Radionuclide Transfer in Tea Cultivation: Assessing Radiological Risks in the Largest and First Established Tea Garden in Bangladesh

References

• Absar, N., J. Abedin, M. M. Rahman, M. H. Miah, N. Siddique, M. Kamal, M. I. Chowdhury, A. A. M. Sulieman, M. R. I. Faruque, M. U. Khandaker, et al. 2021. Radionuclides transfer from soil to tea leaves and estimation of committed effective dose to the Bangladesh populace. Life 11(4):11. doi:10.3390/life11040282.
   Google Scholar
• Akhtar, S., S. Wei. 2021. British Colonization and Development of Black Tea Industry in India: A case study of darjeeling. Adv. Hist. Stud. 10(4):215–32. doi:10.4236/ahs.2021.104014.
   Google Scholar
• Aktar, M. N., S. K. Das, S. Yeasmin, M. M. Siraz, and A. M. Rahman. 2018. Measurement of radioactivity and assessment of radiological hazard of tea samples collected from local market in Bangladesh. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci 42 (2):171–76. doi:10.3329/jbas.v42i2.40049.
   Google Scholar
• Alam, M. K., A. K. M. S. Hasan, M. R. Khan, et al. 1990. Geological map of Bangladesh. Geo Survey Bangladesh 1 (1):11–19.
   Google Scholar
• Alam, M. S., M. M. M. Siraz, J. Am, S. C. Das, D. A. Bradley, M. U. Khandaker, S. Tokonami, A. Shelley, and S. Yeasmin. 2023. A study on measuring the 222Rn in the Buriganga River and tap water of the megacity Dhaka. Kinase S, editor. PlOS. ONE. 18 (5):e0286267. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Mahmud, J., M. M. M. Siraz, M. S. Alam, Das, SC, Bradley, DA, Khandaker, MU, Tokonami, S, Shelley, A, Yeasmin, S. 2023. A study into the long-overlooked carcinogenic radon in bottled water and deep well water in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem: 1–13 doi:10.1080/03067319.2022.2163895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Mahmud, J., M. M. M. Siraz, M. S. Alam, M. J. Dewan, M. B. Rashid, M. U. Khandaker, H. Osman, N. Tamam, and S. Yeasmin. 2024. A pioneering study of the radiological mapping in the world ’ s largest mangrove forest (the Sundarbans) and implications for the public and environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 202:116349. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116349.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amatullah, S., R. Rahman, J. Ferdous, M. M. Siraz. 2021. Assessment of radiometric standard and potential health risks from building materials used in Bangladeshi dwellings. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 103(14):1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asaduzzaman, K., M. U. Khandaker, Y. M. Amin, D. A. Bradley, R. H.Mahat, R. M. Nor 2014. Soil-to-root vegetable transfer factors for 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 88Y in Malaysia. J. Environ. Radioact. 135:120–27. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.04.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asaduzzaman, K., M. U. Khandaker, Y. M. Amin, R. Mahat. 2015. Uptake and distribution of natural radioactivity in rice from soil in north and west part of Peninsular Malaysia for the estimation of ingestion dose to man. Ann. Nucl. Energy 76:85–93. doi:10.1016/j.anucene.2014.09.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashebir, N. C., B. S. Goshu, and E. Mengistu. 2022. Assessment of natural radioactivity in soil samples and tea leaves at Gumero tea Farm, Ethiopia. Rom. J. Biophys. 32: 103–19. Available from: https://www.rjb.ro/wp-content/uploads/3-Goshu-3.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Brady, N. C. W. 2002. Elements of the nature and properties of soils. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice -Hall, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, S. R., R. Azim, A. K. M. Rezaur Rahman, R. Sarker. 2013. Radioactivity concentrations in soil and transfer factors of radionuclides from soil to grass and plants in the Chittagong city of Bangladesh. J. Phys. Sci. 24:95–113.
   Google Scholar
• Charles, M. 2001. UNSCEAR report 2000: Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. J. Radiol. Prot. 21 (1):83–85. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/21/1/609.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cruz, R., J. M. Lopes, L. Barbosa, A. M. Domingues, C. da Silva Pinheiro, L. Faria da Silva, and A. Xavier da Silva. 2020. Radiological evaluation of Ra-226, Ra-228 and K-40 in tea samples: A comparative study of effective dose and cancer risk. Appl. Radiat. Isot 109326:109326. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109326.
   Google Scholar
• Dos Santos, J. A., R. dos Santos Amaral, J. M. Do Nascimento Santos, A. N. C. da Silva, L. A. V. Rojas, M. O. Milan, J. de Almeida Maciel Neto, J. D. Bezerra, and E. E. N. D. Araújo. 2018. Radioactive disequilibrium and dynamic of natural radionuclides in soils in the state of Pernambuco—Brazil. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 182 (4):448–58. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncy101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duong, V. H., D. Nguyen, T. Loat, T. T. Kim, T. D. Duong, D. H. Hoang, M. S. Musthafa, Q. H. Nguyen, T. Kovacs, and H.-N. Tran. 2021. Characteristics of radionuclides in soil and tea plant (camellia sinensis) in Hoa Binh, Vietnam. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 329 (2):805–14. doi:10.1007/s10967-021-07850-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Bahi, S. M., N. W. El-Dine, A. El-Shershaby, and A. Sroor. 2004. Elemental analysis of Egyptian phosphate fertilizer components. Health. Phys. 86:303–07. doi:10.1097/00004032-200403000-00007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferdous, J., M. N. Nipa, and A. K. M. R. Rahman. 2018. Assessment of radionuclide concentrations in tea samples cultivated in Chittagong Region, Bangladesh. Int. J. Life Sci. Technol. 11:20–30.
   Google Scholar
• Gaffar, S., M. J. Ferdous, A. Begum, S. M. Ullah. 2014. Transfer of natural radionuclides from soil to plants in north western parts of Dhaka. Malaysian. J. Soil Sci. 18:61–74.
   Google Scholar
• Gokmen, I. G., O. Birgul, A. Kence, and A. Gökmen. 1995a. Chernobyl radioactivity in Turkish Tea and its possible health consequences. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Art. 198 (2):487–97. doi:10.1007/BF02036565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokmen, I. G., O. Birgul, A. Kence, and A. Gökmen. 1995b. Chernobyl radioactivity in Turkish tea and its possible health consequences. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Articles 198 (2):487–97. doi:10.1007/BF02036565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque, M., and M. J. Ferdous. 2017. Transferência de radionuclídeos naturais do solo para as plantas em savar Dhaka. Span. J. Soil Sci. 7:133–45. doi:10.3232/SJSS.2017.V7.N2.05.
   Google Scholar
• Hashim, A. K., L. A. Najam, N. I. Ashour, E. J. Mohammed. 2019. Uranium concentration, effective radium content and radon exhalation rate estimation for different tea brand samples in Iraqi market. Plant. Arch. 19:407–12.
   Google Scholar
• IAEA. Preparation and certification of IAEA gamma-ray spectrometry reference materials RGU-1, RGTh-1 and RGK-1. IAEA-RL–148 [Internet]. 1987;48. Available from: http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/18/088/18088420.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• IAEA. Handbook of parameter values for the prediction of radionuclide transfer in temperate environment. Technical reports series no. 364. Vienna; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• IAEA AEA safety standards series No. 57. 1982. Generic models and parameters for assessing the environmental transfer of radionuclides from routine releases. Vienna, Austria: IAEA.
   Google Scholar
• ICRP 103. 2007. Available from: http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1609_web.pdf%5Cnhttp://www.vomfi.univ.kiev.ua/assets/files/IAEA/Pub1462_web.pdf%0Ahttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16168243.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2019. Guidelines on soil and vegetation sampling for radiological monitoring. Tech. Report. Ser.
   Google Scholar
• IUR. 1994. Handbook of parameter values for the prediction of radionuclide transfer in temperate environments. Internat. Atomic. Energy Agency.
   Google Scholar
• James, J. P., B. N. Dileep, P. M. Ravi, R. M. Joshi, T. L. Ajith, A. G. Hegde, and P. K. Sarkar. 2011. Soil to leaf transfer factor for the radionuclides 226Ra, 40K, 137Cs and 90Sr at Kaiga region, India. J. Environ. Radioactivity 102 (12):1070–77. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.07.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jazzar, M. M. 2014. Transfer of natural radionuclides from soil to plants and Grass in the western north of West Bank environment- palestine. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2 (5):252. doi:10.11648/j.ijema.20140205.14.
   Google Scholar
• Kamata, A., Y. Honda, Y. Miyazaki, et al. 2015. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Effect of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident on radiocesium distribution in tea fields in Saitama Prefecture: Intercultivar differences Effect of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident on radio. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 61(2):212–19. doi:10.1080/00380768.2014.1003191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamişlioğlu, M., C. Eke, T. Kaman, and I. Boztosun. 2021. Türkiye Karadeniz Bölgesinden alınan Siyah ve Beyaz Çay Örneklerinde Radyonüklid ve Elementel Konsantrasyonlarının Belirlenmesi. Karadeniz. Fen. Bilim Derg 11 (2):426–38. Available from: http://dergipark.org.tr/en/doi/10.31466/kfbd.909537.
   Google Scholar
• Keser, R., F. K. Görür, N. Akçay, and N. T. Okumuşoǧlu. 2011. Radionuclide concentration in tea, cabbage, orange, kiwi and soil and lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radioactivity in Rize, Turkey. J. Sci. Food Agric 91 (6):987–91. doi:10.1002/jsfa.4259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, R., A. Begum, A. Hoque, M. M. Siraz. 2013. Occupational dose from external ionizing radiation in interventional cardiology. Bangladesh J. Phys 14:17–22.
   Google Scholar
• Khandaker, M. U., N. L. Mohd Nasir, K. Asaduzzaman, M. A. Olatunji, Y. M. Amin, H. A. Kassim, D. A. Bradley, P. J. Jojo, T. Alrefae. 2016. Evaluation of radionuclides transfer from soil-to-edible flora and estimation of radiological dose to the Malaysian populace. Chemosphere 154:528–36. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khandaker, M. U., O. B. Uwatse, K. A. Bin Shamsul Khairi, K. A. Faruque, D. A. M.R.I. and Bradley. Terrestrial radionuclides in surface (dam) water and concomitant dose in metropolitan kuala lumpur. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 2019. 185: 343–50. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz018/5365228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, R., H. M. T. Islam, and A. R. M. T. Islam. 2021. Mechanism of elevated radioactivity in Teesta river basin from Bangladesh: Radiochemical characterization, provenance and associated hazards. Chemosphere 264:128459. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Aguirre, A., M. Garcia-León, and M. Ivanovich. 1995. U and Th speciation in river sediments. Sci. Total Environ 173–174:203–09. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04759-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mheemeed, A. K., L. A. Najam, and A. K. Hussein. 2014. Transfer factors of 40K, 226Ra, 232Th from soil to different types of local vegetables, radiation hazard indices and their annual doses. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 302 (1):87–96. doi:10.1007/s10967-014-3259-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miah, M. M. H., M. Kamal, E. Commission, M. I. Chowdhury, and M. Rahmatullah. 2013. Natural radioactivity and associated dose rates in soil samples of Malnichera Tea Garden in Sylhet District of Bangladesh. J. Nucl. Part. Phy. 2 (6):147–52. doi:10.5923/j.jnpp.20120206.03.
   Google Scholar
• Mitrović, B. M., S. N. Grdović, G. S. Vitorović, D. P. Vitorović, G. K. Pantelić, and G. A. Grubić. 2014. 137 Cs and 40 K in some traditional herbal teas collected in the mountain regions of Serbia. Isotopes. Environ. Heal. Stud 50 (4):538–45. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25322769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monica, S., P. J. Jojo, and M. U. Khandaker. 2020. Radionuclide concentrations in medicinal florae and committed effective dose through Ayurvedic medicines. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 96:1028–37. doi:10.1080/09553002.2020.1767816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napier, B. A., K. Rhoads, and D. L. Strenge. 2003. A Compendium of Transfer Factors for Agricultural and Animal Products. USA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• NEA-OECD. 1979. Exposure to radiation from natural radioactivity in building materials.
   Google Scholar
• Poursharif, Z., A. Ebrahiminia, M. Asadinezhad, Nickfarjam, A, Haeri, A, Khoshgard, K. 2015. Determination of radionuclide concentrations in tea samples cultivated in Guilan Province, Iran. Iran. J. Med. Phys. 12:271–77.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. S., A. Begum, A. Hoque, R. K. Khan, and M. M. M. Siraz. 2016a. Assessment of whole-body occupational radiation exposure in industrial radiography practices in Bangladesh during 2010-2014. Braz. J. Rad. Sci 4 (2). Available from: http://www.bjrs.org.br/revista/index.php/REVISTA/article/view/187.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. S., A. Begum, A. Hoque, R. K. Khan, and M. M. M. Siraz. 2016b. Assessment of whole-body occupational radiation exposures in nuclear medicine practices of Bangladesh during 2010-2014. Iran. J. Nucl. Med. 4 (2):51–58. doi:10.15392/bjrs.v4i2.187.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. S., A. Begum, M. R. K. Khan, M. A. Hoque, and M. M. M. Siraz. 2016. Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation in interventional cardiology practices in Bangladesh during 2010-2014. Malays. J. Med. Biol. Res 3 (2):63–68. Available from: https://i-proclaim.my/journals/index.php/mjmbr/article/view/407.
   Google Scholar
• Rashid, M. B., M. A. Habib, R. Khan, and A. R. M. T. Islam. 2021. Land transform and its consequences due to the route change of the Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh. Int. J. River Basin. Manag. 21 (1):113–25. doi:10.1080/15715124.2021.1938095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarker, M. S. D., R. Rahman, M. M. M. Siraz, Alsamhan, OA. The presence of primordial radionuclides in powdered milk and estimation of the concomitant ingestion dose. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2021;188:109597. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969806X21002474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanthi, G., J. Thampi Thanka Kumaran, G. Allen Gnana Raj, and C. G. Maniyan. 2012. Transfer factor of the radionuclides in food crops from high-background radiation area of south west India. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 149 (3):327–32. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncr235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shayeb, M. A., T. Alharbi, M. A. Baloch, Alsamhan, OA. 2017. Transfer factors for natural radioactivity into date palm pits. J. Environ. Radioact. 167:75–79. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.11.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelley, A., M. H. Ovi, and M. S. Alam. 2024. Assessment of radioactivity level and associated radiological hazard in riverbed samples within industrial areas. Isotopes. Environ. Health. Stud. 60 (2):213–25. doi:10.1080/10256016.2024.2317391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraz, M. M. M., M. S. Alam, J. Al Mahmud, Rashid, MB, Hossain, Z, AbdElrahim, E, Osman, H, Khandaker, MU, Yeasmin, S. 2023. Assessing radioactivity in soil in the vicinity of steel production industries: A pioneering investigation in Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem: 1–20. doi:10.1080/03067319.2023.2293902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraz, M. M. M., M. S. Alam, A. M. Jubair, S. C. Das, J. Ferdous, Z. Hossain, S. Das, M. U. Khandaker, D. A. Bradley, S. Tokonami, 2023. The presence of carcinogenic radon in the Padma River water, adjacent to the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant. Nuclear Eng. Tech. 55 (8):3046–53. doi:10.1016/j.net.2023.04.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraz, M. M. M., J. Al Mahmud, M. S. Alam, M. B. Rashid, Z. Hossain, A. Joydhar, M. U. Khandaker, M. A. Razzaque, A. F. M. M. Rahman, S. Yeasmin, et al. Baseline radioactivity in the five candidate sites for the second nuclear power plant in Bangladesh and concomitant hazards assessment. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem 2023; 1–16. doi:10.1080/03067319.2023.2207470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraz, M. M. M., J. Al Mahmud, M. S. Alam, M. B. Rashid, Z. Hossain, H. Osman, M. U. Khandakar, and S. Yeasmin. 2024. Assessment of radioactivity level and associated radiological hazard in fertilizer from Dhaka. Environ. Monit. Assess 196 (2):192. Available from. doi:10.1007/s10661-024-12328-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraz, M. M. M., J. AM, M. S. Alam, M. B. Rashid, Z. Hossain, M. U. Khandaker, D. A. Bradley, and S. Yeasmin. 2023. Measurement of radioactivity in soils of Karamjal and Harbaria mangrove forest of Sundarbans for establishment of radiological database. Rahman MN, editor. PloS. One. 18 (10):e0289113. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraz, M. M. M., A. Begum, R. Khan, A. Hoque, and A. Begum. 2014. Measurement of effective dose to patient during interventional cardiac procedure. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh. Sci 40 (1):1–7. doi:10.3329/jasbs.v40i1.31728.
   Google Scholar
• Siraz, M. M. M., S. K. Das, M. S. Mondol, M. S. Alam, J. Al Mahmud, M. B. Rashid, M. U. Khandaker, and S. Yeasmin. 2023. Evaluation of transfer factors of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radionuclides from soil to grass and mango in the northern region of Bangladesh. Environ. Monit. Assess 195 (5):579. doi:10.1007/s10661-023-11223-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraz, M. M. M., M. J. Dewan, M. I. A. Chowdhury, J. Al Mahmud, M. S. Alam, M. B. Rashid, N. Sultana, M. F. Kabir, M. U. Khandaker, S. Yeasmin, et al. Radioactivity in soil and coal samples collected from the vicinity of the coal-fired thermal power plant and evaluation of the associated hazard parameters. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem 2023; 1–18. doi:10.1080/03067319.2023.2196021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraz, M. M. M., M. H. Kamal, Z. H. Khan, M. S. Alam, J. Al Mahmud, M. B. Rashid, M. U. Khandaker, H. Osman, and S. Yeasmin. 2023a. Evaluation of radioactivity in soil and rock samples from an undiscovered sea beach in the southeastern coastline of Bangladesh and associated health risk. Environ. Monit. Assess 195 (9):1–15. doi:10.1007/s10661-023-11636-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraz, M. M. M., M. H. Kamal, Z. H. Khan, M. S. Alam, J. Al Mahmud, M. B. Rashid, M. U. Khandaker, H. Osman, and S. Yeasmin. 2023b. Evaluation of radioactivity in soil and rock samples from an undiscovered sea beach in the southeastern coastline of Bangladesh and associated health risk. Environ. Monit. Assess 195 (9):1028. doi:10.1007/s10661-023-11636-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraz, M. M. M., M. D. A. Rakib, M. S. Alam, J. Al Mahmud, M. B. Rashid, M. U. Khandaker, M. S. Islam, and S. Yeasmin. 2023. Assessment of radionuclides from coal-fired brick kilns on the outskirts of Dhaka city and the consequent hazards on human health and the environment. Nucl. Eng. Technol 55 (8):2802–11. doi:10.1016/j.net.2023.04.045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanha, M., B. Riebe, A. Ikeda-Ohno, M. Schulze, F. R. Khalid, A. Storai, and C. Walther. 2018. Environmental radioactivity studies in Kabul and northern Afghanistan. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem 318 (3):2425–33. Available from. doi:10.1007/s10967-018-6242-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Ministry of Commerce of Bangladesh. Statistical Bulletin of Bangladesh Tea Board. 2022.
   Google Scholar
• UNSCEAR. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of atomic Radiation, Annex B. 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Yeasmin, S., S. K. Das, M. M. M. Siraz, Rahman, MS. 2023. Assessing radioactivity and hazards: Analysis of soil, water, and coal samples near a coal-fired thermal power plant and their implications for human health and the environment. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1–18. doi:10.1080/03067319.2023.2267995.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeasmin, S., S. Karmaker, A. M. Rahman, Siraz, MM, Sultana, MS. 2014. Measurement of radioactvity in soil and vegetable samples in the Northern Area of Madhupur Upzila at Tangail District in Bangladesh and assessment of Assiociated Radological. Bangladesh J. Phys 16:49–58.
   Google Scholar