1,173
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Exploring the process by which positive racial identity develops and influences academic performance in Black youth: Implications for social work

&

References

  • Abulkadiroglu, A., Angrist, J., & Pathak, P. (2014). The elite illusion: Achievement effects at Boston and New York exam schools. Econometrica, 82(1), 137–196. doi:10.3982/ECTA10266
  • Altschul, I., Oyserman, D., & Bybee, D. (2006). Racial-ethnic identity in mid-adolescence: Content and change as predictors of academic achievement. Child Development, 77(5), 1155–1169. doi:10.1111/cdev.2006.77.issue-5
  • Bowman, P. J., & Howard, C. (1985). Race-related socialization, motivation, and academic achievement: A study of black youths in three-generation families. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24(2), 134–141. doi:10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60438-6
  • Boyd-Franklin, N. (2003). Black families in therapy: Understanding the African American experience. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Brody, G. H., Chen, Y. F., Murry, V. M., Simons, R. L., Ge, X., Gibbons, F. X., … Cutrona, C. E. (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Development, 77, 1170–1189. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22(6), 723. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723
  • Brown, T. L., Linver, M. R., Evans, M., & Degennaro, D. (2009). African-American parents’ racial and ethnic socialization and adolescent academic grades: Teasing out the role of gender. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(2), 214–227. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9362-z
  • Byrd, C., & Chavous, T. (2012). The congruence between African American students’ racial identity beliefs and their academic climates: Implications for academic motivation and achievement. In J. Sulivan & A. Esmail (Eds.), African American racial identity: An interdisciplinary exploration of the racial and cultural dimensions of the black experience (pp. 345–369).Lanham, MD: Lexington Books
  • Byrd, C. M., & Chavous, T. (2011). Racial identity, school racial climate, and school intrinsic motivation among African American youth: The importance of person-context congruence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(4), 849–860. doi:10.1111/jora.2011.21.issue-4
  • Caughy, M. O. B., O’Campo, P. J., Randolph, S. M., & Nickerson, K. (2002). The influence of racial socialization practices on the cognitive and behavioral competence of African American preschoolers. Child Development, 73, 1611–1625.
  • Cokley, K. O. (2002). Ethnicity, gender, and academic self-concept: a preliminary examination of academic disidentification and implications for psychologists. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8(4), 378. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.8.4.379
  • Cokley, K. O., & Chapman, C. (2008). The roles of ethnic identity, anti-white attitudes, and academic self-concept in African American student achievement. Social Psycholog of Education, 11(4), 349–365. doi:10.1007/s11218-008-9060-4
  • Constantine, M. G., & Blackmon, S. M. (2002). Black adolescents racial socialization experiences. Journal of Black Studies, 32, 322–335. doi:10.1177/002193470203200303
  • Cooper, S. M., & Smalls, C. (2010). Culturally distinctive and academic socialization: Direct and interactive relationships with African American adolescents’ academic adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 199–212. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9404-1
  • Davis, B. L., Smith-Bynum, M. A., Saleem, F. T., Francois, T., & Lambert, S. F. (2017). Racial socialization, private regard, and behavior problems in African American youth: Global self-esteem as a mediator. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(3), 709–720. doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0601-8
  • Diamond, J., & Huguley, J. P. (2011). Black⁄ White disparities in educational outcomes: Rethinking issues of race, culture, and context. In N. E. Hill, T. Mann, & H. E. Fitzgerald (Eds.), African American children and mental health. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. 63-93
  • Dotterer, A. M., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2009). Sociocultural factors and school engagement among African American youth: The roles of racial discrimination, racial socialization, and ethnic identity. Applied Developmental Science, 13, 61–73. doi:10.1080/10888690902801442
  • Eccles., J. S. (2010) MADICS study of adolescent Development in multiple contexts, 1991-998. hdl: 1902.1/01066, Havard Dataverse, V2.
  • Fisher, C. B., Wallace, S. A., & Fenton, R. E. (2000). Discrimination distress during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(6), 679–695. doi:10.1023/A:1026455906512
  • Fordham, S., & Ogbu, J. U. (1986). Black students’ school success: Coping with the “burden of ‘acting white. The Urban Review, 18(3), 176–206. doi:10.1007/BF01112192
  • French, S. E., & Coleman, B. R. (2013). The relation between parental racial socialization and African Americans’ racial ideologies. Journal of Black Psychology, 39(4), 396–410. doi:10.1177/0095798412461805
  • Friend, C. A., Hunter, A. G., & Fletcher, A. C. (2011). Parental racial socialization and the academic achievement of African American children: A cultural-ecological approach. Journal of African American Studies, 15(1), 40–57. doi:10.1007/s12111-010-9124-3
  • Gordon, D. M, Iwamoto, D, Ward, N, Potts, R, & Boyd, E. (2009). Mentoring urban black middle-school male students: implications for academic achievement. The Journal Of Negro Education, 78(3), 277–289.
  • Harper, B. E., & Tuckman, B. W. (2006). Racial identity beliefs and academic achievement: Does being black hold students back? Social Psychology of Education, 9(4), 381–403. doi:10.1007/s11218-006-9001-z
  • Harper, S. R. (2013). Am I my brother’s teacher? Black undergraduates, racial socialization, and peer pedagogies in predominantly white postsecondary contexts. Review of Research in Education, 37(1), 183–211. doi:10.3102/0091732X12471300
  • Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747–770. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
  • Hughes, D., Witherspoon, D., Rivas-Drake, D., & West-Bey, N. (2009). Received ethnic-racial socialization messages and youth’s academic and behavioral outcomes: Examining the mediating role of ethnic identity and self-esteem. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(2), 112–124. doi:10.1037/a0015509
  • Hughes, D. L., Del Toro, J., & Way, N. (2017). Interrelations among dimensions of ethnic-racial identity during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 53(11), 2139–2153. doi:10.1037/dev0000401
  • Hughes, D. L., Watford, J. A., & Del Toro, J. (2016). Chapter one-A transactional/ecological perspective on ethnic–Racial Identity, socialization, and discrimination. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 51, 1–41. doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2016.05.001
  • Hughes, M., Kiecolt, K. J., Keith, V. M., & Demo, D. H. (2015). Racial identity and well-being among African Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly, 78(1), 25–48. doi:10.1177/0190272514554043
  • Huynh, V. W., & Fuligni, A. J. (2010). Discrimination hurts: The academic, psychological, and physical well-being of adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(4), 916–941. doi:10.1111/jora.2010.20.issue-4
  • Irving, M. A., & Hudley, C. (2008). Cultural identification and academic achievement among African American males. Journal of Advanced Academics, 19, 676–698. doi:10.4219/jaa-2008-833
  • Jones, C. (2000). Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener’s tale. American Journal of Public Health, 90(8), 1212. doi:10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1212
  • Jones, S. C., & Neblett, E. W. (2016). Racial–Ethnic protective factors and mechanisms in psychosocial prevention and intervention programs for Black youth. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19(2), 134–161. doi:10.1007/s10567-016-0201-6
  • Kelly, S. (2009). The black-white gap in mathematics course taking. Sociology of Education, 82(1), 47–69. doi:10.1177/003804070908200103
  • McKown, C., & Weinstein, R. S. (2008). Teacher expectations, classroom context, and the achievement gap. Journal of School Psychology, 46(3), 235–261. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2007.05.001
  • Murry, V. M., Berkel, C., Brody, G. H., Miller, S. J., & Chen, Y.-F. (2009). Linking parental socialization to interpersonal protective processes, academic self-presentation, and expectations among rural African American youth. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(1), 1–10. doi:10.1037/a0013180
  • Murry, V. M., Berkel, C., Simons, R. L., Simons, L. G., & Gibbons, F. X. (2014). A twelve‐year longitudinal analysis of positive youth development among rural African American males. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(3), 512–525. doi:10.1111/jora.2014.24.issue-3
  • Nasir, N. I. (2011). Racialized identities: Race and achievement among African American youth. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • National Association of Social Workers. (2015). Standard and indicators for cultural competence in social work practice. Washington, DC: NASW.
  • Neblett, E. W. (2006). African American adolescents’ discrimination experiences and academic achievement: Racial socialization as a cultural compensatory and protective factor. Journal of Black Psychology, 32(2), 199–218. doi:10.1177/0095798406287072
  • Neblett, E. W., Chavous, T. M., Nguyên, H. X., & Sellers, R. M. (2009). “Say it loud-I’m Black and I’m proud”: Parents’ messages about race, racial discrimination, and academic achievement in African American boys. The Journal of Negro Education, 78(3), 246–363.
  • Ogbu, J. U. (2004). Collective identity and the burden of “acting white” in Black history, community, and education. The Urban Review, 36(1), 1–35. doi:10.1023/B:URRE.0000042734.83194.f6
  • Osborne, J. W. (1997). Race and academic disidentification. Journal Of Educational Psychology, 89(4), 728. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.4.728
  • Patterson, O. (2015). The cultural matrix: Understanding Black youth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Perry, T., Steele, C., & Hilliard, A. G. (2003). Young, gifted, and Black: Promoting high achievement among African-American students. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  • Schachter, E. P., & Rich, Y. (2011). Identity education: A conceptual framework for educational researchers and practitioners. Educational Psychologist, 46(4), 222–238. doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.614509
  • Sellers, R. M, Chavous, T. M, & Cooke, D. Y. (1998). Racial ideology and racial centrality as predictors of african american college students' academic performance. Journal Of Black Psychology, 24(1), 8-27. doi:10.1177/00957984980241002
  • Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review : an Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 2(1), 18–39. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_2
  • Smalls, C., White, R., Chavous, T., & Sellers, R. (2007). Racial ideological beliefs and racial discrimination experiences as predictors of academic engagement among African American adolescents. Journal of Black Psychology, 33(3), 299–330. doi:10.1177/0095798407302541
  • Smith, E. P., Atkins, J., & Connell, C. M. (2003). Family, school, and community factors and relationships to racial-ethnic attitudes and academic achievement. American Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 159–173.
  • Spencer, M. B. (1999). Social and cultural influences on school adjustment: The application of an identity-focused cultural ecological perspective. Educational Psychologist, 34(1), 43–57. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3401_4
  • Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air. How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. The American Psychologist, 52(6), 613–629. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.6.613
  • Stevenson, H. C. (1995). Relationship of adolescent perceptions of racial socialization to racial identity. Journal of Black Psychology, 21(1), 49–70. doi:10.1177/00957984950211005
  • Tang, S., McLoyd, V. C., & Hallman, S. K. (2016). Racial socialization, racial identity, and academic attitudes among African American adolescents: Examining the moderating influence of parent–Adolescent communication. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(6), 1141–1155. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0351-8
  • Teasley, M. (2004). School social workers and urban education reform with African American children and youth: Realities, advocacy, and strategies for change. School Community Journal, 14(2), 19–38.
  • Wang, M.-T., & Huguley, J. P. (2012). Parental racial socialization as a moderator of the effects of racial discrimination on educational success among African American adolescents. Child Development, 83(5), 1716–1731. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01808.x
  • Wong, C. A., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. (2003). The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents’ school and socioemotional adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 1197–1232. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106012
  • Worrell, F. C. (2006). Generalizing nigrescence profiles: Cluster analyses of cross racial identity scale (CRIS) scores in three independent samples. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(4), 519–547. doi:10.1177/0011000005278281

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.