Open for Economic Activities during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Factors Related to State Reopening Policies in a Federal Policy Vacuum

References

• Adolph, C., Amano, K., Bang-Jensen, B., Fullman, N., & Wilkerson, J. (2021). Pandemic politics: Timing state-level social distancing responses to COVID-19. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 46(2), 211–233. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8802162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adolph, C., Amano, K., Bang-Jensen, B., Fullman, N., Magistro, B., Reinke, G., & Wilkerson, J. (2022). Governor partisanship explains the adoption of statewide mask mandates in response to COVID-19. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 22(1), 24–49. https://doi.org/10.1017/spq.2021.22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, B. Y., Porcher, S., Tang, S. Y., & Kim, E. E. (2021). Policy design for COVID‐19: Worldwide evidence on the efficacies of early mask mandates and other policy interventions. Public Administration Review, 81(6), 1157–1182. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, M. A., Ognyanova, K., Lazer, D. (2020, April 29). These three governors are reopening their states faster than their voters want. The Washington Post/Monkey Cage. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/29/these-three-governors-are-reopening-their-states-faster-than-their-voters-want/
   Google Scholar
• Baybeck, B., Berry, W. D., & Siegel, D. A. (2011). A strategic theory of policy diffusion via intergovernmental competition. The Journal of Politics, 73(1), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381610000988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel, G., Gasulla, Ó., & Mazaira‐Font, F. A. (2021). The effect of health and economic costs on governments’ policy responses to COVID − 19 crisis under incomplete information. Public Administration Review, 81(6), 1131–1146. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton, J. E. (2020). Challenges to federalism and intergovernmental relations and takeaways amid the COVID-19 experience. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7), 536–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020941698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, W. D., & Baybeck, B. (2005). Using Geographic Information Systems to Study Interstate Competition. American Political Science Review, 99(4), 505–519. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, F. S., & Berry, W. D. (1990). State lottery adoptions as policy innovations: An event history analysis. American Political Science Review, 84(2), 395–415. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, F. S., & Berry, W. D. (1999). Innovation and diffusion models in policy research. In C. Weible & P. A. Sabatier (Eds.), Theories of the policy process (pp. 307–359). Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boehmke, F. J., & Witmer, R. (2004). Disentangling diffusion: The effects of social learning and economic competition on state policy innovation and expansion. Political Research Quarterly, 57(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonardi, J., Bris, A., Brülhart, M., Danthine, J., Jondeau, E., Rohner, D., & Thoenig, M. (2020, May 19). The case for reopening economies by sector. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2020/05/the-case-for-reopening-economies-by-sector
   Google Scholar
• Boushey, G. T., & McGrath, R. J. (2020). Does partisan conflict lead to increased bureaucratic policymaking? Evidence from the American states. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 30(3), 432–447. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muz030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowling, C. J., Fisk, J. M., & Morris, J. C. (2020). Seeking patterns in chaos: Transactional federalism in the Trump administration’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6-7), 512–518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020941686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman, A. O. M. (2004). Horizontal federalism: Exploring interstate interactions. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14(4), 535–546. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muh035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman, A. O. M., & McKenzie, J. H. (2020). Managing a pandemic at a less than global scale: Governors take the lead. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7), 551–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020941700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozeman, B. (2007). Public values and public interest: Counterbalancing economic individualism. Georgetown University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brändström, A., Bynander, F., & Hart, P. T. (2004). Governing by looking back: Historical analogies and crisis management. Public Administration, 82(1), 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2004.00390.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewster, J. (2020, May 5). 87% of the states that have reopended voted for Trump in 2016. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackbrewster/2020/05/05/87-of-the-states-that-have-reopened-voted-for-trump-in-2016/?sh=6728b78e2426
   Google Scholar
• Burstein, P. (2003). The impact of public opinion on public policy: A review and an agenda. Political Research Quarterly, 56(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calfas, J., Restuccia, A., De Avila, J. (2020, April 13). States move to coordinate on reopening plans. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-coronavirus-cases-rise-as-officials-weigh-when-to-restart-the-economy-11586774781
   Google Scholar
• Capano, G., Howlett, M., Jarvis, D. S. L., Ramesh, M., & Goyal, N. (2020). Mobilizing policy (in)capacity to fight COVID-19: Understanding variations in state responses. Policy & Society, 39(3), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1787628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). CDC activities and initiatives supporting the COVID-19 response and the President’s plan for opening America up again. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/php/CDC-Activities-Initiatives-for-COVID-19-Response.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, B., Vielkind, J. (2020, April 13). Seven northeast states start to plan reopening coronavirus-hit economy. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-officials-begin-planning-re-opening-of-regions-economy-as-coronavirus-eases-11586802819
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, T., Laegreid, P., & Rykkja, L. H. (2016). Organizing for crisis management: Building governance capacity and legitimacy. Public Administration Review, 76(6), 887–897. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12558
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, J. J. (1999). Unified government, divided government, and party responsiveness. American Political Science Review, 93(4), 821–835. https://doi.org/10.2307/2586115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comfort, L. K. (2022). Cognition, collective action, and COVID-19: Managing crises in real time. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(4), 894–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2022.2036204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Congressional Research Service. (2021, February 8). General state and local fiscal assistance and COVID-19: Background and available data. Accessed at https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46298
   Google Scholar
• Creek, H. M., & Yoder, S. (2012). With a little help from our feds: Understanding state immigration enforcement policy adoption in American federalism. Policy Studies Journal, 40(4), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2012.00469.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey, D. C., & Myers, W. M. (2020). Federalism, intergovernmental relationships, and emergency response: A comparison of Australia and the United States. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020941696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkler, S. A., Smith, D. L., Calabrese, T. D., & Purtell, R. M. (2017). Financial management for public, health, and not-for-profit organizations (5th ed.). CQ Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fowler, L., Kettler, J. J., & Witt, S. L. (2021). Pandemics and partisanship: Following old paths into uncharted territory. American Politics Research, 49(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X20961024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, P. E., & Raymond, E. S. (2009). Pandemic influenza planning: An extraordinary ethical dilemma for local government officials. Public Administration Review, 69(5), 823–830. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02032.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Go, M. H. (2016). Building a safe state: Hybrid diffusion of building code adoption in American states. The American Review of Public Administration, 46(6), 713–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074014563827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, G., Kim, S., Rexer, J. M., & Thirumurthy, H. (2020). Political partisanship influences behavioral responses to governors’ recommendations for COVID-19 prevention in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(39), 24144–24153. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007835117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. L., & Battaglio, R. P. (2020). Crisis of the union: Public management and leadership in an era of discontent. Public Administration Review, 80(4), 529–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell-Moroney, M. E. (2008). A mixed method look at state growth management policy. The American Review of Public Administration, 38(3), 339–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074007310556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2005). The politics of attention: How government prioritizes problems. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kapucu, N., & Hu, Q. (2022). An Old Puzzle and unprecedented challenges: Coordination in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(4), 773. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2022.2040039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapucu, N., Augustin, M. E., & Garayev, V. (2009). Interstate partnerships in emergency management: Emergency management assistance compact in response to catastrophic disasters. Public Administration Review, 69(2), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01975.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapucu, N., & Moynihan, D. (2021). Trump’s (mis) management of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Policy Studies, 42(5–6), 592–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2021.1931671
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karch, A., & Cravens, M. (2014). Rapid diffusion and policy reform: The adoption and modification of three strikes laws. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 14(4), 461–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532440014561867
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kettl, D. F. (2020). States divided: The implications of American federalism for COVID-19. Public Administration Review, 80(4), 595–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazer, D., Baum, M., Druckman, J., Perlis, R., Ognyanova, K., Santillana, M. (2020, June). The big failure. The COVID States Project. Retrieved from https://www.covidstates.org/blog/the-big-failure
   Google Scholar
• Lee-Geiller, S., & Lee, T. (2022). How does digital governance contribute to effective crisis management? A case study of Korea’s response to COVID-19. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(4), 860. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2022.2054434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallinson, D. J. (2020). Cooperation and conflict in state and local innovation during COVID-19. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7), 543–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020941699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeal, R. S., Tolbert, C. J., Mossberger, K., & Dotterweich, L. J. (2003). Innovating in digital government in the American states. Social Science Quarterly, 84(1), 52–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.00140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moynihan, D. P. (2008). Learning under uncertainty: Networks in crisis management. Public Administration Review, 68(2), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00867.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Governors Association. (2020). Coronavirus state actions. Retrieved from https://www.nga.org/coronavirus-state-actions-all/
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson-Crotty, S. (2009). The politics of diffusion: Public policy in the American states. The Journal of Politics, 71(1), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608090129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson-Crotty, S., & Carley, S. (2018). Information exchange and policy adoption decisions in the context of US state energy policy. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 18(2), 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532440018759466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palus, C. K., & Yackee, S. W. (2016). Clerks or kings? Partisan alignment and delegation to the US bureaucracy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 26(4), 693–708. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muw001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, M. J., & Favero, N. (2020). Social distancing during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Who are the present and future noncompliers? Public Administration Review, 80(5), 805–814. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petak, W. J. (1985). Emergency management: A challenge for public administration. Public Administration Review, 45, 3–7. https://doi.org/10.2307/3134992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, U., & Kouzmin, A. (1997). Crises and crisis management: Toward comprehensive government decision making. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 7(2), 277–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024349
   Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B. (1998). Just institutions matter: The moral and political logic of the universal welfare state. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ringquist, E. J., & Clark, D. H. (2002). Issue definition and the politics of state environmental justice policy adoption. International Journal of Public Administration, 25(2–3), 351–389. https://doi.org/10.1081/PAD-120013241
   Google Scholar
• Sadiq, A. A., Kapucu, N., & Hu, Q. (2020). Crisis leadership during COVID-19: The role of governors in the United States. International Journal of Public Leadership, 17(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-08-2020-0071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapat, A. (2004). Devolution and innovation: The adoption of state environmental policy innovations by administrative agencies. Public Administration Review, 64(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00356.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipan, C. R., & Volden, C. (2012). Policy Diffusion: Seven Lessons for Scholars and Practitioners. Public Administration Review, 72(6), 788–796. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02610.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipan, C. R., & Volden, C. (2008). The mechanisms of policy diffusion. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 840–857. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00346.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipan, C. R., Volden, C. (2020, April 16). Coronavirus policies spread quickly across the U.S. are cities and states learning – Or just copying? The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/16/coronavirus-policies-spread-quickly-across-us-are-cities-states-learning-or-just-copying/
   Google Scholar
• The White House, & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Guidelines for opening up America again. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/openingamerica/
   Google Scholar
• Tolbert, C. J., Mossberger, K., & McNeal, R. (2008). Institutions, policy innovation, and e-government in the American states. Public Administration Review, 68(3), 549–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.00890.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walczak, J., & Tax Foundation. (2020). Designing a state and local government relief package. Retrieved from https://taxfoundation.org/state-and-local-relief-package-coronavirus-relief-fund-cares-act/
   Google Scholar
• Walker, J. L. (1969). The diffusion of innovations among the American states. American Political Science Review, 63(3), 880–899. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, R. E., & Shaffer, W. R. (1972). Public opinion and American state policy-making. Midwest Journal of Political Science, 16(4), 683–699. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110382
   Google Scholar
• Weible, C. M., Nohrstedt, D., Cairney, P., Carter, D. P., Crow, D. A., Durnová, A. P., Heikkila, T., Ingold, K., McConnell, A., & Stone, D. (2020). COVID-19 and the policy sciences: Initial reactions and perspectives. Policy Sciences, 53(2), 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-020-09381-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisbrod, B. A., Handler, J. F., & Komesar, N. K. (2021). Public interest law: An economic and institutional analysis. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, B. A., & Matheny, A. R. (1984). Testing theories of social regulation: Hazardous waste regulation in the American states. The Journal of Politics, 46(2), 428–458. https://doi.org/10.2307/2130969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, N. D., & Bowman, A. O. M. (2011). Blurring borders: The effect of federal activism on interstate cooperation. American Politics Research, 39(5), 859–884. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X10397923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi, H., Berry, F. S., & Chen, W. (2018). Management innovation and policy diffusion through leadership transfer networks: An agent network diffusion model. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 28(4), 457–474. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muy061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., & Warner, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 policy differences across US states: Shutdowns, reopening, and mask mandates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar