Assessing the existence of dissociative PTSD in sub-acute patients of whiplash

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5thed ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, T. E., Karstoft, K.-I., Brink, O., & Elklit, A. (2016). Pain-catastrophizing and fear-avoidance beliefs as mediators between post-traumatic stress symptoms and pain following whiplash injury – A prospective cohort study. European Journal of Pain, 20, 1241–1252. doi:10.1002/ejp.848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armour, C., Elklit, A., Lauterbach, D., & Elhai, J. D. (2014). The DSM-5 dissociative-PTSD subtype: Can levels of depression, anxiety, hostility, and sleeping difficulties differentiate between dissociative-PTSD and PTSD in rape and sexual assault victims? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(4), 418–426. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmundson, G. J. G. (2014). The emotional and physical pains of trauma: Contemporary and innovative approaches for treating co-occurring PTSD and chronic pain. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 717–720. doi:10.1002/da.22285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae, H., Kim, D., & Park, Y. C. (2016). Dissociation predicts treatment response in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(1), 112–130. doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1037039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, J. G., & Clapp, J. D. (2011). A different kind of comorbidity: Understanding posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain. Psychological Trauma Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 3(2), 101–108. doi:10.1037/a0021263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1989). The Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-33): Early data on a new scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4, 151–163. doi:10.1177/088626089004002002
   Google Scholar
• Cardeña, E., & Carlson, E. (2011). Acute stress disorder revised. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 245–267. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, E. B., & Dalenberg, C. J. (2000). A conceptual framework for the impact of traumatic experiences. Trauma Violence & Abuse, 1, 4–28. doi:10.1177/1524838000001001002
   Google Scholar
• Celeux, G., & Soromenho, G. (1996). An entropy criterion for assessing the number of clusters in a mixture model. Journal of Classification, 13, 195–212. doi:10.1007/BF01246098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloitre, M., Petkova, E., Wang, J., & Lu, F. (2012). An examination of the influence of a sequential treatment on the course and impact of dissociation among women with PTSD related to childhood abuse. Depression and Anxiety, 29(8), 709–717. doi:10.1002/da.21920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalenberg, C., & Carlson, E. B. (2012). Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder part II: How theoretical models fit the empirical evidence and recommendations for modifying the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Psychological Trauma, Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 4, 551–559. doi:10.1037/a0027900
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalenberg, C. J., Brand, B. L., Gleaves, D. H., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Loewenstein, R. J., … Spiegel, D. (2012). Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 550–558. doi:10.1037/a0027447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 20–35. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M., Hyland, P., & Armour, C. (2016). Does highly symptomatic class membership in the acute phase predict highly symptomatic classification in victims 6 months after traumatic exposure? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 40, 44–51. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M., Hyland, P., Armour, C., Shevlin, M., & Elklit, A. (2015). Less is more? Assessing the validity of the ICD-11 model of PTSD across multiple trauma samples. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M., Müllerová, J., Elklit, A., & Armour, C. (2016). Can the dissociative PTSD subtype be identified across two distinct samples meeting caseness for PTSD? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51, 1159–1169. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1235-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M., Ross, J., & Armour, C. (2017). Evidence of the dissociative PTSD subtype: A systematic literature review of latent class and profile analytic studies of PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders, 213, 59–69. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janet, P. (1907). The major symptoms of hysteria. New York, NY: McMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lo, Y., Mendell, N., & Rubin, D. B. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88, 767–778. doi:10.1093/biomet/88.3.767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, S. A. (2016). Neurobiological mechanisms of whiplash. In H. Kasch, D. C. Turk, & T. S. Jensen (Eds.), Whiplash injury – Perspectives on the development of chronic pain (pp. 155–169). Philadelphia, PA: Wolter Kluwer.
   Google Scholar
• Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., Truong, T., Tor, S., & Lavelle, J. (1992). Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 111–116. doi:10.1177/0020764007078362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müllerová, J., Hansen, M., Contractor, A., Elhai, J., & Armour, C. (2016). Dissociative features in posttraumatic stress disorder: A latent profile analysis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8, 601–608. doi:10.1037/tra0000148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2013). Mplus user’s guide (7th Ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Nylund, K., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007a). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte-Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535–569. doi:10.1080/10705510701575396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylund, K., Bellmore, A., Nishina, A., & Graham, S. (2007b). Subtypes, severity, and structural stability of peer victimization: What does latent class analysis say? Child Development, 78, 1706–1722. doi:10.1111/cdev.2007.78.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaswamy, V., Desarbo, W. S., Reibstein, D. J., & Robinson, W. T. (1993). An empirical pooling approach for estimating marketing mix elasticities with PIMS data. Marketing Science, 12, 103–124. doi:10.1287/mksc.12.1.103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Suvak, M. K., Johnides, B. D., Mitchell, K. S., & Iverson, K. M. (2012). The impact of dissociation on PTSD treatment with cognitive processing therapy. Depression and Anxiety, 29(8), 718–730. doi:10.1002/da.21938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaer, R. C. (2001). The neurophysiology of dissociation and chronic disease. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 26, 73–91. doi:10.1023/A:1009571806136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaer, R. C. (2014). The body bears the burden. Trauma, dissociation and disease. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sharp, T., & Harvey, A. (2001). Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: Mutual maintenance. Clinical Psychological Review, 26, 857–877. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00071-4
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer, W. O., Skovron, M. L., Salmi, L. R., Cassidy, J. D., Duranceau, J., Suissa, S., & Zeiss, E. (1995). Scientific monograph of Quebec Task Force on whiplash associated disorders: Redefining “whiplash” and its management. Spine, 20, 1S–73S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, M. J. L., Bishop, S. R., & Pivik, J. (1995). The Pain-Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 7, 524–532. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.4.524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Turk, D. C., & Melzack, R. (2001). Handbook of pain assessment (2nd ed., pp. 295–314). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, E. J., Lunney, C. A., & Schnurr, P. P. (2016). The influence of the dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder on treatment efficacy in female veterans and active duty service members. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 95–100. doi:10.1037/ccp0000036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, E. J., Mitchell, K. S., Sadeh, N., Hein, C., Fuhrman, I., Pietrzak, R. H., & Miller, M. W. (2015). The dissociative subtype of PTSD scale: Initial evaluation in a national sample of trauma-exposed veterans. Assessment. doi:10.1177/1073191115615212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C. C. (2006). Evaluating latent class analysis models in qualitative phenotype identification. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 50, 1090–1104. doi:10.1016/J.Csda.2004.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, K. H., & Bentler, P. M. (2000). Three likelihood-based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with nonnormal missing data. Sociological Methodology, 30, 165–200. doi:10.1111/0081-1750.00078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatria Scandinavia, 67, 361–370. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar