Goal orientation in job search: Psychometric characteristics and construct validation across job search contexts

References

• Adams, G. and Rau, B. (2004). Job seeking among retirees seeking bridge employment. Personnel Psychology, 57(3), 719–744.
   Google Scholar
• Affum-Osei, E., Asante, E. A., Forkouh, S. K., Aboagye, M. & Antwi, C.O. (2019a). Unemployment trends and labour market entry in Ghana: Job search methods perspective.Labor History, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Affum-Osei, E., Aboagye, M. O., Antwi, C. O., & Asante, E. A. (2019b). Validating the Auckland Individualism–Collectivism Scale (AICS): Testing factor structure and measurement invariance in Hong Kong and Ghanaian samples. Psychological Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-019-00494-2.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, A.A., Ryan, A.M., Lyons, B.J., Ehrhart, M.G. and Wessel, J.L. (2016). The long road to employment: Incivility experienced by job seekers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(3), 333–349.
   Google Scholar
• Amoako-Agyei, E. (2009). Cross-cultural management and organizational behavior in Africa. Thunderbird International Business Review, 51(4), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20270
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle, J. L. (2012). IBM SPSS AMOS (version 21.0) [computer program]. SPSS.
   Google Scholar
• Baay, P. E., de Ridder, D. T. D., Eccles, J. S., van der Lippe, T., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2014). Self-control trumps work motivation in predicting job search behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron, K. E., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2001). Achievement goals and optimal motivation: Testing multiple goal models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 706–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Boswell, W. R., Zimmerman, R. D., & Swider, B. W. (2012). Employee job search: Toward an understanding of search context and search objectives. Journal of Management, 38(1), 129–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311421829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brett, J. F., Uhl-Bien, M., Huang, L., & Carsten, M. (2016). Goal orientation and employee resistance at work: Implications for manager emotional exhaustion with the employee. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 89(3), 611–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brett, J. F., & Vandewalle, D. (1999). Goal orientation and goal content as predictors of performance in a training program. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(6), 863–873. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.6.863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnette, J. L., Boyle, E. H. O., Vanepps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2013). Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 139(3), 655–701. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Button, S. B., Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1996). Goal orientation in organizational research: A conceptual and empirical foundation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67(1), 26–48. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1996.0063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cable, D. M., & Turban, D. B. (2001, May). Establishing the dimensions, sources and value of job seekers’ employer knowledge during recruitment. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 20, 115–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-7301(01)20002-4
   Google Scholar
• Caligiuri, P., & Tarique, I. (2012). Dynamic cross-cultural competencies and global leadership effectiveness. Journal of World Business, 47(4), 612–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2012.01.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casillas, A., & Robbins, S. B. (2005). Test adaptation and cross-cultural assessment from a business perspective: Issues and recommendations. International Journal of Testing, 5(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327574ijt0501
   Google Scholar
• Cavallo, A. M. L., Potter, W. H., & Rozman, M. (2010). Gender differences in learning constructs, shifts in learning constructs, and their relationship to course achievement in a structured inquiry, yearlong college physics course for life science majors. School Science and Mathematics, 104(6), 288–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2004.tb18000.x
   Google Scholar
• Cellar, D. F., Stuhlmacher, A. F., Young, S. K., Fisher, D. M., Adair, C. K., Haynes, S., Twichell, E., Arnold, K. A., Royer, K., Denning, B. L., & Riester, D. (2011). Trait goal orientation, self-regulation, and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(4), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9201-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, S. J., Van Witteloostuijn, A., & Eden, L. (2010). From the editors: Common method variance in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(2), 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.88
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colquitt, J. A., & Simmering, M. J. (1998, August). Conscientiousness, goal orientation, and motivation to learn during the learning process: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(), 654–665. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.4.654
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creed, P. A., & Hennessy, D. A. (2016). Evaluation of a goal orientation model of vocational identity. Career Development Quarterly, 64(4), 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creed, P. A., King, V., Hood, M., & McKenzie, R. (2009). Goal orientation, self-regulation strategies, and job-seeking intensity in unemployed adults. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(3), 806–813. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossley, C. D., & Highhouse, S. (2005). Relation of job search and choice process with subsequent satisfaction. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26(2), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2004.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Lima, G. M., Winsler, A., & Kitsantas, A. (2014). Ethnic and gender differences in first-year college students’ goal orientation, self-efficacy, and extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Educational Research, 107(5), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2013.823366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Motta Veiga, S. P., & Turban, D. B. (2014). Are affect and perceived stress detrimental or beneficial to job seekers? The role of learning goal orientation in job search self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 125(2), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Clercq, D., Honig, B., & Martin, B. (2013). The roles of learning orientation and passion for work in the formation of entrepreneurial intention. International Small Business Journal, 31(6), 652–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611432360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekker, S., Krabbendam, L., Lee, N. C., Boschloo, A., de Groot, R., & Jolles, J. (2013). Sex differences in goal orientation in adolescents aged 10–19: The older boys adopt work-avoidant goals twice as often as girls. Learning and Individual Differences, 26, 196–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeShon, R. P., & Gillespie, J. Z. (2005). A motivated action theory account of goal orientation. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1096–1127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaconu-Gherasim, L. R., Tepordei, A. M., Mairean, C., & Rusu, A. (2019). Intelligence beliefs, goal orientations and children’s academic achievement: Does the children’s gender matter? Educational Studies, 45(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2018.1443796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrov, D. M. (2010). Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43(2), 121–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175610373459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dineen, B. R., Vandewalle, D., Noe, R. A., Wu, L., & Lockhart, D. (2018). Who cares about demands–abilities fit? Moderating effects of goal orientation on recruitment and organizational entry outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 71(2), 201–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbins, H. W., Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. W. (2002). A comparison of the button and VandeWalle goal orientation measure. In The Annual Meeting of the Society of the Industrial and Organisazational Psychology, Toronto, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Drentea, P. (1998). Consequences of women’s formal and informal job search methods for employment in female-dominated jobs. Gender & Society, 12(4), 466–468. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124398012004006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (2003). A motivational analysis of defensive pessimism and self-handicapping. Journal of Personality, 71, 370–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7103005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 804–818. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J. K., Smith, E. M., Weissbein, D. A., Gully, S. M., & Salas, E. (1998). Relationships of goal orientation, metacognitive activity, and practice strategies with learning outcomes and transfer. Journal of Applied Psychology Psychological Association, Inc, 83(2), 218–233. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.83.2.218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortunato, V. J., & Goldblatt, A. M. (2006). An examination of goal orientation profiles using cluster analysis and their relationships with dispositional characteristics and motivational response patterns. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(9), 2150–2183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00099.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghana Statistical Service. (2015). 2015 labour force report. http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/publications/Labour_Force/LFS report_fianl_21-3-17.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gorrell, G., Ford, N., Madden, A., & Holdridge, P. (2011). Countering method bias in questionnaire-based user studies. Journal of Documentation, 67(3), 507–524. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220411111124569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. S. (1995). Getting a job: A study of contacts and careers (2nd ed.). University Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hanisch, K. A. (1999). Job loss and unemployment research from 1994 to 1998: A review and recommendations for research and intervention. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55, 188–220. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanrahan, S. J., & Cerin, E. (2009). Gender, level of participation, and type of sport: Differences in achievement goal orientation and attributional style. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(4), 508–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harackiewicz, J. M., Barron, K. E., Pintrich, P. R., Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Revision of achievement goal theory: Necessary and illuminating. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(3), 638–645. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.94.3.638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatala, J.-P., & Yamkovenko, B. (2016). Weak ties and self-regulation in job search: The effects of goal orientation on networking. Journal of Career Development, 43(6), 541–555. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845316633785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999, August). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. (1985). Measurement in cross-cultural psychology. A review and comparison of strategies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16(2), 131–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulleman, C. S., Schrager, S. M., Bodmann, S. M., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2010). A meta-analytic review of achievement goal measures: Different labels for the same constructs or different constructs with similar labels? Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 422–449. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. SPSS Version. (2016). Released 2016 IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24. IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Kanar, A. (2017). Employment goal commitment moderates impact of job search goal orientation on the job search process: A resource-allocation perspective. Career Development International, 22(6), 659–682. mahttps://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-10-2016-0165 https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-10-2016-0165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanfer, R., Wanberg, C. R., & Kantrowitz, T. M. (2001). Job search and employment: A personality-motivational analysis and meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 837–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D., Choi, D., & Vandenberghe, C. (2018). Goal-focused leadership, leader-member exchange, and task performance: The moderating effects of goal orientations and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33(5), 645–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-017-9516-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koen, J., Klehe, U. C., Van Vianen, A. E. M., Zikic, J., & Nauta, A. (2010). Job-search strategies and reemployment quality. The impact of career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(1), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koen, J., Klehe, U., & van Vianen, A. E. M. (2012). Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koen, J., van Vianen, A. E. M., van Hooft, E. A. J., & Klehe, U. C. (2016). How experienced autonomy can improve job seekers’ motivation, job search, and chance of finding reemployment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 95–96, 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, F. K., Sheldon, K. M., & Turban, D. B. (2003). Personality and the goal-striving process: The influence of achievement goal patterns, goal level, and mental focus on performance and enjoyment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.1.114 https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manroop, L., & Richardson, J. (2016). Job search: A multidisciplinary review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 18(2), 206–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee-Ryan, F., Song, Z., Wanberg, C. R., & Kinicki, A. J. (2005). Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molden, D. C., & Dweck, C. S. (2006). Finding “meaning” in psychology: A lay theories approach to self-regulation, social perception, and social development. American Psychologist, 61(3), 192–203. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.3.192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noordzij, G., Van Hooft, E. A. J., Van Mierlo, H., Van Dam, A., & Born, M. P. (2013). The effects of a learning-goal orientation training on self-regulation: A field experiment among unemployed job seekers. Personnel Psychology, 66(3), 723–755. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nye, C. D., Wille, B., Amory, J., & De Fruyt, F. (in press). Are work activities related to interest change over time? A 22-year longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paquet, S. L., & Kline, T. J. B. (2009). Uncovering the psychometric properties of scales measuring individualist and collectivist orientations. International Journal of Testing, 9(3), 260–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305050903106859
   Google Scholar
• Payne, S. C., Youngcourt, S. S., & Beaubien, J. M. (2007). A meta-analytic examination of the goal orientation nomological net. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 128–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porath, C. L., & Bateman, T. S. (2006). Self-regulation: From goal orientation to job performance. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, S. (2017, June). Beyond ‘NEET’ and ‘tidy’ pathways: Considering the ‘missing middle’ of youth transition studies of youth transition studies. Journal of Youth Studies, 6261, 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2010.489604
   Google Scholar
• Rowley, M. K., & Feather, N. T. (1987). The impact of unemployment in relation to age and length of unemployment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 60, 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1987.tb00264.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saks, A. M. (2005). Job search success: A review and integration of the predictors, behaviors, and outcomes. In R. W. Lent & S. D. Brown (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 42–70). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (2002). Is job search related to employment quality? It all depends on the fit. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 646–654. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sass, D. A. (2011). Testing measurement invariance and comparing latent factor means within a confirmatory factor analysis framework. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(4), 347–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282911406661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlomer, G. L., Bauman, S., & Card, N. A. (2010). Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018082.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, A. M., & Ford, J. K. (2003). Learning within a learner control training environment: The interactive effects of goal orientation and metacognitive instruction on learning outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 56, 405–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenkamp, J. E. M., & Baumgartner, H. (1998). Assessing measurement invariance in cross‐national consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(1), 78–107. https://doi.org/10.1086/209528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, M., Du, J., Xu, J., & Liu, F. (2019). Homework goal orientation scale: Measurement invariance and latent mean differences across gender and grade level. Psychology in the Schools, 56(3), 465–477. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hooft, E. A. J., & De Jong, M. (2009). Predicting job seeking for temporary employment using the theory of planned behaviour: The moderating role of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 295–316. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X325322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hooft, E. A. J., Wanberg, C. R., & van Hoye, G. (2013). Moving beyond job search quantity: Towards a conceptualization and self-regulatory framework of job search quality. Organizational Psychology Review, 3(1), 3–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386612456033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hooft, E. A. J., Born, M. P., Taris, T. W., & van der Flier, H. (2004). Job search and the theory of planned behavior: Minority-majority group differences in The Netherlands. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(3), 366–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hooft, E. A. J., & Noordzij, G. (2009). The effects of goal orientation on job search and reemployment: A field experiment among unemployed job seekers. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1581–1590. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hoye, G., & Saks, A. M. (2008). Job search as goal-directed behavior: Objectives and methods. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(3), 358–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002
   Google Scholar
• Vandewalle, D. (1997). Development and validation of a work domain goal orientation instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57(6), 995–1015. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164497057006009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandewalle, D., Nerstad, C. G. L., & Dysvik, A. (2019). Goal orientation: A review of the miles traveled and the miles to go. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 6, 115–144. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062547
   Google Scholar
• VandeWalle, D., & Cummings, L. L. (1997). A test of the influence of goal orientation on the feedback-seeking process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 390–400. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vezeau, C., Bouffard, T., Larouche, C., & Boisvert, J. (1995). The impact of goal orientation on self-regulation and performance among college students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65(3), 317–329. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3674133 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1995.tb01152.x
   Google Scholar
• Wanberg, C. R. (2012). The individual experience of unemployment. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 369–396. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., Xu, H., Zhang, X., & Fang, P. (2017). The relationship between emotion regulation strategies and job search behavior among fourth-year university students. Journal of Adolescence, 59, 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., & Yan, F. (2018). Emotion regulation strategy mediates the relationship between goal orientation and job search behavior among university seniors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 108, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, R. E., & Iyengar, S. S. (2005). Positive illusions of preference consistency: When remaining eluded by one’s preferences yields greater subjective well-being and decision outcomes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 98(1), 66–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2016). Expanding job opportunities in Ghana. Directions in Development by Honorati, Maddalena Sara Johansson, Silva de for the World Bank. https://doi.org/doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0941-5.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, L., & Barnes, L. L. B. (2011). Measurement invariance of scores from the inventory of school motivation across Chinese and U.S. college students. International Journal of Testing, 11(2), 178–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2010.542357
   Google Scholar
• Yamkovenko, B., & Hatala, J. P. (2014). Feedback-seeking and social networking behaviors during job search: A conceptual model. Human Resource Development Review, 13(1), 102–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484313497948
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates, S., Payne, M., Yates, S., & Payne, M. (2017, June). Not so NEET? A critique of the use of ‘NEET’ in setting targets for interventions with young people. Journal of Youth Studies, 9(3), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260600805671 
   Google Scholar