Psychometric Properties of the Detachment and Compartmentalization Inventory (DCI) in an Italian Community Sample

References

• Adenzato, M., Imperatori, C., Ardito, R. B., Valenti, E. M., Marca, G. D., D’Ari, S., Palmiero, L., Penso, J. S., & Farina, B. (2019). Activating attachment memories affects default mode network in a non-clinical sample with perceived dysfunctional parenting: An EEG functional connectivity study. Behavioural Brain Research, 372, 112059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D., Zule, W., & Stokes, J. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. J. (2006). Different types of “dissociation” have different psychological mechanisms. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7(4), 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v07n04_02
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, L. D. (2006). Normative dissociation. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, C., Dorahy, M. J., & Middleton, W. (2019). The detachment and compartmentalization inventory (DCI): An assessment tool for two potentially distinct forms of dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 20(5), 526–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1597809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, E. B., & Putnam, F. W. (1993). An update on the dissociative experience scale. Dissociation, 6(1), 16–27.
   Google Scholar
• Centor, R. M., & Schwartz, J. S. (1985). An evaluation of methods for estimating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Medical Decision Making, 5(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X8500500204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu, J. A. (2011). Rebuilding shattered lives: Treating complex PTSD and dissociative disorders (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Dalenberg, C. J., Brand, B. L., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Loewenstein, R. J., Cardena, E., Frewen, P. A., Carlson, E. B., & Spiegel, D. (2012). Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(3), 550–588. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Filippis, R., Menculini, G., D’Angelo, M., Carbone, E. A., Tortorella, A., De Fazio, P., & Steardo, L., Jr. (2022). Internalized-stigma and dissociative experiences in bipolar disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 953621. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.953621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draijer, N., & Boon, S. (1993). The validation of the dissociative experiences scale against the criterion of the SCID-D, using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Dissociation, 6(1), 28–37.
   Google Scholar
• Ellickson-Larew, S., Stasik O’Brien, S. M., Stanton, K., & Watson, D. (2020). Dissociation as a multidimensional transdiagnostic symptom. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, & Practice, 7(2), 126–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000218
   Google Scholar
• Espirito Santo, H., & Abreu, J. L. (2009). Portuguese validation of the dissociative experiences scale (DES). Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 10(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299730802485177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farina, B., Liotti, M., & Imperatori, C. (2019). The role of attachment trauma and disintegrative pathogenic processes in the traumatic-dissociative dimension. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 933. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farina, B., Mazzotti, E., Pasquini, P., & Mantione, M. G. (2011). Somatoform and psychoform dissociation among women with orgasmic and sexual pain disorders. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 12(5), 526–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2011.598124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farina, B., & Meares, R. (2022). The traumatic disintegration dimension. In M. J. Dorahy, S. N. Gold, & J. A. O’Neil (Eds.), Dissociation and the dissociative disorder: Past, present, future (pp. 50–65). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fawcett, T. (2006). An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters, 27(8), 861–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frewen, P. A., Brown, M. F., & Lanius, R. A. (2017). Trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC) in an online community sample: Further support for the 4-D model of trauma-related dissociation. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, & Practice, 4(1), 92–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000091
   Google Scholar
• Garofalo, C., Velotti, P., Zavatti, G. C., Tommasi, M., Romanelli, R., Espirito Santo, H., & Saggino, A. (2015). On the factor structure of the dissociative experiences scale: Contribution with an Italian version of the DES-II. Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 15(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.15557/PiPK.2015.0001
   Google Scholar
• Georgieva, S., Tomas, J. M., & Navarro-Perez, J. J. (2021). Systematic review and critical appraisal of childhood trauma questionnaire - short form (CTQ-SF). Child Abuse & Neglect, 120, 105223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, E. A., Brown, R. J., Mansell, W., Fearon, R. P., Hunter, E. C., Frasquilho, F., & Oakley, D. A. (2005). Are there two qualitatively distinct forms of dissociation? A review and some clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innamorati, M., Erbuto, D., Venturini, P., Fagioli, F., Ricci, F., Lester, D., Amore, M., Girardi, P., & Pompili, M. (2016). Factorial validity of the childhood trauma questionnaire in Italian psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Research, 245, 297–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janet, P. (1989). L’automatisme Psychologique: Essai de Psychologie Expérimentale sur les Formes Inférieures de l’Activité Humaine. Alcan.
   Google Scholar
• Kate, M. A., Hopwood, T., & Jamieson, G. (2020). The prevalence of dissociative disorders and dissociative experiences in college populations: A meta-analysis of 98 studies. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21(1), 16–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1647915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebois, L. A., Li, M., Baker, J. T., Wolff, J. D., Wang, D., Lambros, A. M. … Kaufman, M. L. (2020). Large-scale functional brain network architecture changes associated with trauma-related dissociation. The American Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19060647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., Fabris, M. A., & Settanni, M. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia and psychopathology: Findings from an Italian sample of male bodybuilders. Psychiatry Research, 256, 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyssenko, L., Schmahl, C., Bockhacker, L., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., & Kleindienst, N. (2018). Dissociation in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis of studies using the dissociative experiences scale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandrekar, J. N. (2010). Receiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 5(9), 1315–1316. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massullo, C., De Rossi, E., Carbone, G. A., Imperatori, C., Ardito, R. B., Adenzato, M., & Farina, B. (2023). Child maltreatment, abuse, and neglect: An umbrella review of their prevalence and definitions. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 20(2), 72–99. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20230201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massullo, C., Imperatori, C., De Vico Fallani, F., Ardito, R. B., Adenzato, M., Palmiero, L., Carbone, G. A., & Farina, B. (2022). Decreased brain network global efficiency after attachment memories retrieval in individuals with unresolved/disorganized attachment-related state of mind. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 4725. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08685-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzotti, E., Farina, B., Imperatori, C., Mansutti, F., Prunetti, E., Speranza, A. M., & Barbaranelli, C. (2016). Is the dissociative experiences scale able to identify detachment and compartmentalization symptoms? Factor structure of the dissociative experiences scale in a large sample of psychiatric and nonpsychiatric subjects. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 1295–1302. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S105110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller-Pfeiffer, C., Rufibach, K., Wyss, D., Perron, N., Pitman, R. K., & Rufer, M. (2013). Screening for dissociative disorders in psychiatric out-and day care-patients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35(4), 592–602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9367-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2017). Mplus User’s Guide (Eighth ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Nahm, F. S. (2022). Receiver operating characteristic curve: Overview and practical use for clinicians. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 75(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.4097/kja.21209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa, J. R., Sroufe, L. A., Weinfield, N. S., Carlson, E. A., & Egeland, B. (1997). Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a non-clinical samples. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 855–879. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579497001478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perona-Garcelán, S., Rodenas-Perea, G., Velasco-Barbancho, E., Senín-Calderón, C., Rodríguez-Testal, J. F., Moreno-Buzón, R., Ruiz-Veguilla M, & Crespo-Facorro, B. (2021). Spanish validation of the detachment and compartmentalization inventory (DCI) in a community and clinical sample. A new instrument for measuring dissociation. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.12.004
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, F. W., Carlson, E. B., Ross, C. A., Anderson, G., Clark, P., Torem, M., Bowman, E. S., Coons, P., Chu, J. A., Dill, D. L., Loewenstein, R. J., & Braun, B. G. (1996). Patterns of dissociation in clinical and nonclinical samples. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184(11), 673–679. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199611000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruopp, M. D., Perkins, N. J., Whitcomb, B. W., & Schisterman, E. F. (2008). Youden Index and optimal cut-point estimated from observations affected by a lower limit of detection. Biometrical Journal, 50(3), 419–430. https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.200710415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacchi, C., Vieno, A., & Simonelli, A. (2018). Italian validation of the childhood trauma questionnaire-short form on a college group. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy, 10(5), 563–571. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Akyuz, G., Kundakci, T., Kiziltan, E., & Dogan, O. (2004). Childhood trauma, dissociation, and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with conversion disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(12), 2271–2276. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.161.12.2271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher, C. D., Stein, M. B., Asmundson, G. J., McCreary, D. R., & Forde, D. R. (2001). The childhood trauma questionnaire in a community sample: Psychometric properties and normative data. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(4), 843–857. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013058625719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmenti, A. (2016). Dissociative experiences and dissociative minds: Exploring a nomological network of dissociative functioning. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(3), 338–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.1108948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmenti, A. (2017). The developmental roots of dissociation: A multiple mediation analysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 34(1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/pap0000084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmenti, A. (2022). The relationship between attachment and dissociation. Theory, Research, and clinical implications. In M. J. Dorahy, S. N. Gold, & J. A. O’Neil (Eds.), Dissociation and the dissociative disorder: Past, present, future (pp. 161–176). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schimmenti, A., & Sar, V. (2019). A correlation network analysis of dissociative experiences. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 20(4), 402–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1572045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Steele, K., Dorahy, M., & van der Hart, O. (2022). Dissociation versus alterations in consciousness: Related but different concepts. In M. J. D. In, S. N. Gold, & J. A. O’Neil (Eds.), Dissociation and the dissociative disorder: Past, present, future (pp. 66–80). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, M. A. P. P. (2023). The SCID-D interview: Dissociation assessment in therapy, forensics, and research. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Trickett, P. K., Noll, J. G., & Putnam, F. W. (2011). The impact of sexual abuse on female development: Lessons from a multigenerational, longitudinal research study. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 453–476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzikos, A., Arvaniti, A., Kalamara, E., Vorvolakos, T., Kafalis, G., Samakouri, M., & Livaditis, M. (2021). Validating dissociative experience scale (DES) in a Greek sample. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 22(5), 522–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1869648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Ark, L. A. (2012). New Developments in Mokken Scale Analysis in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(5), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E., & Steele, K. (2006). The haunted self: Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatization. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Vonderlin, R., Kleindienst, N., Alpers, G. W., Bohus, M., Lyssenko, L., & Schmahl, C. (2018). Dissociation in victims of childhood abuse or neglect: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine, 48(15), 2467–2476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller, N. G., Putnam, F. W., & Carlson, E. B. (1996). Types of dissociation and dissociative types: A taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences. Psychological Methods, 1(3), 300–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.3.300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youden, W. J. (1950). Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer, 3(1), 32–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32:AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, C. Y. (2022). Evaluating cutoff criteria of model fit indices for latent variable models with binary and continuous outcomes. University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Zamir, O., Szepsenwol, O., Englund, M. M., & Simpson, J. A. (2018). The role of dissociation in revictimization across the lifespan: A 32-year prospective study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 79, 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Tan, S. S., Bilajac, L., Alhambra-Borras, T., Garces-Ferrer, J., Verma, A., Koppelaar, E., Markaki, A., Mattace-Raso, F., Franse, C. B., & Raat, H. (2020). Reliability and validity of the Tilburg frailty indicator in 5 European countries. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(6), 772–779 e776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.03.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar