., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., & Schnurr, P. P. (2012). The dissociative subtype of PTSD: A replication and extension. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 679–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Reardon, A. F., Ryabchenko, K. A., Castillo, D., & Freund, R. (2012). A latent class analysis of dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence for a dissociative subtype. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 698–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar